1 el espiral The spiral notebook is a requirement for all levels of Spanish beginning with Level II. It is your own “grammar notebook” which we will add to as the year goes on. It is your reference book and will be used in a variety of ways in class and will be valuable to you as you do homework preparation. español
2 General information: 1. Work neatly. You must be able to read all of your work! Accents marks in the appropriate places are important. Spelling is important. Accuracy is important! 2. Do not add anything to the spiral except what you are told to add. Most of the time you will be free to add your own examples of grammar rules so you can understand what the rule means.
3 Table of contents: The inside of the front cover will contain your table of contents. NEATLY number from (in three columns) Number each page in the lower right hand corner
4 1 Present tense (back) irregular present tense2 Irregular “yo” 3 “Shoe verbs” 4 Present Progresive 5. Preterite (back ar spelling change preterite) 6. Irregular preterite 7. Irregular Preterite 8. Shoe Verbs Preterite 9. Imperfect (Back irr. Imperfect) 10. Future (Back irr. Future) 11. Conditional (Back irr. Conditional) 12. Preterite vs. Imperfect 13 verbos with Y from uir infinitive 14 zco verbs (cer-cir infinitives 15. Subjunctive 16.Ser vs estar 17. Saber vs conocer 24 Verbs I have a hard time remembering 25 Interrogative words 27 verbs like gustar 31 comparatives (back) irregulars) 32 superlatives (back) ísimo 33 possessive adjectives 34 tener expressions 42. Passive Voice 43 Subject pronouns 44 Prepositional pronouns 45 Direct object pronouns 46 Indirect object pronouns 47 Two Pronouns together 48 Reflexive pronouns
5 Present tense: 1 -ar (hablar) hablo hablas habla hablamos habláisthe verb tense which refers to present or near-present actions -ar (hablar) hablo hablas habla hablamos habláis hablan -er (comer) como comes come comemos coméis comen -ir (vivir) vivo vives vive vivimos vivís viven 1
6 Irregular present tense:estar ser ir dar tener (to be) (to be) (to go) (to give) (to have) Voy doy tengo vas das tienes va da tiene vamos damos tenemos vais dais teneis van dan tienen estoy estás está estamos estáis están soy eres es somos sois son
7 Verbs with an irregular “yo”ser - soy decir - digo to say/tell estar - estoy saber - sé to know info. ir – voy- to go venir – vengo to come tener - tengo to have dar – doy to give hacer – hago to do/make ver – veo to see poner – pongo to put/place traer traigo- to bring salir – salgo to leave oír - oigo to hear conocer – conozco to know people 2
8 Stem-changing verbs: a verb which has some sort of spelling change in the stem. (Also called “shoe verbs”) Follow an L shaped pattern uue (jugar) juego jugamos juegas jugáis juega juegan oue eie ei My verb list!! 3
9 El Presente Progresivo:The presentprogressive tense is used to express an action or activity that is presently going on. To form the present progressive use the present tense of the verb estar + the present participle. 4
10 To form the present participle ofmost verbs, drop the ending of the infinitive and add “ando” to ar verbs and add “iendo” to er and ir verbs. Example: hablar Estoy hablando Estamos hablando Estás hablando Estáis hablando Está hablando Están hablando 4
11 ** Note** Traer and Leer have a y in their present participle Comer Estoy comiendo Estamos comiendo Estás comiendo Estáis comiendo Está comiendo Están comiendo ** Note** Traer and Leer have a y in their present participle leyendo trayendo. 4.
12 Pretérito: The tense used to talkabout completed events in the past. Words or expressions: ayer- yesterday anteayer day before yesterday anoche- last night el año pasado-last year la semana pasada last week 5
13 Endings AR ER IR Yo é í í Tú aste iste iste Ud ó ió ió él ella Nosotros amos imos imos Vosotros asteis isteis isteis Uds. ellos aron ieron ieron Ellas
14 1. There are no stem changes in arAR Preterite 1. There are no stem changes in ar preterite. Ex. Jugar- ella jugó 2. Spelling changes (yo forms only) a. car (buscar,practicar) c-qu Ex. Yo busqué. b. gar (pagar, llegar) g-gu Ex. Yo pagué c. zar (cruzar) z-c Ex. Yo crucé Back of page 5
15 El Pretérito irregularHacer Ir/Ser hice hicimos fui fuimos hiciste hicisteis fuiste fuisteis hizo hicieron fue fueron Dar Ver Di Dimos Vi Vimos Diste Disteis Viste Visteis Dio Dieron Vio Vieron 6
16 Irregular preterite. Querer Venir quise quisimos vine vinimos quisiste quisisteis viniste vinisteis quiso quisieron vino vinieron Poder Poner pude pudimos puse pusimos pudiste pudisteis pusiste pusisteis pudo pudieron puso pusieron Back of 6
17 Irregular Preterite Estar Tener estuve estuvimos tuve tuvimos estuviste estuvisteis tuviste tuvisteis estuvo estuvieron tuvo tuvieron Andar Saber anduve anduvimos supe supimos anduviste anduvisteis supiste supisteis anduvo anduvieron supo supieron 7
18 Stem Changing verbs in past tenseThe verbs pedir, repetir, freír, servir, preferir, divertirse and vestirse have a stem change in the preterite in the third person forms. The e changes to i. Pedir Repetir pedí pedimos repetí repetimos pediste pedisteis repetiste repetisteis pidió pidieron repitió repitieron 8.
19 The verbs dormir and morir havea stem change in the preterite in the third person forms. The o changes to u. dormir dormí dormimos dormiste dormisteis durmió durmieron 8.
20 The imperfect Formation stem + endings AR ER/IR aba ábamos ía íamos abas abais ías íais aba aban ía ían Words that indicate imperfect siempre todas las semanas muchas veces a menudo todos los días frecuentamente EXAMPLE: Hablar Vivir hablaba hablábamos 1. vivía vivíamos hablabas hablabáis vivías vivíais hablaba hablaban vivía vivían
21 Irregular imperfect verbsSer Ir Ver era éramos 1. iba íbamos veía veíamos eras erais ibas ibais veías veíais era eran iba iban veía veían When possible use the phrase in English was/were____________ing used to ________________ Back of 9
22 Formation The complete infinitive + endings Endings Sing. Plural Future: Formation The complete infinitive + endings Endings Sing. Plural é emos ás éis á án Note: All of the forms have an accent except nosotros. In English Subj + will +verb Example: Viajar 1. viajaré viajaremos 2. viajarás viajaréis 3. viajará viajarán 10
23 Irregular future verbsPoder Podr valer valdr querer Querr haber habr (helping verb) saber sabr poner pondr salir saldr hacer har tener tendr venir vendr decir dir caber cabr Back of 10
24 Conditional Formation complete infinitive + endings Endings 1. ía íamos 2. ías íamos 3. ía ían In English subject + would + verb Uses: What would or would not happen under certain circumstances. To make polite requests To describe future events in relation to an event in the past 11 11
25 Irregular forms Poder Podr valer valdr querer Querr haber habr (helping verb) saber sabr poner pondr salir saldr hacer har tener tendr venir vendr decir dir caber cabr Back of 11
26 Preterite vs imperfectPreterite describes what happened/occurred Simple completed actions Action occurred during a specific time main events Imperfect describes what was happening or what used to be. habitual repeated actions progressive actions background 12
27 Verbs with “Y” from the uir infinitiveconstruir destruir construyo construímos destruyo destruímos construyes construís destruyes destruís construye construyen distruye destruyen Distribuir Huír 1. distribuyo distribuímos huyo huímos 2. distribuyes distribuímos huyes huís 3. distribuyes distrbuyen huye huyen 13
28 ZCO verbs (Cer-Cir infinitives)Conocer Parecer conozco conocemos parezco parecemos conoces conocéis pareces parecéis conoce conocen parece parecen Conducir conduzco conducimos conduces conducís conduce conducen Similar verbs desaparecer, mercer, obedecer ofrecer pertenecer reconocer producir traducir 14
29 Jo verbs from ger and gir infinitivescoger exigir cojo cogemos exijo exigimos coges cogéis exiges exigís coge cogen exige exigen Similar verbs escoger proteger recoger dirigir Back of 14
30 Present Subjunctive: Formation: Write the present tense yo form of the verb. Drop the “o” Add the opposite endings AR ER/IR e emos a amos es éis as áis e en a an Hablar Tener 1.hable hablemos tenga tengamos 2. hables habléis tengas tengáis 3. hable hablen tenga tengan 15
31 16 Ser vs Estar How you feel and where you areAlways take the verb estar Ser Estar Soy Estoy Eres Estás es Está Somos Estamos Son Están 16
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33 The verbs in the present subjunctive always arein the clause after “que” Stem changing verbs follow the normal L shaped pattern change e
34 Car Gar and Zar verbs in subjunctiveChange the letters to preserve pronunciation car-que gar-gue zar-ce tocar pagar organizar toque pague organice toques pagues organices toque pague organice toquemos paguemos organicemos toquéis paguéis organicéis toquen paguen organicen
35 Uses of the present subjunctive:Indicative: Gives information Imperative Gives instructions or commands Subjunctive Expresses uncertain things Categories of phrases Simple A conjugated verb Yo estudio español Ella desea viajar a España Compound: with 2 verbs conjugated together with “y” “o” “pero” Yo estudio español y viajo a México.
36 Complex: 2 conjugated verbs together with “que”Has 2 clauses. Pattern: Subject+verb/ que+subject +verb+rest independent clause dependent clause Yo prefiero/que la clase estudie más. Es bueno/que los alumnos hablen español Estoy segura de/que los habitantes hablen inglés y español.
37 Subjunctive in noun clausesNoun clause-Group of words with subject and verb used as direct object of the sentence SUBJUNCTIVE IS USED IN NOUN CLAUSE IF Main clause verb causes subjunctive Verbs that cause subjunctive wishing emotion impersonal expressions doubt request, advice, permission, command 2. Subjects of 2 clauses must be different. BOTH FACTORS MUST BE PRESENT
38 Verbs that cause subjunctive:Wishing (Voluntad) querer, desear, esperar, preferir Ojalá- always causes subjunctive main clause- May Allah grant (I wish, Oh that) Ojalá+que+subj +subjunctive+rest
39 Verbs and expressions of emotionalegrarse de temer estar encantado de tener miedo de entristecerse estar orgulloso/a sentir lamentar deplorar These verbs use pronouns me desilusiona te enoja lo irita nos molesta les sorprende
40 Impersonal expressions (It is _________)Cause subjunctive Es bueno Es aburrido Es malo Es ridículo Es mejor Es raro Es necesario Es sorprendente Es indispensable Es escandaloso Es importante Es una lástima Es precioso Vale la pena Es agradable Importa Es justo NEVER CAUSE SUBJUNCTIVE Es cierto Es verdad Estoy seguro de
41 Verbs of doubt dudar es imposible negar (ie) es improbable no creer no estar seguro de es dudoso es probable Some main clause verbs NEVER cause subjunctive in dependent clause creer saber estar seguro/a es verdad es cierto
42 Irregular verbs present subjunctiveIr Ser vaya vayamos sea seamos vayas vayáis seas seais vaya vayan sea sean saber dar sepa sepamos dé demos sepas sepáis des deis sepa sepan de den estar haber esté estemos haya hayamos estés estéis hayas hayáis esté estén hayan
43 Tú commands Use the familiar command to give instructions to a friend. Fornmation: third person singular of the verb Example: Miguel, abre la ventana Commands with pronouns:: Add the pronoun to the end of the command making one word. Add written accent to the third vowel from the end of the word. Escribe la carta. Escríbela If there are not three vowels there is no accent
44 Negative commands with túFormation: Write no and use yo form of the verb drop the “o” add the opposite 2nd person singular form of the verb. AR=es ER=As Preparar la cena No prepares la cena Pronouns are placed after the no of a negative command. Car Gar Zar verbs cjhange que,gue,ce
45 Ud.Uds commands To give instructions to a person or many people Formation. Use 3rd person singular or plural of the subjunctive 3rd person sing= 1 person 3rd person plural= more than one person Example: Señor abra la puerta Señores, cierren los libros. To form the negative place no in front of command
46 Let’s commands (we/us)to make suggestions about what we can do Formation Use nosotros form of the subjunctive hablar hablemos escribir escribamos ir vayamos With reflexive verbs use nos Drop ending of emos add nos levantar-levantémonos
47 Verbs with special meaning in the preteriteInfinitive Reg.meaning special meaning conocer to know met-1st time poder to be able succeeded querer to want tried no querer to not want refused saber to know found out tener to have got,received
48 The past participle participio pasadoFormation: Stem+ endings for past participle THIS FORM IS NEVER ALONE AR= stem + ado ER/IR stem+ido Irregular past participles decir-dicho morir muerto hacer-hecho romper roto esribir-escrito poner puesto ver-visto volver vuelto abrir abierto imprimir impreso cubrir cubierto
49 Present perfect Formation: Conjugated form of haber+past participle Pronouns are in front of conj. verb Used to describe events/actions that have been going on up to and into present. Model: Trabajar (Haber trabajado) he trabajado hemos trabajado has trabajado habéis trabajado ha trabajado han trabajado Nosotros hemos trabajado mucho este mes. We have worked a lot this month.
50 Irregular tú commands. (Mandatos con tú)affirmative Negative venir ven no vengas tener ten no tengas poner pon no pongas salir sal no salgas hacer haz no hagas ser sé no seas decir di no digas ir ve no vayas
51 Verbs I have a hard time remembering...(This is your page. On it list those verbs that just don’t stick in your brain and their meanings.) 24
52 Interrogative words: question asking words; all interrogatives have a written accent mark in Spanish¿Cómo? ¿Dónde? ¿Por qué? ¿Cuándo? ¿Quién? ¿Quiénes? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? ¿Cuánto? ¿Cuántos,-as? 25
53 back of 25 Answering questions Decide type of questionUnderline the verb Circle the subject Write subject Write verb Decide what you need to answer question Answer question. back of 25
54 Verbs like gustar Three verbs to express interest, boredom and pleasure are: interesar - to be interesting aburrir- to be boring gustar - to be pleasing 27
55 Use only 2 forms of these verbs- 3 sing. & 3 pl.interesar - interesa interesan aburrir aburre aburren gustar gusta gustan 27
56 27 They are special because the sentence pattern is backwards.Ejemplo: Me interesa el fútbol. Soccer is interesting to me. Me interesan los deportes. Sports are interesting to me. 27
57 Other verbs like gustardoler encantar faltar importar parecer enfurecer sorprender enojar asustar Pronouns used with gustar Me Te Le Nos Les Back of 27
58 31 Comparatives: comparing 1 person or thing to another.(Comparisons of inequality) En inglés: 1. Add er to adjective. 2. More/less + adj. +than. Rico is smarter than Miguel. En español: más adj que menos + adv.+ noun Rico es más alto que Miguel. 31
59 Comparisons of equalityEn español: a. tan + adj./adv. + como Mi coche va tan rapido como tu coche, b. tanto/a/os/as + noun + como Yo tengo tanto dinero como mi hermano. En inglés a. as + adj. + as My car is as fast as your car. b. as many/much + noun + as I have as much money as my brother.
60 Irregulares: good- betterbad- worse (adj.) Bueno - Mejor Malo - Peor Viejo - Mayor Joven - Menor DO NOT USE MAS OR MENOS La Señora Rake es mayor que los estudiantes. Back of 31
61 Superlativo: to express the highest degree within a group. En inglés:(a) “most” “least” (b) est En español: el/la/los/las + noun+ más + adj.+ de menos The tallest boy “ the boy most tall.” Miguel es el chico más alto de todos. (of all) Miguel es el más atlético de la escuela. Miguel is the most athletic in the school. Don’t use más or menos with the 4 irr. 32
62 Possessive adjectives: an adjective which shows ownershipPossessive adjectives: an adjective which shows ownership. In Spanish, as in English, these adjectives precede the noun they modify. In Spanish, however, they must also agree with the noun. mi, mis - my nuestro, a, os, as - our tu, tus - your (fam) (vuestro, a, os, as) su,sus - his, her, su, sus - their, your (form) belonging to all of you 33
63 Ejemplos: Yo tengo mi coche nuevo. Pablo pasa sus exámenes. Nosotros limpiamos nuestra sala. Ellos limpian su cuarto.
64 Expressions with tener:Tener calor : to be hot Tener frío To be cold Tener que To have to Tener ganas de to feel like Tener hambre to be hungry Tener sed to be thirsty Tener razón to be right Tener sueño to be tired Tener miedo to be afraid Tener cuidado- to be careful
65 tener prisa to be in a hurrytener suerte to be lucky tener vergüenza to be embarrassed tener éxito- to be successful 34
66 Passive voice Se + third person singular or third person plural verb is used to say “one says” It is impersonal since no one knows or cares who does the action. Pattern: Se + 3rd sing. verb + singular subject Se + 3rd plural verb + plural subject Example: Se vende café aquí Coffee is sold here Se venden libros aquí Books are sold here 42
67 Reciprocal action Only used with plural verb forms Corresponds to we/they do action to/for eachother Pattern: Nos + first person plural verb Se + third person plural verb Example: Nos escribimos: We write each other Se casan They marry each other Nos hablamos We talk to each other Se aman They love each other Back of 42
68 Subject pronouns: pronouns used as subjects of sentencesSubject pronouns: pronouns used as subjects of sentences. Subject pronouns must be in the same PERSON as the VERB (there must be agreement). Subject pronouns are frequently omitted in Spanish (we can not omit them in English) Singular Plural yo tú usted él ella nosotros vosotros ustedes ellos ellas 43
69 Direct object pronouns: Pronouns which function to replace the direct object in a sentence. Direct objects answer the questions “what” or “who” following the verb. Pronouns must agree in number and gender with the nouns they replace. Placement: 1. Before the conjugated verb in the sentence. 2. Attached to an infinitive 3. Attached to a present participle 45
70 1 me - me nos - us 2 te - you os - you (pl.) 3 lo - it (m), los - them (m) him you all you(F) la - it (fem), las - them (f) her, you (F) you all
71 Examples: Juan lee el libro. Juan lo lee. Tomás ve a Roberto y a Pilar. Tomás los ve. Vamos a traer mucha comida. La vamos a traer. ¿Te puedo ayudar? Sí, me puedes ayudar. Back of 45
72 Indirect object pronouns: Pronouns which function to replace the indirect object in a sentence. Indirect objects answer the questions to whom or for whom the action is done. Placement: Immediately preceding the conjugated verb 46
73 me to/for me nos to/for us te to/for you (fam) os to/for you all le to/ for him,her, les to/for you all, you (formal) them A clarifier is sometimes added to “make clear” the meaning of the third person IDO pronouns: a él, a ustedes, a Ana, etc.
74 Ejemplos: 1. María me da unos dulces. (Mary gives me some candy. ) 2Ejemplos: 1. María me da unos dulces. (Mary gives me some candy.) 2. Las profesoras nos dan mucha tarea Yo le compré un coche nuevo. I bought him, her, you a new car. (To clarify: Add “a + name / noun or pronoun”) Yo le compré un coche nuevo a mi hermano. Back of 46
75 Reflexive Pronouns: Reflexive pronounsare pronouns used when the action in the sentence is both done and received by the subject. The reflexive pronoun and the verb ending are all the same person. Lavarse me lavo nos lavamos te lavas os laváis se lava se lavan 48
76 When mentioning an article of clothingor body part, you use the definite article el/la/los/las instead of the possessive adj. Mi tu etc. Me lavo la cara. Even when we are talking about more than one person we use the singular form of nouns unless objects come in pairs and are logically plural. Se ponen la chaqueta.