1 ECE3340 Review of Numerical Methods for Fourier and Laplace Transform Applications Part 2 LaplaceProf. Han Q. Le Note: PPT file is the main outline of the chapter topic – associated Mathematica file(s) contain details and assignments

2 Remember this question?Which one is periodic and which one is not? (a) (b)

3 This is for real Which one is strictly periodic and which one is not?

4 Remember these circuits?

5 Consider this circuit that has no resistors, no dissipative elements (things that absorb power or energy permanently and not give back to the circuit). Assume perfect capacitor and perfect inductor. Then switch A is opened at time tA<=0; simultaneously or after tA, switch B is instantaneously closed at t=0. Switch A was connected for a long time t<0 and switch B was open. A B + - 47 mH vout V=5 V + 0.3 mF - Q.3 What is the voltage vout before and after the switches are activated? Sketch your guess what it looks like (only “guessing” is asked, no solving equation or anything complicated).

6 Then switch A is opened at time tA<=0; simultaneously or after tA, switch B is instantaneously closed at t=0. Switch A was connected for a long time t<0 and switch B was open. A B + - 47 mH vout V=5 V + 0.3 mF - What happens if we have a resistor in here?

7 Not just with circuits…https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=99ZE2RGwqSM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38XPT9sWIso https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPLawCXvKmg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_ujQiEyT_Q

8 What do those things discussed above - with transient behavior from an initial condition, have in common regarding numerical computation methods? Numerical application of Laplace transform

9 When design a circuit, we want to know how it works, what it does for the intended application. We want numerical simulation results such as this: input output This is what “numerical methods” is about. This is your objective: learn how to use computers to apply to ECE problems. Numerical Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) can also be applied…but

10 Overview (or the “big” perspective)We have learned Fourier transform, Laplace transform, and their applications in scientific/engineering problem – specifically for ECE, circuit and signal analysis. (Math 3321) Fourier transform is most applicable for harmonic, steady state phenomena (or when a starting time is not important). Laplace transform is most applicable when the initial condition is essential. In computation and digital applications, we use numerical methods such as DFT or Z-transform especially for digital control of physical analog systems. we were here now we go here Learning objectives: review and practice numerical computation of these methods with specific examples of circuits and signal processing.

11 Checklist of reviewing/learning topicsHarmonic signal analysis: Fourier transform Power spectral density Frequency response of a system (circuit) Transfer function Bode plot (Nyquist plot if time permits) Filters Analog Digital Similar concepts – for both Fourier and Laplace whether you have learned all these things and only need a refresher or you have not learned much, it’s good to go through the complete list of topics, do exercises and be proficient at numerical methods

12 Concept Review: Signal ProcessingAll electronics around us involve signal processing. Signal represents information. That information can be something we generate. The APP is an example of sound signal. Other common types: texts, images, all sensors (as discussed previously) Electronics deal with signals: preprocessing, post-acquisition, analog, digital.

13 Concept Review: Signal Processing (cont.)Signal processing is a general concept, not a single specific operation. It includes: signal synthesis or signal acquisition signal conditioning (transforming): shaping, filtering, amplifying signal transmitting (telecomm) or applying for control (robotics) signal receiving and analysis: transforming the signal, converting into information, for implementing certain controls. Signal processing is mathematical operation; electronics are simply tools. Some computation are high-level signal processing: dealing directly with encode or embedded information rather than raw signal.

14 An APP to illustrate basic concepts of signals

15 Concept review: numerical methodsSignal and AC circuit problems RLC or any time-varying linear circuits. Applicable to linear portion of circuits that include nonlinear elements Signal processing signal analysis (spectral decomposition) filtering, conditioning (inc amplification) synthesizing Fourier transform Harmonic function Complex number &analysis Phasors

16 Concept: analog processing vs. digital processingsimplicity, capable of high speed and high frequency mid-range speed and frequency Micro-processor (DSP) Signal input User input Filtered signal output software-implemented direct compatibility with num. methods hard-wired/dedicated (use “recipes”)

17 Example: a transient circuitApplication of Laplace transform Then switch A is opened at time tA<=0; simultaneously or after tA, switch B is instantaneously closed at t=0. Switch A was connected for a long time t<0 and switch B was open. A B + - 47 mH vout V=5 V + 0.3 mF -

18 Note: checklist of review and learning topics:Link to review of LT Note: checklist of review and learning topics: LT of derivatives and integral LT integro-differential eqs. with initial conditions) LT transfer function of a linear system Use APP to review LT of common functions

19 Another example of Laplace transformed circuituse the mesh current method (alternative: node voltage method) impedance matrix This is also known as a linear system – we’ll learn more later on in linear algebra

20 APP demo: generic Laplace transform response function for an analytic systemCircuit analysis Open loop and closed loop transfer function for control Objectives: apply LT and Z-transform with numerical algorithm and software code to solve problems as in examples above Note: if need more time to study & do work on FFT, we can reduce work load on LT/ZT

21 Use the APP to review learning topics:- structure of a typical LT transfer function poles and zeroes polynomial decomposition responses (over damped, critically damped, under damped) not needed: root locust An introduction to the next subject

22 Direct editing poles or zeros, by selecting natural frequency and damping coefficient.(example: poles for Butterworth-or Chebyshev-type filters) Observing response function for any new pair of roots.

23 Inspect poles and zeroes with 3D plotInspect poles and zeroes with 3D plot. Root locust design option in a different APP pole, zero and polynomial numerical computation are obviously crucial for applications (we’ll learn that next)

24 some other examples 6th order Butterworth poles 4th order Chebyshev 1 3rd order Bessel poles

25 total response function (white) and component response functions (color)use this for project on filter (see later slides)

26 Further example: Laplace-transformed and Z-transformed for control – for knowledge onlyOpen loop TF P I D Application in control, especially robotics Root Locus Analysis and Design Response and error It’s good to be aware of control theory application and ZT num. method (ZT APP), but we won’t do computer work on this

27 A quick summary of what we learn on numerical Fourier and Laplace

28 selecting pulse shape and its digitized sampling rep.FFT output

29 Assignment: more general pulse shape; choose Butterworth, Chebyshev, or Bessel filter (LP, HP, or BP); calculate output – use LT APP response function. May not use Mathematica built-in filter functions. example circuit for illust only – not actual assignment. FFT signal * transfer function inverse FFT for output

30 Mathematica built-in filter functions work only on analytic signalsit cannot handle arbitrary shape functions cannot handle random noises OK to use to for sanity check of numerical algorithm with known test functions. “may” contain bugs example only

31 Advanced project AM or FM signal with HF carrieradditive white gaussian noise (or some interference signal) carrier bandpass filter (select one type) output signal

32 We see that Fourier and Laplace transforms are highly useful for so many applications.Can they be always applied? to any problem? IOW, are there limitations? The system has to be linear (or can be linearized with approximation)

33 Yes, and numerical methods are also developed for them:Are there other types of transforms useful for scientific/engineering applications? Yes, and numerical methods are also developed for them: variations and generalizations of Fourier and Laplace (numerous) wavelet transform Hilbert transform and other transforms for signal processing, compression.

34 An introduction to next subjectsWhat is a common feature in the formulation of those problems that we apply FT and LT to? Differential (or integro-differential) equations

35 All the examples discussed above involve differentiationSolutions are obtained by solving the differential equations (DE) Fourier and Laplace transforms are approaches to solve the DEs indirectly: solve in the frequency domain, then convert back to the time domain Most applicable for linear time-invariant systems with analytic models of response Not applicable for non-linear systems.

36 We will see that there are many cases in which, even if the transform approach is theoretically applicable, it is not necessarily practical or advantageous with numerical methods We will follow up with this in next topics of learning