1 Dr. Crofoot RIM High SchoolPhysics Orbits and Nucleosynthesis 1st SEMESTER, WEEK 3-4 Dr. Crofoot RIM High School

2 Math and Units 8/28/2017 Review CRAM Sheet and HomeworkChoose one person to represent your table for each round. If table cannot choose I will choose. We will go around the room and the representative will present the solution of the current question from CRAM Sheet or Homework.

3 Math and Units 8/28/2017 Review CRAM Sheet and HomeworkCovert 500 meters to kilometers. There are 1000 meters in a kilometer. Part of science is observing, searching for patterns and making predictions. Copy this statement. The three main strands of the Next Generation Science Standards are Crosscutting Concepts, Practices and Disciplinary Core Ideas. Copy this statement. Solve the following equation: 2.0 g x 5.0°C x Cal/(g . °C) = Solve the following equation: 25.82m – 23.6m = Combine 3.0 centimeters and 4.25 inches. There are 2.54 cm/in. Use PV=nRT to determine the volume, given P=2.0(atm), n=0.33(moles), T=310(K) and R=0.0821(L·atm/mol·K). What are the metric base unit for length, mass, count and volume? What are the multiplication factors for kilo, centi, milli and micro? How many degrees C are between the freezing and boiling temperature of water? How many cc of water are in 5.0 grams water? Write the definition of Precision.

4 Math and Units 8/28/2017 Review CRAM Sheet and HomeworkWrite the definition of Accuracy. Looking at the image below, what is the smallest unit of measure for this ruler? Looking at the image below, what is the smallest unit of measure for this graduated cylinder? What is the mass of 1.0 mL of water in grams? Is miles per gallon an extensive or intensive unit? If possible solve the following equation: 10cc + 20°C = If possible solve the following equation: 10cc x 20°C = How many milliliters in a liter? Convert 6.00 ml of water to cc. List the three themes of PBiS? Convert -39°C to Kelvin. Using PV=nRT, if the number of moles and the temperature are constant and the pressure is increased, does the volume increase or decrease? Using PV=nRT, if the number of moles and the volume are constant and the temperature is increased, does the pressure increase or decrease?

5 Math and Units 8/28/2017 Review CRAM Sheet and HomeworkSignificant Figures, Hypothesis, Law, Fact Eclipse 8/22/17 PV=nRT P=1.2 atm, V=4.5L, T=288K N and T constant, double P, V? 8/24/17 problems

6 8/22/2017 Physics Substitute Lesson PlanEclipse Exercise: Combine with Two Week Sheet Plot Thermocouple (°C), Solar Cell (volts) and Photo Resistor data from the Eclipse from 9:00 to 12:00. When was the maximum coverage of the sun by the moon? Which data set (Thermocouple, Solar Cell or Photo Resistor) most directly represents the eclipse phenomenon? Which data set is the most precise and which is the most accurate? What is the difference between a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse? Explain why solar eclipses are rare. Which is more rare a solar eclipse or lunar eclipse? Why? Watch if possible: https://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse/video/why-dont-we-have-an-eclipse-every-month

7 Math and Units 8/29/2017 Unit 0 Test Math and UnitsDo not write on test. ZipGrade ID: Use 00 + period + Plicker Number = 00PNN Do not start test in ZipGrade ID area. You can listen to music during test with earbuds Do not talk until everyone is finished with test. Riddle Two guys (Pete and Sam) are locked in a room, which has a two whole number (between 1 and 100) combination to get out. If the wrong two numbers are entered, then it is locked forever. Pete knows the product of the two numbers. Sam knows the sum. Pete says, “I have no idea what the numbers are.” Sam says, “I know that you did not know.” Pete says, “ Ah, now I know what the numbers are!” Sam says, “Ah, now I know what the numbers are!” What are the two numbers? Worth 100% on today’s test.

8 Properties 8/30/2017 Starter / PlickerWhich of the following is not an intensive property? a) Joules/Gram b) Moles Boiling Temperature Miles/Gallon

9 Atomic Structure 08/30/17 Write in NotebookThe atom is made of a central nucleus (consisting of protons and neutrons) and surrounded by electrons. The protons have a positive charge (+). The electrons have a negative charge (-). The neutrons have no charge. The electrostatic attraction between protons and electrons hold atoms together. Neutrons help hold the nucleus together despite the repulsive nature of the positively charged protons.

10 Atomic Structure 08/30/17 Write in Notebook The atoms are organized in the periodic table. Going from left to right, one additional proton is added to the nucleus of the atom each step. Also, going from left to right, one additional electrons is added to an main orbital, keeping the atom electrically neutral. Moving down the periodic table, the number of protons continue to increase. Also moving down the periodic table, other main electron orbitals become available to contain electrons.

11 Nucleosynthesis starting from the big BangAtoms, 8/ (Watch Video) The Elements For the next couple days, we will watch videos on: Nucleosynthesis starting from the big Bang Take notes as you see fit. We will go over the important concepts afterward. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EpcUohHees https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.eiu.fusion/the-elements-forged-in-stars/#.WYoLzrpFzmI

12 Properties 8/31/2017 Starter / PlickerWhich of the following is not a significant source of elemental synthesis for the universe? a) Super Novae b) Nuclear Reactors Big Bang Stellar

13 Atoms, 8/ (Watch Video) The Elements Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons (making them the same element) but different number of neutrons. 78 is the total number of nucleons (protons and neutron) 36 is the number of protons 42 is the number of neutrons (78-36) Can also be written Kr-78

14 Different views of the Periodic Table

15 Stellar nucleosynthesis.Atoms, 8/ (Watch Video) The Elements For the next couple days, we will watch videos on: Stellar nucleosynthesis. Take notes as you see fit. We will go over the important concepts afterward. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWL0whGjopU

16 Properties 9/1/2017 Starter / PlickerWhich property limits stellar nucleosynthesis to iron? a) Super Novae b) Binding Energy per Nucleon Electrostatic Force Gravity

17 Nucleosynthesis 9/1/17 Practice on Two Week SheetDefine the following: Proton Electron Neutron Nucleon Atomic Number Binding Energy per Nucleon How many neutrons in K-40?

18 Kinematics 9/1/17 Practice on Two Week Sheet Last video on Stellar Nucleosynthesis from a contemporary point of view: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv293-NNPRA

19 Nucleosynthesis 9/1/17 Write in NotebookBrown Dwarf (<8% Solar Mass, No Fusion), Red Dwarf (8%-40% Solar Mass Light Fusion, Cool), Limit of Star Size: 100x Solar Mass, Red Giant: When runs low on H to fuse, core shirks and heats, outer limits expand x100 to x Core starts CNO cycle fusion. If <8 Solar Masses, end of life pulsates and releases huge amounts of gas. Remaining center is a White Dwarf and is surrounded by a Planetary Nebula (inappropriate name). If >8 Solar Masses, further fusion continues producing elements up to iron. Different elements in shells around the core. H outside, Fe core. End point of >8 Solar Masses is a Super Novae Type II, fusion explosion that produces all elements heavier than iron. Center may collapse into a Black Hole.

20 Nucleosynthesis 9/1/17 Write in Notebook Percent Hydrogen and Helium in Universe after Big Bang 75%,25% Medium Star Time Burning H and He: 90% of life Force that pushes nucleus apart: Electrostatic Force that pulls nucleus together: Strong Nuclear Force that pulls stars together: Gravity Force that pushes stars apart: Energy Fusion

21 Nucleosynthesis 9/1/17 Write in NotebookSmall to Medium Stars fuse most of the light elements Medium to large Stars fuse heavier light elements in their cores (CNO) Large Stars fuse carbon to iron in their cores until they collapse and explode Type Ia and Type Ib explosions create lighter heaver elements Type II explosions create the rest of the heavier elements The Super Novae explosions scatter the elements into space where they can re-condense into new stars, starting the process over.

22 Nucleosynthesis9/5/2017 Starter / PlickerA medium sized star spends what percent of its life fusing hydrogen and helium before fusing heavier elements? a) About 10% b) About 20% About 75% About 90%

23 Nucleosynthesis Concept Map (Complete with 2-Week Homework)Name:_________________ Date:__________________ Period:_________________ As the universe expanded______ pulled matter together Started It All Creating these %’s of H and He Creating If <8% Solar Mass If 8-40% Solar Mass <8x Solar Mass >8x Solar Mass Fuses Elements up to After H and CNO cycles Type of Star Type of Star Fuses ____ when running low on H Leaving End of Life May Leave Behind

24 Orbital Mechanics 9/5/17 Write in NotebookInertia (1686) Newton’ First Law (the law of inertia): Every object at rest or in motion continues in that state of rest or motion unless compelled to change that state by a force exerted upon it. History (No need to write stuff in green box) (350 BC) Aristotle’s motions: Natural and Violent Motion was only possible if a force acted on an object (1500 AD) Copernicus told us the Earth was not the center of the universe (1590 AD) Galileo disagreed with Aristotle and said motion would continue unless acted upon by a force, such as friction.

25 Orbital Mechanics 9/5/17 Write in NotebookMass Mass: A measure of how much inertia an object has. The more mass something has the more force is necessary to achieve a specific motion. Mass (kg) is not volume (m3). Mass (kg) is not weight (N). Weight is the force of gravity on an object. Gravity (9.8 m/s2) is an acceleration. W(N) = M(kg) x g(m/s2)

26 Orbital Mechanics 9/5/17 Write in NotebookGravity Without gravity the moon would move away from the earth on a tangent. Gravity and the mass of the moon and earth create a force that curves the motion of the moon around the earth. Fg = G x 𝒎𝟏 𝒙 𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐

27 Orbital Mechanics 9/5/17 Homework on Two Week Sheet (Be sure to date each new set of work and organizing in order of dates) Answer the following Review Questions (Use full sentences) Chapter 4 Questions: 7,8

28 Orbital Mechanics 9/6/2017 Starter / PlickerNewton’s first law is also known as: a) The Law of Friction b) The Law of Inertia The Law of Gravity The Law of Mass

29 Orbital Mechanics 9/6/17 Write in NotebookGravity Fg = G x 𝒎𝟏 𝒙 𝒎𝟐 𝒅𝟐 https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gravity-force-lab/latest/gravity-force-lab_en.html Universal gravitational constant: G = 6.67 x 𝑁 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔2 Mass of the Earth: 5.972E24 kg Radius of the Earth: 6.37E6 m For your Notebook, Calculate Earth’s gravitational acceleration near the surface: g = G x 𝒎𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝟐 m1 F1=Fg m2 d F2=Fg d, is the distance between the center of mass for each object

30 Orbital Mechanics 9/6/17 Write in NotebookGravity Fg = G x 𝒎𝟏 𝒙 𝒎𝟐 𝒅𝟐 Complete the following table and Compare all values to first: Mass of Object 1 Mass of Object 2 Distance Between Centers Force on Each Object Gravitational Constant 1000 kg 600 kg 1.00 m 6.67 x 𝑁 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔2 2.00 m 300 kg 0.001 m 1000 m

31 Orbital Mechanics 9/6/17 Homework on Two Week Sheet (Be sure to date each new set of work and organizing in order of dates) Complete the Gravitational Simulation Question Work Sheet

32 Orbital Mechanics 9/7/2017 Starter / PlickerPlanet x has a radius of 5.0E6 m (mass = 6.0E24kg) and its moon has a radius of 5.0E4 m (mass = 6.0E18kg). Their surfaces are 5.0E6 m apart. What is the gravitation force between the planet and its moon? E+XX = x10+xx a) 2.4E19 N b) 9.6E19 N 9.4E19 N 9.6E21 N

33 Orbital Mechanics 9/7/17 Write in NotebookOrbits A cannonball has the same acceleration (gravity) toward earth no matter what the horizontal velocity. Demonstration with steel balls. However, if the horizontal velocity is enough to make up for the drop tendency, the cannonball will be in orbit and not drop. The curvature of the earth drops 5 meters for every 8000 meters. It takes about one second for a ball to drop 5 m. Therefore, at 5 m the cannonball would have to go 8000m/sec to stay in orbit. That is 18,000 mph. Do the math.

34 Orbital Mechanics 9/7/17 Write in NotebookOrbits Orbital Velocity v = 𝐺𝑀/𝑑 Orbital Period T = 2𝜋 𝑑3/(𝐺𝑀) Escape Velocity v = 2𝐺𝑀/𝑑 G = 6.67 x 𝑁 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔2 M = The mass of the center body D = The distance between centers of mass

35 Orbital Mechanics 9/7/17 Write in NotebookElliptical Orbits Draw an Elliptical Orbit Two pins and a string Shadow of a circle

36 Orbital Mechanics 9/7/17 Write in NotebookOrbits

37 Orbital Mechanics 9/7/17 Homework on Two Week Sheet (Be sure to date each new set of work and organizing in order of dates) Answer the following questions from Chapter 14 4, 5, 7, 8, 20, 31

38 Orbital Mechanics 9/8/2017 Starter / PlickerIn the elliptical orbit shown below, excluding Point A, at what point is the orbital speed the greatest? a) B b) C D E

39 Orbital Mechanics 9/8-11/17 Homework on Two Week Sheet (Be sure to date each new set of work and organizing in order of dates) 1.Complete the Gravity and Orbits Question Work Sheet as I run Simulation https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gravity-and-orbits 2. Draw a three planet Solar System (Group-Table Project) The star has a mass of 3E30 kg and a radius of 750,000 km. The star must be at least 1000x the mass of any planet For each planet pick a mass, a radius, a distance from the star and draw a circular orbit. Make sure your radii and distance do not result in anything colliding. Give one planet a moon. For each planet and moon determine the orbital velocity, orbital period and the escape velocity from the planet or moon (not the star). Write these values next to the planet or moon.

40 Orbital Mechanics 9/11/2017 Starter / PlickerIf a satellite is in a stable circular orbit around the Earth and its velocity is decreased by 10%, what will happen to the satellite? The satellite’s average orbital distance will decrease in an elliptical orbit and it may crash into the Earth The satellite’s average orbital distance will increase in an elliptical orbit The satellite’s average orbital distance will decrease in an elliptical orbit but will not crash into the Earth The satellite will reach escape velocity and leave Earth orbit

41 Orbital Mechanics 9/11/17 Write in NotebookKepler A radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time. Even if the orbit is elliptical.

42 Orbital Mechanics 9/8-11/17 Homework on Two Week Sheet (Be sure to date each new set of work and organizing in order of dates) 1.Complete the Gravity and Orbits Question Work Sheet as I run Simulation https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gravity-and-orbits 2. Draw a three planet Solar System (Group-Table Project) The star has a mass of 3E30 kg and a radius of 750,000 km. The star must be at least 1000x the mass of any planet For each planet pick a mass, a radius, a distance from the star and draw a circular orbit. Make sure your radii and distance do not result in anything colliding. Give one planet a moon. For each planet and moon determine the orbital velocity, orbital period and the escape velocity from the planet or moon (not the star). Write these values next to the planet or moon.

43 Orbital Mechanics 9/12/2017 Starter / PlickerWhat is the escape velocity of a 1 million kg rock from the surface of the Earth? Mass of the Earth: 5.972E24 kg Radius of the Earth: 6.37E6 m 4.6E-6 m/s 8,000 m/s 11,000 m/s 130,000 km/s

44 Nucleosynthesis and Orbital Mechanics 9/12/17Eclipse Review Umbra Penumbra 15° tilt of moons orbit around the Earth relative to the orbit of the Earth around the sun. Frequency Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse

45 Nucleosynthesis and Orbital Mechanics 9/12/17Eclipse Review Homework 1)Finish Solar Syslem Define the following vocabulary words: Shadow Umbra Penumbra Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse 2) Explain why solar eclipses are so much rarer than lunar eclipses. 3) How many times does the moon circle the Earth in a year? 4) Answer questions 18, 19, 33 on page 420 of text.

46 Orbital Mechanics 9/13/2017 Starter / PlickerPlanet X has a moon with an elliptical obit that is in the plane of the planet’s orbit around its star. The period of the moons orbit is 20 days. The period of the planets orbit is 100 days. How many solar eclipses could the people on Planet x see? 2 3 4 5

47 Nucleosynthesis and Orbital Mechanics 9/13/17CRAM Sheet Test on Friday

48 Nucleosynthesis and Orbital Mechanics 9/14/2017Starter / Plicker What is the difference in Orbit Period for two planets if one of the planet’s orbital distance is twice that of the other? The outer planet has an Orbital Period x1.2 of the inner planet The outer planet has an Orbital Period x2.0 of the inner planet The outer planet has an Orbital Period x2.8 of the inner planet The outer planet has the same Orbital Period as the inner planet

49 Nucleosynthesis and Orbital Mechanics 9/14/17CRAM Sheet Review CRAM Sheet Test on Friday

50 Nucleosynthesis and Orbital Mechanics 9/15/17Test