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2 Eli Whitney Inventor of the cotton gin Inventor of moveable partsEli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.
3 Cotton Gin The cotton gin is a device for removing the seeds from cotton fiber. Such machines have been around for centuries. Eli Whitney's machine of 1794, however, was the first to clean short-staple cotton, and a single device could produce up to fifty pounds of cleaned cotton in a day.
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5 South Farmers - Plantations North Soil favored small farms rather than large plantations Natural resources more abundant More immigrant labor 7 of 8 settled here Between 1800 and 1860 the percentage of people working in agriculture dropped from 70% to 40% Slavery had died out in the North. It was replaced in cities and factories by immigrant labor from Europe Fertile soil and warm climate Ideal for large scale farms and crops like cotton and tobacco Agriculture was so profitable there was no need for industrial development 80% of labor force worked on farms 2/3 of South owned no slaves, but by 1800 slavery was tied to the regions economy and culture As many blacks in the South as Whites 4 Million Blacks to 5 million whites 35% of railroad tracks in South In 1860 the agricultural economy was beginning to stall while the northern manufacturing was experiencing a boom
6 Nativism the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
7 Opposition to Slavery From the start of the US, Americans increasing wanted to get rid of slavery. Equality and liberty By the 1830s, more Americans wanted the immediate end to slavery. North against the South Gradualism: the movement to gradually end slavery in the US
8 Famous Abolitionists Benjamin Rush: prominent American, signer of the Declaration of Independence, against slavery after having a dream, Quaker influenced Benjamin Franklin: owned 2 slaves but later freed them once he realized slavery was bad, related to British relationship to Americans, Quaker William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator, believed slavery was immoral and slaveholders were evil, the only option is immediate emancipation (freeing all slaves), Quaker influenced Frederick Douglass: The North Star Sojourner Truth: former slave who spoke about freedom
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10 William Lloyd GarrisonPublisher of the Liberator – Abolitionist newspaper Quaker influenced Rejected the idea of slow gradual end of slavery He was the most prominent abolitionist of the 19th century
11 Slavery Many felt that ending slavery would not put an end to racismThe best solution was to return African-Americans back to Africa American Colonization Society was founded Acquired land in Africa called Liberia Not a realistic solution
12 Opposition to Slavery continuedAmericans realized that ending slavery would not end racism. Return slaves back to Africa: American Colonization Society The ACS founded a colony in West Africa called Liberia. The capitol was called Monrovia. Not realistic Cost is high ACS dependent upon donations, cannot raise enough money Moving 1.5 million people to Africa Slaves regard America as their home
13 Liberia
14 Slave Rebellions A slave revolt was a constant fear amongst southern whites Denmark Vesey was executed for supposedly planning a revolt In 1831 Nat Turner leads a revolt that led to the death of 50 men, women and children in Virginia
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16 Missouri Compromise An effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted
17 Northwest Ordinance of 1787Bans slavery above the Ohio River
18 Frederick Douglas Former slave who gained his freedomLeader of anti-slavery movement “…the dark night of slavery closed in upon me and behold a man transformed to a brute.” Sponsored by William Lloyd Garrison
19 Published his own anti-slavery newspaper The North StarProminent speaker around the North Received hundreds of death threats Counsel to President Lincoln on African American affairs
20 Famous Abolitionists Sara and Angelina Grimke: Quakers, letter was published in the Liberator, feminists and abolitionists Henry David Thoreau: wrote Slavery in Massachusetts Charles Sumner: senator from Massachusetts who opposes slavery, Sumner caning
21 Opposition to Slavery continuedAbolitionism: the movement to rid the US of slavery immediately No compensation to the slaveholders and no gradual measures Grew strength from Second Great Awakening
22 Education Reforms Men - wealthy sons of industry and plantations sent to boarding schools Schools were opened but not mandatory - still white only Women were allowed to go to “Arts” or “finishing” school where they learned to cook, clean, host parties, plan menues …Basically our Home Economics class
23 Education in Alabama Alabama[edit]Alabama Central Female College, Tuscaloosa August 22, 1923 the main building burned down and became a park in the 1930s. No mention of the school after this date. Alabama Conference Female College, Tuskegee (originally Tuskegee Female College)[1] From college was in Tuskegee. It moved to Montgomery. Renamed Huntingdon College in 1935 Auburn (Masonic) Female College, Auburn (offered college courses ) Auburn Female Institute, Auburn (operated ) Athens State University, Athens (co-ed since 1931) Florence Synodical Female College, Florence, Alabama[2] ( ) Huntingdon College, Montgomery (co-ed since 1934) Judson College, Marion University of Montevallo, Montevallo (co-ed since 1956) University of West Alabama, Livingston (co-ed since 1900; officially women-serving until the 1950s)
24 Higher Education in Alabama before Civil WarAthens State University – 1822 Springhill College – Catholic male only 1833 University of North Alabama 1830 – male only University of Alabama – male only University of West Alabama ( 1832 ) female – teachers Sanford – Christian male only Marion Military Institute Auburn University
25 Dread Scott Was an enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and two daughters
26 Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth was an African- American abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, Ulster County, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826 New York outlawed slavery in – first state
27 Underground Railroad A series of trails and safe places to the north for slaves to travel when escaping the south Conductors Harriet Tubman: also known as Moses, famous conductor of the UR, runaway slave, risked freedom 19 times to save others Levi Coffin: Quaker, allowed escaped slaves to stay at his home in Indiana and Ohio UR deepened Southern mistrust of Northern intentions.
28 Harriet Tubman and Levi Coffin
29 Underground Railroad
30 Opposition to Slavery continuedQuakers opposed slavery. Gradually ending slavery would come in stages. Do not import anymore slaves Phase out slavery first in North and Upper South, then in Lower South Slaveholders would be compensated for their loss. Gradualism would give the south’s economy time to adjust.
31 Africatown Alabama In 1860 some wealthy slaveholders of Mobile and their friends decided to see if they could evade the law and succeed in importing slaves from Africa. This Atlantic slave trade had been prohibited by the United States since 1808, although the domestic slave trade had continued. The men bet each other they could elude federal authorities. They invested money to hire a crew and captain for one of their ships to go to Africa and bring back laborers for slaves. The ship Clotilde commanded by Captain William Foster. It sailed in 1860 from Ghana, West Africa for its final destination of Mobile. Over 100 Ghanaians were aboard, having been sold into bondage by the King of Dahomey. Dahomey warriors raided a village near the city of Tamale in Ghana, and took the survivors to Whydah, now Benin, where they were put up for sale. The captured tribesmen were sold for $100 each to the captain of the Clotilde. Abaché and Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis at Africatown in the 1910s. In early July 1860, the Clotilde entered Mobile Bay and approached the port of Mobile. The Captain loaded the slaves onto a riverboat and sent them ashore; he set fire to the Clotilde to hide the evidence of its captives.
32 Africatown in Alabama After the Civil War and emancipation, they were joined by a number of their fellow tribesmen. A man who became known as Charlie Poteet was their chief; their medicine man was named Jabez. In time, they formed a self-governing society. They spoke their native language and carried on their tribal traditions into the 1950s.[4]
33 Harriet Beecher Stowe Wrote Uncle Tom’s CabinRelationship between Tom, the slave, and his overseer, Simon Legree Changed Northern perceptions of slavery Depicted slaves as real people imprisoned in bad situations Southerners tried unsuccessfully to have the book banned Distortions and falsehoods Considered a cause of the Civil War