1 Electric current
2 Electric Current Thermal energy flows from the hotter object to the colder object. Likewise, electrical energy is transferred from areas with higher potential to areas with lower potential. Careful! NOT necessarily individual charges
3 Quick rate of dischargeIf you touch a Van der Graaf generator with a wire also connected to the ground, the high potential of the charged dome would very quickly equalize with the ground. Shocking, but not always super useful.
4 Recycling charge? For most applications, recycling charges makes devices much more useful. To recycle charges, we need the equivalent of a pump somewhere in the circuit.
5 Pumps for charges? We started the unit with voltage for a reason! Charge only moves when there is potential difference Batteries chemical electrical Generators mechanical electrical
6 Danger? A Van der Graaf generator can build up a potential difference of 20,000 J/C. It’s shocking to touch but not typically dangerous. A car battery maintains a potential difference of just 12 J/C and will seriously harm or kill you if you complete the circuit with your body. Check this from UC Denver Med School
7 Not the potential difference, but the current!Consider flow of water About the same potential difference A romantic spot for a swim with your special someone A disastrous spot for a swim with anyone
8 Electric Current I = Q / t current = charge / time CoulombThe flow of water is measured in volume of water per unit time. The flow of electricity (current) is measured in charge per second, abbreviated as amperes or amps. I = Q / t current = charge / time second Coulomb = ampere or amp or A Named in honor of Andre-Marie Ampere (1775 – 1836)
9 Example In a certain light bulb, 3.0 C of charge pass through the filament in 5.0 s. What is the current in the light bulb? I = Q / t = 3.0 C / 5.0 s = 0.6 A
10 Example I = Q / t So, t = Q / I = 1.6 C / 0.8 A = 2.0 sThe current in a light bulb is 0.8 A. How long does it take for C of charge to pass a point in the wire? I = Q / t So, t = Q / I = 1.6 C / 0.8 A = 2.0 s
11 Batteries A battery uses chemical means to cause charge to move continuously through a circuit. Alessandro Volta (1745 – 1827) invented the battery (1800) and described the work done by a battery per unit charge as the ‘electromotive force’, sometimes abbreviated emf and other times (lower case epsilon) a problematic choice of name, since it is not a force 𝜀= 𝑊 𝑞 has units of 𝐽 𝐶 or volts
12 Graphing potential in a circuitSuppose you connect a 9.0 V battery to a small motor. How does the electric potential change in the circuit? A B C D wire battery battery motor voltage wire A B C D A position
13 Graphing current in a circuitSuppose you connect a 9.0 V battery to a small motor. How does the current change in the circuit? Charge does NOT get used up; the amount going in must equal the amount coming out A B C D current A B C D A position
14 Graphing potential in a circuitSuppose you connect a 9.0 V battery to two small motors in series as shown below. How does the electric potential change in the circuit? F wire battery motor voltage E wire A D motor wire A B C D E F B C position
15 Graphing current in a circuitSuppose you connect a 9.0 V battery to two small motors in series as shown below. How does the current change in the circuit? F Charge does NOT get used up; the amount going in must equal the amount coming out current E A D A B C D E F B C position
16 Comparison In which situation would you expect the motor to spin faster? #1 #2
17 Graphing potential in a circuitSuppose you connect a 9.0 V battery to two small motors in parallel as shown below. How does the electric potential change in the circuit? wire battery motor voltage F A D wire A B C D A B C E position
18 Comparison 2 In which situation would you expect the motor to spin faster? #1 #2
19 Comparison 3 In which situation would you expect the battery to run down faster? #1 #2
20 Electric Power Power is a measure of the rate at which work is done. 𝑷= 𝑾 𝒕 In electric circuits, you can calculate power by multiplying how quickly charge flows by the potential difference. 𝑷=𝑰𝑽 Power is measured in joules per second. 𝐽 𝑠 is sometimes abbreviated as watts, W 𝐶 𝑠 x 𝐽 𝐶 = 𝐽 𝑠
21 Example It takes about 2 minutes for an electric heater in the US to bring 0.5 L of room-temperature water to a boil. Estimate the power of the heater. P=Q/t = mcT/t = [(500 g) (4.2 J/gC)(100C-20C)] / 120 s = 1,400 W Estimate the current through the heater. Note: most homes in the US have potential difference of 120 V P=IV, so I = P / V = (1,400 J/s) / (120 J/C) = 12 A
22 Example An electric heater draws a steady 15.0 A on a 120-V line. How much power does it require? P = I V = (15.0 C / s) (120 J / C) = 1800 W = 1.8 kW
23 Example If an 1800-W electric heater operates 3.0 h per day and operates for 30 days, how much does it cost to operate? Assume that the electric company charges $0.092 / kWh. Cost = ($ / kWh) (kW) (h) = ($0.092 / kWh) (1.8 kW) (3 h/day) (30 days) = $15
24 Relationship between voltage and current voltage current 𝑉 𝐼 or 𝐼= some proportionality constant 𝑉 𝐼=("conductance")𝑉 Investigated by Georg Ohm, a German physicist (1787 – 1854)
25 Conductance and ResistanceIf conductance is a measure of how easily current flows, resistance is a measure of how hard it is for current to flow. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒= 1 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1 𝑅
26 𝐼 = 𝑉 𝑅 or 𝑉=𝑅𝐼 or 𝑅= 𝑉 𝐼 𝐼=("conductance")𝑉 where 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒= 1 𝑅𝐼= 1 𝑅 𝑉 𝐼 = 𝑉 𝑅 or 𝑉=𝑅𝐼 or 𝑅= 𝑉 𝐼
27 Electrical ResistanceElectrical resistance is Resistance is measured in ohms After Georg Ohm (1787 – 1854) Units: V per A = J / C per C / s = J s / C2 Abbreviated with the Greek letter, omega, current potential difference R = V / I
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29 𝑰= 𝑽 𝑹 Ohm’s Law increase voltage increase currentincrease resistance decrease current 𝑰= 𝑽 𝑹 Check this link
30 Example A typical color television draws 2.5 A of current when connected across a potential difference of 115 V. What is the resistance of the television? R = V / I = 115 V / 2.5 A = 46
31 Example A 1.5 V battery is connected to a small light bulb with a resistance of 3.0 . What current will it draw? I = V / R = 1.5 V / 3.0 = 0.5 A
32 Electric Power – pt 2 Since potential difference, V, is proportional to current, I, and to resistance, R 𝑽=𝑰𝑹 and 𝑰= 𝑽 𝑹 In electric circuits, 𝑷=𝑰 𝑰𝑹 = 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹 𝑷= 𝑽 𝑹 𝑽= 𝑽 𝟐 𝑹
33 Electrical ResistanceThe current in a river depends on how quickly the water drops (potential difference) and cross section of the river. Likewise, the electrical current in a conductor depends on the voltage (potential difference) and the resistance.
34 Factors that affect electrical resistanceLength of conductor length resistance Thickness of conductor cross-sectional area resistance Type of material ‘grip’ on free electrons resistance
35 Mathematical model for resistance length, 𝒍 resistance cross-sectional area, 𝑨 resistance grip on free electrons, 𝝆 resistance 𝑹=𝝆 𝒍 𝑨 Determined experimentally. Copper: x 10-8 m Glass: 109 m Varies with temperature! Change in resistance change in voltage use electric current to measure temperature
36 𝑅=𝜌 𝑙 𝐴 , so 𝐴=𝜌 𝑙 𝑅 , where A = r2 or 𝑟= 𝐴/𝜋Example Suppose you want to connect your stereo to remote speakers. If each wire must be 20 m long, what diameter copper wire should you use to keep the resistance less than 0.10 per wire? Resistivity of copper is 1.68 x 10-8 m. Try it first. Move this box for the answer. 𝑅=𝜌 𝑙 𝐴 , so 𝐴=𝜌 𝑙 𝑅 , where A = r2 or 𝑟= 𝐴/𝜋 d=2r=2 𝜌𝑙/𝑅𝜋 =2 (1.68 𝑥 10 −8 𝑚)(20 𝑚)/(0.10)(𝜋 ) = 𝑚