1 Desarrollo de los Microprocesadores Historia de los Procesadores Construcción de Procesadores
2 Desarrollo de Procesadores - ¿Qué es un procesador? ¿Qué es un Procesador o Microprocesador? Un procesador o microprocesador es un chip (pastilla o circuito integrado) de materiales semiconductores, principalmente silicio, que contiene una Unidad Central de Procesamiento (CPU - siglas en inglés de Central Processing Unit) o más de una Unidad de Procesamiento (PU) en un solo circuito integrado. El Procesador es el cerebro de una computadora o muchos aparatos digitales modernos, ya que es el componente encargado de ejecutar y controlar el procesamiento de las instrucciones de los programas con los que estos dispositivos trabajan. En el caso particular de las computadoras personales (PCs), es frecuente usar indistintamente los términos microprocesador o CPU.
3 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Historia del Procesador Historia del Procesador AñoEvento 1823 Baron Jons Jackob Berzelius silicio (Si), el cual es actualmente el componente básico para la construcción de procesadores.silicio 1903 Nikola TeslaNikola Tesla patenta circuitos eléctricos lógicos llamados (gates) compuertas o switches (interruptores). 1947 - 1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain y William Shockley inventan el primer transistor en los laboratorios bell el 23 de diciembre de 1947.transistor 1956 A John Bardeen, Walter Brattain y William Shockley se les otorga el Premio Nobel Prize de Física por la invensión de los transistores. 1958 El Primer Circuito Integrado (IC) es desarrollado por Robert Noyce de la empresa Fairchild Semiconductor y Jack Kilby de Texas Instruments. El primer IC se dio a conocer el 12 de septiembre de 1956.Robert NoyceJack KilbyTexas Instruments 1960La IBM desarrolla la primera fabrica de producción automática masiva de transistors en Nueva York.IBM
4 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Historia del Procesador AñoEvento 1968 La Intel Corporation es fundada por Robert Noyce y Gordon Moore.IntelRobert NoyceGordon Moore 1969 La empresa Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) es fundada en 1 de mayo de 1969.AMD 1971 IntelIntel, con la ayuda de Ted Hoff introduce el primer microprocesador, el intel 4004 el 15 de noviembre de 1971. El 4004 era un procesador de 4 bits, tenía 2,300 transistores, ejecutaba 60,000 operaciones por segundo (OPS), direccionaba hasta 640 bytes de memoria, y costaba $200.00 (USD).4004 1972 Intel presenta el procesador de 8 bits, el 8008 el 1 de abril de 1972.8008 1974 IntelIntel presenta una version mejorada de su procesador de 8 bits, el 8080 el 1 de abril de 1974. Este se convierte en el estándar en la industria de las computadoras.8080 1976Intel presenta el procesador 8085 en marzo de 1976. 1976 IntelIntel presenta el 8086, procesador de 16 bits, el 8 de junio de 1976.8086 1979El 8088 de Intel es sacado al mercado el 1 de junio de 1979.8088Intel
5 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Historia del Procesador AñoEvento 1979 Aparece el Motorola 68000, procesador de 16/32-bits, y posteriormente es seleccionado para la Mancintosh de Apple y las computadoras Amiga.AppleAmiga 1982Aparece el Intel 80286 el 1 de febrero de 1982.80286 1985 IntelIntel introduce el primer procesador de 32 bits, el 80386 en octubre de 1985.80386 1987 El procesador SPARC de Sun Microsystems hace su primer apariciónSPARCSun Microsystems 1988IntelIntel presenta el 80386SX.80386SX 1991AMDAMD presenta la familia de procesadores AM386 en marzo. 1991 IntelIntel introduce el chip 486SX en abril para traer al mercado de las computadoras un procesador de bajo costo, se vendió en $258.00 (USD).486SX 1992IntelIntel saca en marzo al mercado el 486DX2 con el doble de velocidad de reloj para alcanzar más altas velocidades de procesamiento.486DX2
6 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Historia del Procesador AñoEvento 1993IntelIntel lanza el procesador Pentium de 60 MHz el 22 de marzo de 1993. 1997Intel introduce el Pentium II el 7 de mayo de 1997.Pentium II 1999IntelIntel presenta el Celeron 366 MHz and 400 MHz el 4 de enero. 1999 El procesador Intel Pentium III 500 MHz aparece el 26 de febrero de 1999.IntelPentium III 2000El 5 de enero, AMD lanza el procesador Athlon de 800 MHz.AMD 2001El 3 de enero, Intel presenta el procesador Pentium 4 de 1.3 GHz.Intel 2003IntelIntel presenta el Pentium M en marzo.Pentium M 2003AMDAMD lanza los procesadores de 64 bits Opteron y Athlon 64. 2006 IntelIntel lanza el procesador Core 2 Duo E6320 (dos unidades o núcleos de procesamiento, caché de 4M, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) el 22 de abril de 2006. 2008 IntelIntel Core 2 Quad (Core i7) con 4 núcleos de procesamiento. 2015Actualmente, la arquitectura prevaleciente de procesadores es de 64 bits. Intel ha lanzado su 5a generación de los procesadores Core i3, i5 e i7 y AMD su línea de procesadores AMD FX. En la actualidad se encuentran procesadores con hasta 8 unidades de procesamiento. El mercado de los dispositivos móviles ha consolidado otras empresas de construcción de procesadores de alto rendimiento.Intel
7 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Historia del Procesador April 1972 Name of Processor: 8008 Clock speed: 200 kilohertz Number of transistors: 3,500 December 1974 Name of Processor: 8080 Clock speed: 2 MHz Number of transistors: 6,000 August 1976 Name of Processor: 8085 Clock speed: 5 MHz Number of transistors: 6,500 September 1978 Name of Processor: 8086 Clock speed: 10 MHz Number of transistors: 29,000 February 1982 Name of Processor: 286 Clock speed: 12 MHz Number of transistors: 134,000 October 1985 Name of Processor: 386 Clock speed: 16 MHz Number of transistors: 275,000 February 1987 Name of Processor: 386 Clock speed: 20 MHz Number of transistors: 275,000 April 1989 Name of Processor: 486 Clock speed: 25 MHz Number of transistors: 1,200,000 June 1991 Name of Processor: 486 Clock speed: 50 MHz Number of transistors: 1,200,000 March 1993 Name of Processor: Pentium Clock speed: 60 MHz Number of transistors: 3.1 million March 1994 Name of Processor: Pentium Clock speed: 75 MHz Number of transistors: 3.2 million March 1995 Name of Processor: Pentium Clock speed: 120 MHz Number of transistors: 3.2 million
8 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Historia del Procesador June 1995 Name of Processor: Pentium Clock speed: 133 MHz Number of transistors: 3.3 million January 1996 Name of Processor: Pentium Clock speed: 166 MHz Number of transistors: 3.3 million June 1996 Name of Processor: Pentium Clock speed: 200 MHz Number of transistors: 3.3 million May 1997 Name of Processor: Pentium II Clock speed: 300 MHz Number of transistors: 3.3 million April 1998 Name of Processor: Pentium II Clock speed: 400 MHz Number of transistors: 7.5 million August 1998 Name of Processor: Pentium II Clock speed: 450 MHz Number of transistors: 7.5 million August 1999 Name of Processor: Pentium III Clock speed: 600 MHz Number of transistors: 9.5 million October 1999 Name of Processor: Pentium III Clock speed: 733 MHz Number of transistors: 28 million January 2000 Name of Processor: Pentium III Clock speed: 800 MHz Number of transistors: 28 million March 2000 Name of Processor: Pentium III Clock speed: 1.0 GHz Number of transistors: 28 million November 2000 Name of Processor: Pentium 4 Clock speed: 1.5 GHz Number of transistors: 42 million April 2001 Name of Processor: Pentium 4 Clock speed: 1.7 GHz Number of transistors: 42 million
9 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Historia del Procesador Aug 2001 Name of Processor: Pentium 4 Clock speed: 2 GHz Number of transistors: 42 million Jan 2002 Name of Processor: Pentium 4 Clock speed: 2.2 GHz Number of transistors: 42 million Jun 2002 Name of Processor: Pentium 4 Clock speed: 2.53 GHz Number of transistors: 55 million Aug 2002 Name of Processor: Pentium 4 Clock speed: 2.8 GHz Number of transistors: 55 million Nov 2002 Name of Processor: Pentium 4 Clock speed: 3.0 GHz Number of transistors: 55 million Jun 2003 Name of Processor: Pentium 4 Clock speed: 3.2 GHz Number of transistors: 55 million Feb 2004 Name of Processor: Pentium 4 Clock speed: 3.4 GHz Number of transistors: 55 million July 2006 Name of Processor: Core 2 Duo Level 2 cache 4 MB Number of transistors: 253 million Nov 2006 Name of Processor: Core 2 Extreme QX6700 Level 2 cache 8 MB Number of transistors: 582 million
10 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Historia del Procesador Multi-core Era (2008) Microprocessor giant Intel on Monday provided the first details of its next microprocessor architecture, codenamed Larrabee, which will combine multiple processor cores with graphics processing functionality. The first Larrabee processors will appear in late 2009 or early 2010, Intel says. Intel describes the Larrabee processor family as being "many-core" chips that will utilize an array of many processors, probably 16 to 48 cores per chip at the start. (Today's PCs typically utilize microprocessors with 2 or maybe 4 processor cores.) But because the Larrabee chips will be based on the family x86 processor instruction set used by today's PCs and servers, the chip will be backwards compatible with today's software. December- A team led by Intel researchers created a silicon- based Avalanche Photodiode (APD) to achieve a "gain-bandwidth product" of 340 GHz. Intel claims this is "the best result ever measured for this key APD performance metric" and allows lower-cost optical links running at data rates of 40Gbps or higher. The research was jointly funded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Numonyx, a flash memory chip maker, provided manufacturing and process development.(CNET News) 2009 Microprocessor Use Increased Worldwide in Q3 2009 Market Internet reports overall show that the global market of central processing units (CDUs) reached a significant surge both in terms of units and revenues. Microprocessors for mobile applications were frontrunners in terms of growth. 2010 IBM Touts Fastest Microprocessor On August 24, 2010 IBM revealed details of its 5.2-GHz chip. IBM executives described the z196, which will power its Z- series of mainframes, which can cost several hundreds of thousands of dollars, or even a million. IBM defines the z196 as one of the few remaining CISC chips, which allows for bulky, large programs that can require much more memory to execute in than RISC chips, including the PowerPC and ARM embedded processors, among others. Intel Introduces Mobile Pentiums Core 13-300M and Core i5-460M - On September 27, 2010 Intel ark database (ark.intel.com) was updated with specifications or microprocessors are now available. In addition to 8 Core i5, Core i7 and Mobile Celeron CPUs. MIPS Technologies Announces New IP Processor On September 27, 2010 MIPS Technologies introduced a new multipurpose IP core MIPS32 1074K CPS (Coherent Processing System). The IP processor targets multiple and varied internet-connected devices and home networking products such as digital TVs, set-top boxes and combined with standard cells and memories, can be used to build custom microprocessor products with 1-4 cores, operating at frequencies up to 1.5 GHz.
11 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Historia del Procesador 2011 Dell Announces Energy-Efficient Microserver Series On March 22 Dell announced PowerEdge C5000 generation of servers that combine energy efficiency with high-density form factor. These types of dedicated systems do not require large amounts of memory and can be powered by a single CPU. 2012 Processors: What to Expect From CPUs in 2012 What does the future hold for processors? More speed and less power consumption; Ivy Bridge, Piledriver, and Tegra 3. In the desktop and laptop markets, there are two major players: Intel and AMD. Of the two, Intel has gained more traction in 2012, bringing a number of powerful, popular components to market--with the promise of even much more to come in the next year. Intel to Push Mobility in Competitive PC, Tablet Sep 7, 2012: Intel announced that it will make a strong mobile expansion at the Intel Developer Forum next week as the company works to remain relevant in a competive market where tablets and smartphones are becoming a popular alternative to PCs for everyday computing. 2013 Oracle’s SPARC T5 Processor, possibly the World’s Fastest Microprocessor On March 26, 2013, Oracle announced a server refresh based on the new SPARC T5 processor. The press release proclaims SPARC T5 is the worlds fastest Microprocessor, an assertion backed up with a list of several recent benchmark results included a published TPC-C results. http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1923343.http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1923343 2014 Global Microprocessor Industry Market 2014, Finds New Research Report -The 2014 Market Research Report on Global Microprocessor Industry was a professional and depth research report on Global Microprocessor industry that you would know the world's major regional market conditions of Microprocessor industry, the main region including North American, Europe and Asia etc, and the main country including United States, Germany, Japan and China etc. Nota: Información obtenida de la página https://www.raptureready.com/time/rap31d.html https://www.raptureready.com/time/rap31d.html
12 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Ley de Moore Ley de Moore La Ley de Moore expresa que aproximadamente cada 2 años se duplica el número de transistores en un circuito integrado, particularmente en los procesadores. Algunos investigadores consideraban que alrededor del 2010 dejaría de cumplirse por las limitaciones físicas que existen en la miniaturización de los chips. El 19 de abril de 1965, la Revista Electronics publicó un documento elaborado por Gordon Moore, cofundador de Intel, en el cual él anticipaba que la complejidad de los circuitos integrados se duplicaría cada año con una reducción de costo conmensurable.
13 Desarrollo de Procesadores – Ley de Moore