1 Cultural Change and AdjustmentPost War Society Cultural Change and Adjustment

2 The Image 1920s America – “One long, crazy party, with jazz music playing on the radio, young fashionable women known as flappers wildly dancing the Charleston, large quantities of illegal alcohol being consumed, and everyone behaving in a scandalous manner.”

3 Actually The 1920’s was a period of great turmoil and contrast for America. There was liberation and rebellion against traditional values for some and great anxiety for others who felt that the American way of life was being destroyed. Hence the term “roaring 20’s”

4 Demobilization Abrupt end to WWI caught American factories by surprise War related industries working at full capacity when demand for military supplies dried up Demobilization caused social strain unemployment to rise and wages to fall

5 Demobilization Women were forced out of their jobs Cost of living skyrocketed Farmers made money from wartime markets European farm production rose markets dried up

6 Labor Workers protested Higher wages and shorter hoursManagement ignored demands Workers went on strike 3,400 strikes in 1919 alone

7 WV Mine Wars WV had a higher mine mortality rate then any other stateAttempts to form a union in WV coal fields failed many times Some of the most violent strikes in the nation

8 Battle of Blair mountain1921, Logan County Between 10,000 and 15,000 armed coal miners fought heavily armed mine guards, deputies, state police and company employees Largest armed American insurrection since the Civil War President Harding sent army to stop the incident

9 2nd Battle of Blair mountainNote: Blair Mountain is the center of the Mountain top removal controversy today. Now known as the Second Battle of Blair Mountain

10 Red Scare Fear of Bolshevik revolution (Russia) erupted in US Anti-communist hysteria erupted in fueled by all of the strikes that occurred Hysteria also a direct response to bloody Russian revolution

11 Red Scare Idea that communism might actually take hold in the US was frightening to Americans 1919- Many prominent Americans were targeted with mail bombs. The bombings intensified the Red Scare

12 A. Mitchell Palmer Newspapers demanded harsh action against radicalsUS Attorney General who launched an anti- communist crusade

13 J. Edgar Hoover Special government office created to gather information on radical activities J. Edgar Hoover placed in charge Future head of the FBI

14 Palmer Raids Capture alleged radicals Thousands were arrestedMost poor immigrants who had recently arrived in the country No real evidence against them Hundreds were deported Several committed suicide

15 Union office after a raid

16 Men arrested in raids awaiting deportation hearings on Ellis Island, January 13, 1920

17 Sacco and Vanzetti Accused of murdering a paymaster and a guard during a holdup in South Braintree, Massachusetts (1921) Italian Immigrants and anarchists Regardless of their guilt or innocence their trial was a sham

18 Absence of government or authorityAnarchy Absence of government or authority

19

20 After years of appeals they were executed (1927)

21 Xenophobia An unreasonable fear of foreigners or strangers or of that which is foreign or strange Did not cease when the Palmer Raids ended

22 Nativism AND nativistsFavors the inhabitants of the US over immigrants DO NOT CONFUSE THIS WITH CURRENT NATIVE AMERICANS OR AMERICAN INDIANS!

23 WASP (Acronym) White Anglo Saxon Protestant

24 Closing the Gates After WWI millions of Europeans left devastation Increased mechanization reduced need for labor Congress acted to bar entry into the US

25 Quotas Set based on country of origin Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe were especially hated Dislike of Jewish immigrants led to rise of anti- Semitism in this country

26 Red Summer 1919 In response to the gains by African Americans Klan violence escalated There were 25 major race riots 83 African Americans were lynched.

27 Ku Klux klan 5 million strong in 1923Targeted immigrants, Jews, Catholics as well as African Americans Found supporters in mid-sized cities, small towns and rural areas Misconduct by Klan leaders weakened the organization in some areas of the country

28 Demonstrating their political power, Klansmen parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., on September 13, 1926, in full regalia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQJX8v0sC3Q

29 Temperance Societies formed Late 1800s and early 1900sTotal abstinence from alcohol

30 Temperance Sought the legal prohibition of alcohol Reasons:Public good in mind Hatred the Irish and German immigrants. Wanted the immigrants punished because they drank

31 Prohibition Noble Experiment 18th AmendmentEnforced by the Volstead Act Prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation, and consumption of alcoholic beverages Illegal trade in liquor Political corruption Organized crime Finally repealed in 1933, 21st Amendment

32 Confiscated Alcohol barrels to be burned (1924)

33 The problem Most Americans still wanted to drinkSince they thought the law stupid they found creative ways to imbibe More than half of the homes in the country made their own liquor

34 Speakeasies Bars and taverns forced to closePeople went to underground establishments to drink Names like the ‘Dizzy Club’ Give a password or knock at the door in code to be let in Before Prohibition -15,000 bars in New York. By ,000 speakeasies Jazz was the music of choice 1st time men and women socialized together to drink

35 Organized Crime Gangs of criminalsMade huge money supplying cheap alcohol to speakeasies Most famous -Al Capone Gangsters took control of many cities Bribed the police, judges and politicians Ruthlessly exterminated their rivals

36 Al Capone Earned $60 million a year from bootleggingHis gang was like a private army. He had 700 men under his control. Responsible for over 500 murders February 14th, Capone’s men dressed as police officers murdered 7 members of a rival gang. ‘Valentine’s Day Massacre’

37 tension between rural and urbanRural Traditional Religion Dry Family Home Innocence Virtue Urban New Atheism Alcohol Skyscrapers Criminality Sex Many people in the country thought that their traditional values, which, emphasized religion and family were under threat from the growing cities which they believed contained atheists, drunks and criminals.

38 Religious FundamentalismFundamentalism is the belief that everything in the bible is true, and you cannot question or interpret it Popular in the South during the 1920’s Rural conservatives perception of urban culture

39 Religious FundamentalismRural America viewed cities as hotbeds of decadence, depravity, and blatant materialism The Butler Act (Tennessee) prohibiting public school teachers from denying the Biblical account of man’s origin (evolution)

40 the Butler Act “...it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any of the Universities...and other public schools of the state...to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.”

41 Scopes Monkey Trial Landmark American legal case in 1925High school science teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act

42 Scopes Monkey Trial Characterized the conflict between fundamentalism and modernism The trial drew intense national publicity Media Circus (proceedings broadcasted on radio)

43 Scopes Monkey Trial William Jennings Bryan, prosecuting attorneyClarence Darrow, ACLU defense attorney

44 Bryan’s Concern: Eugenics Movement"science of racial cleansing“ social movement claiming to improve the genetic features of human populations through selective breeding and sterilization based on the idea that it is possible to distinguish between superior and inferior elements of society

45 Master Race- Nazi GermanyThe eugenics movement well established in the United States spread to Germany Institute for Anthropology, Eugenics and Human Heredity in Berlin, secured grant money for Josef Mengele's experiments at Auschwitz from the Rockefeller Foundation

46 US legislation Indiana in 1907 Washington and California in 1909Forced sterilizations (Mentally Retarded and criminals) California performed over 20,000 forced sterilizations until banned in the early 60s (60,000 performed nationwide) In North Carolina an IQ of 70 or lower meant sterilization was appropriate until 1977

47

48 Trial lasted 8 days Jury returned verdict in 9 minutes Scopes was found guilty and ordered to pay a $100 fine (approximately $1,250 ) Tennessee Supreme Court overturned Scope’s conviction on a technicality, but ruled that the Butler Act was constitutional The law remained a Tennessee state statute for 42 years Repealed 1967

49 Supreme Court DecisionFinally ruled on a similar law in 1968 Decision that such acts primary reason for existence is religious Violated the Establishment Clause of the Constitution

50 Inherit the Wind 1950s Play written by Jerome Lawrence and Robert LeeLiterary term ~ allegory Lawrence and Lee chose the Scopes trial to exploring the clash between fundamentalists and intellectuals Any man who dared to speak a belief contrary to the majority was condemned

51 The Crucible Response to McCarthyism playwright Arthur MillerExplored the hysteria of the modern-day witch hunt (communists) through the historical guise of seventeenth century witch trials

52 Urban Social Patterns 1920 censusUrban Americans outnumbered rural Americans Any place with more than 2500 people

53 Women & Children Ethnic background, socioeconomic status (SES) and family size determined whether women worked outside of the home Compulsory education and child labor laws limited the number of children working

54 Women before the war

55 Flappers

56 The new Woman~ FlappersCast off corsets, wore makeup, shortened their hair and their skirts Attended college Worked outside the home Earned less than men Excluded from management positions Received the vote (19th Amendment)

57 Margaret Sanger Led the battle for birth control after witnessing countless women die from too many births and self induced or back alley abortions Encountered legal, religious, and societal barriers Efforts led to the widespread acceptance for birth control Was arrested 8 times for violating obscenity laws 1st Women’s Clinic Established Planned Parenthood

58 Entertainment During the 1920’s the entertainment industry blossomed.The average working week dropped from 48 to 44 hours so people had more leisure time. Average wages rose by 11% A lot of this spare time and money was channeled towards entertainment.

59 Popular Culture Moving pictures… Silent films at firstIntroduction of sound, 1927 Radio had a huge impact on society Advertising, news, entertainment

60 In a small suburb outside Los Angeles, called Hollywood a major film industry was developing.The USA developed thousands of cinemas which were visited weekly by many Americans. New stars like Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton made audiences roar with laughter During the 20’s movies became a multi-billion dollar business, by the end of the decade a hundred million cinema tickets were being sold each week Cinema

61 1st Talkie released Movies

62 Morals and the cinema The cinema quickly discovered the selling power of sex Extremely daring films were produced which today would seem tame, but then caused people to faint in the cinema Rural areas were so shocked that 36 states threatened to introduce censorship legislation. Hollywood responded with its own censorship code which ensured that while the films might be full of sex, the sinful characters were not allowed to get away with it

63 Radio 1st broadcast … KDKA (Pittsburgh) 1920Between 1923 and 1930, 60 percent of American families purchased radios Families gathered around their radios for night- time entertainment As radio ownership increased, so did the number of radio stations In August 1921 there was only one licensed radio station in America…by the end of there were 508 popular music, classical music, sporting events, lectures, fictional stories, newscasts, weather reports, market updates, and political commentary Radio stations enhanced a sense of community among different ethnic groups as each group could listen to programming suited to their interests and needs

64 The Jazz Age Jazz music became an obsession among young peopleAfrican American Great Migration brought jazz and blues music with them dance marathons and dance crazes like the Charleston The older generation saw Jazz as a corrupting influence on the young people of America

65 Golden Age of Sports Radio broadcasted professional baseball and college football Golf Tennis Water sports

66 Baseball Baseball became a big money sport with teams like the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox The greatest sports hero of the 1920’s was George Herman Ruth-’Babe Ruth’. He was the star of the NYY

67 Boxing The country’s most famous boxing star was Jack Demsey. A fearsome world heavyweight champion known as the ‘Manassa Mauler’

68 Advertising Ensured demand existed Durable goods Cars, Home appliancesElectronics Furniture

69 Planned obsolescence deliberately planning or designing a product with a limited useful life so it will become obsolete or out of style after a certain period of time

70 Automotive Industry Power force in the economyBy 1929, Americans drove 29 million privately owned cars Changed family life and recreational patterns Symbol of prosperity

71 Assembly Line, 1928 Automobile workers at the end of an assembly line at the Ford River Rouge plant are shown here putting the finishing touches on the stylish new Model A that replaced the basic black Model T in 1927. -Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTZ3rJHHSik&safe=active

72 . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZnGWJ_6BwU Model T was retired in 1927 15 million sold Replaced by the Model A

73 Business Installment buying Chain stores begin to dominate the marketThe age of the “manager” Boom in advertising

74 Skyscrapers one of the most powerful symbols of 1920’s AmericaSymbol of corporate America Skeletal structure - steel The race to build higher started Skyscrapers offered new opportunities for women professionally

75 In New York, skyscrapers were built because there was no more land available but even in smaller cities where land was not a problem they built skyscrapers to show that they were a part of the economic boom. By 1929 there were nearly 400 skyscrapers in the United states.

76 Innovations that led to the skyscrapersteel structure elevators central heating electrical plumbing pumps Telephone https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHm-g7zIWns

77 Chicago's Home Insurance BuildingThe world's first steel framed skyscraper erected in ’ tall

78 Woolworth Building (1913) 792’

79 Chrysler Building (1929-1930) 1047’

80 Empire State Building (1931) 1454’

81 Era of the richly decorated skyscrapers ended in the early 1930’sNew, unornamented modern skyscraper -- “Form follows function” Business and prosperity very prominent on the cultural and political landscape in 1929

82

83 Harlem Renaissance The Renaissance was an upsurge of new racial attitudes and ideals on the part of African-Americans and an artistic and political awakening Centered in the Harlem district of New York City, the New Negro Movement (as it was called at the time) had a major influence across the Unites States and even the world. Paintings Music Dance Theater Literature The artistic output was driven by racial consciousness and pride

84 White Influence on the Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance appealed to a mixed audience— the African American middle class and white consumers of the arts Urbane whites suddenly took up New York’s African- American community bestowing their patronage on young artists opening up publishing opportunities pumping cash into Harlem’s “exotic” nightlife

85 The island of ManhattanWhere is Harlem? The island of Manhattan Neighborhoods

86 cotton club Provided black entertainment for exclusively white audiences The relationship of the Harlem Renaissance to white venues and white audiences created controversy The Duke Ellington Orchestra was the "house" orchestra for a number of years at the Cotton Club. The revues featured glamorous dancing girls, acclaimed tap dancers, vaudeville performers, and comics. All the white world came to Harlem to see the show.

87 Duke Ellington Ellington was a jazz composer, conductor, and performer during the Harlem Renaissance During the Cotton Club years, he developed the style that would quickly bring him worldwide success. Ellington would be among the first to focus on musical form and composition in jazz Ellington wrote over 2000 pieces in his lifetime.

88 Apollo Theatre In the 1930s the opening of the Apollo Theater on 125th Street expanded Harlem’s entertainment district The Apollo featured the finest acts and became the most prestigious African American performing stage in the country The response of the Apollo’s audience could make or break a performer’s career

89 Louis “Satchmo”ArmstrongLouis Armstrong was a jazz composer and trumpet player during the Harlem Renaissance He is widely recognized as a founding father of jazz He appeared in 30 films and averaged 300 concerts per year, performing for both kids on the street and heads of state

90 Bessie Smith Bessie Smith was a famous jazz and blues singer during the Harlem Renaissance Smith recorded with many of the great Jazz musicians of the 1920s, including Louis Armstrong Smith was popular with both blacks and whites

91 Great Migration The economic opportunities of the era triggered a widespread migration of black Americans from the rural south to the industrial centers of the north - and especially to New York City Migration to northern industrial centers began early in the century and increased rapidly as World War I production needs and labor shortages boosted job opportunities

92 In addition to industrial jobs in northern cities, World War I offered blacks the opportunity to serve in the military, although in segregated military units In New York and other cities, black Americans explored new opportunities for intellectual and social freedom Black American artists, writers, and musicians began to use their talents to work for civil rights and obtain equality Middle Class developed as a result of improved educational and employment opportunities Middle Class

93 Rent Parties Originated as a way for cash-strapped Harlemites to raise money for their inflated rent payments Thursday and Saturday nights were favored for these all-night parties. Thursday was the night off for sleep-in domestic workers and Saturday was usually pay-day for laborers who had Sunday off Invitations that read “Parlor Social” or “Tea Cup Party” The host arranged for music and entertainment and cleared all the furniture out perhaps bringing in folded chairs The food and drink were basic—bootleg whiskey or bathtub gin, with southern staples: fried chicken and fish, greens, and cornbread The admission fee and the extra charges for food and drink paid for the entertainment, hopefully with enough left over for next month’s rent

94 Jacob Lawrence Jacob Lawrence painted his Great Migration series during the 1940s to capture the experience of African Americans during the 1920s

95 Lawrence’s Work

96 Langston Hughes Hughes is known for his insightful, colorful, realistic portrayals of black life in America. He wrote poetry, short stories, novels, and plays, and is known for his involvement with the world of jazz and the influence it had on his writing. He wanted to tell the stories of his people in ways that reflected their actual culture, including both their suffering and their love of music, laughter, and language itself.

97 Zora Neale hurston Zora Neale Hurston was an American folklorist, anthropologist, and author. Of Hurston's four novels and more than 50 published short stories, plays, and essays, she is best known for her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God

98 Prejudice towards VeteransAfrican American soldiers who served in World War I were angered by the prejudice they often encountered back at home, compared to the acceptance they had found in Europe.

99 369th “Hell Fighters Awarded the French Croix de Guerre for gallantry in battle Equivalent to the American Medal of Honor which is the highest award for valor in action against an enemy force Returned to the U.S. as heroes to African Americans

100 Although the French recognized the courage and skill of the regiment, the U.S. government downplayed their role and even tried to convince the French to do the same. “…We must not eat with them…shake hands or seek to talk or meet with them outside of the requirements of military duty…We must not commend too highly the [black] troops…” ~excerpts from a memorandum entitled “Secret Information Concerning the Black American Troops.”

101 Political Agenda For Civil Rights by African AmericansW.E.B. Du Bois and the NAACP helped to inspire racial pride in the middle and working class. The first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard he was instrumental in the foundation of the NAACP.

102 Political Agenda For Civil Rights by African AmericansMarcus Garvey Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to encourage black-owned businesses and to promote a black homeland in Africa (Pan Africanism) He founded the Black Star Line and pushed for the Back to Africa movement

103 Impact The Harlem Renaissance helped to redefine how Americans and the world understood African American culture It integrated black and white cultures, and marked the beginning of a black urban society The Harlem Renaissance set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s

104 Serious Problems of the TwentiesFarmers already in a depression during the 1920’s Worker’s wages remained low --WV Mine Wars ( ) Serious misdistribution of American wealth Dangerous personal debt Leads to the greatest economic collapse in American history… The Great Depression