1 Enduring UnderstandingsTopics Enduring Understandings Concept 53.2: Understand factors that cause exponential growth. Explain the variables in the exponential growth equation. Concept 53.3: Understand factors that cause logistic growth. Calculate logistic growth given data. Compare a system with a carrying capacity to one without. Explain the different periods of a logistic growth curve, particularly noticing why populations may continue to increase though at a slower rate. What might cause growth to become negative? Give examples. Concept 53.4: How do life history characteristics help us predict growth rates: r strategists vs K strategists. Concept 53.5: Explain factors that regulate population growth: density dependent vs independent. Use examples from Concept 54.1, for example. Concept 54.2: Compare species richness to relative abundance. What is the significance of an ecosystem with high species richness but low relative abundance, or the opposite? Concept 54.3: How does disturbance lead to succession? Why do ecosystems tend towards a climax community? What factors can stop a system from reaching its climax community? Concept 55.3: How does the 2nd law of thermodynamics affect ecosystems? Why are energy transfers inefficient? Predict the biomass at an energy level given a biomass a different energy level. Concept 55.4: How does the 1st law of thermodynamics affect ecosystems? Why is the cycling of matter significant for ecosystems? Explain the carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles, emphasizing the role of each SPECIFICALLY in living organisms: how it gets in us, how it is used in us, and how we get rid of excess. 4.A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways. 4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy. 4.B.3: Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. 4.B.4: Distribution of local and global ecosystems changes over time. 4.C.3: The level of variation in a population affects population dynamics. 4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem.

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3 Unit 9: Ecosystems Warm-UP: What is an ecosystem?What affects an organism’s ability to survive? Due NOW: STAMP: Vocab Packet Due tomorrow: POGIL: Ecological Relationships Due Wednesday: Test Fix: see website

4 Unit 9: Ecosystems Warm-UP: What is an ecosystem?What affects an organism’s ability to survive? Due NOW: STAMP: Vocab Packet Due tomorrow: POGIL: Ecological Relationships Due Wednesday: Test Fix: see website

5 Unit 9: Ecosystems Big Idea: Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. These interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy. The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the sustainability of the ecosystem.

6 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. What factors influence the distribution of broad-leaf maple in the PNW? Abiotic Biotic

7 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. species distribution: where an organism is found abiotic interactions: non-living temperature, light, wind, soil quality biotic interactions: living competition: interspecific and intraspecific invasive species

8 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. Step 1: With your partner: Identify and explain the relationship between the species. competition: intraspecific and interspecific predator/prey herbivory symbiosis: 2 organisms living in a relationship that involves dependence parasitism mutualism commensalism (helps one, the other unaffected) mimicry Batesian (one copies another) Mullerian (both the “same”) Step 2: Congo Line: Teach another team…

9 Explain the relationship between these two species.Fig. 54-7 Explain the relationship between these two species. (a) Acacia tree and ants (genus Pseudomyrmex) Figure 54.7 Mutualism between acacia trees and ants (b) Area cleared by ants at the base of an acacia tree

10 Explain the relationship between these two individuals.Fig. 54-7 Explain the relationship between these two individuals. Figure 54.7 Mutualism between acacia trees and ants

11 Explain the relationship between these two individuals.Fig. 54-7 Explain the relationship between these two individuals. Figure 54.7 Mutualism between acacia trees and ants

12 Explain the relationship between these two individuals.Fig. 54-7 Explain the relationship between these two individuals. Figure 54.7 Mutualism between acacia trees and ants

13 Explain the relationship between these two individuals.Fig. 54-7 Explain the relationship between these two individuals. Figure 54.7 Mutualism between acacia trees and ants

14 Explain the relationship between these two species.Fig. 54-5c Hawkmoth larva Green parrot snake Figure 54.5c Examples of defensive coloration in animals

15 Explain the relationship between these two species.

16 Explain the relationship between these two species.

17 Explain the relationship between these two species.

18 Explain the relationship between these two species.Fig. 54-5d Explain the relationship between these two species. Cuckoo bee Yellow jacket Figure 54.5d Examples of defensive coloration in animals

19 Explain the relationship between these two species.Fig. 54-5d Explain the relationship between these two species. Flower fly Yellow jacket Figure 54.5d Examples of defensive coloration in animals

20 Explain the relationship between these two species.

21 Explain the relationship between these two species.

22 Explain the relationship between these two species.Fig. 53.2 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23 Explain the relationship between these two species.Figure 54.1 How many interactions between species are occurring in this scene?

24 Warm UP: What factors affect population size?Figure 53.3 Population dynamics Due NOW to my INBOX: POGIL: Ecological Relationships Due Wednesday: Test Fix: see CANVAS website Due Thursday: Modeling Population Growth AND Population Growth Practice Problems Apr. 24th and 28th:After School Study Sessions: : 2:15 to 4:30 May 1st: CUMULATIVE Course Final Exam: (multiple choice only) May 8th: AP Test

25 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. population regulation: maintaining constant size exponential growth: not realistic for long periods of time no restraints logistic growth describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity carrying capacity: a hypothetical limit to population size that an ecosystem can support Figure 53.3 Population dynamics

26 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. population regulation: maintaining constant size exponential growth: not realistic for long periods of time no restraints logistic growth describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity carrying capacity: a hypothetical limit to population size that an ecosystem can support Figure 53.3 Population dynamics

27 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. population regulation: maintaining constant size exponential growth: not realistic for long periods of time no restraints logistic growth describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity carrying capacity: a hypothetical limit to population size that an ecosystem can support Figure 53.3 Population dynamics

28 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. population regulation: maintaining constant size exponential growth: not realistic for long periods of time no restraints logistic growth describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity carrying capacity: a hypothetical limit to population size that an ecosystem can support Figure 53.3 Population dynamics

29 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. population regulation: maintaining constant size exponential growth: not realistic for long periods of time no restraints logistic growth describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity carrying capacity: a hypothetical limit to population size that an ecosystem can support Figure 53.3 Population dynamics

30 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. population regulation: maintaining constant size exponential growth: not realistic for long periods of time no restraints logistic growth describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity carrying capacity: a hypothetical limit to population size that an ecosystem can support Figure 53.3 Population dynamics

31 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. population regulation: maintaining constant size exponential growth: not realistic for long periods of time no restraints logistic growth describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity carrying capacity: a hypothetical limit to population size that an ecosystem can support Figure 53.3 Population dynamics

32 Modeling Population GrowthRules: TWO resources per ADULT ONE resource per BABY Collect a MAX of TWO resources per EATING. Each round, eat until ALL penguins in your family are fed OR no more food is available. After eating, each surviving ADULT has ONE BABY BOYS breed EVEN years GIRLS breed ODD years Adult eats first; babies eat second. Penguin WALK only.

33 Warm-UP: Explain the graphWarm-UP: Explain the graph. What factors explain the changes observed in the hare and lynx populations? Figure 53.3 Population dynamics Due NOW to my INBOX: Test Fix Due Thursday: Modeling Population Growth AND Population Growth Practice Problems Due Friday: Cornell Notes 46.1 AND 46.2 Apr. 24th and 28th:After School Study Sessions: : 2:15 to 4:30 May 1st: CUMULATIVE Course Final Exam: (multiple choice only) May 8th: AP Test

34 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. Factors that Determine Population Growth Interactions: Density dependent vs density independent Example: predator/prey: lynx and hare: density dependent natural disasters: density independent Figure 53.3 Population dynamics

35 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. Factors that Determine Population Growth Interactions: Density dependent vs density independent Example: predator/prey: lynx and hare: density dependent natural disasters: density independent ADAPTATIONS: 3 Survivorship Curves Type I: low death rates during early and middle life, then an increase among older age groups Type II: death rate is constant over the organism’s life span Type III: high death rates for young, then a slower death rate for survivors

36 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. Factors that Determine Population Growth K vs r Strategists K-strategists: species that have evolved traits that are sensitive to population density Examples: redwood trees, elephants Traits: live in stable communities; environment unchanging; parental care (few babies, high rate of survival) r-strategists: species that have evolved traits that maximize reproduction Examples: invasive species: English ivy Traits: live in unstable communities; quickly changing environments; parental care low (lots of eggs, few survivors) Figure 53.7 An agave (Agave americana), an example of big-bang reproduction

37 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. Factors that Determine Population Growth K vs r Strategists K-strategists: species that have evolved traits that are sensitive to population density Examples: redwood trees, elephants Traits: live in stable communities; environment unchanging; parental care (few babies, high rate of survival) r-strategists: species that have evolved traits that maximize reproduction Examples: invasive species: English ivy Traits: live in unstable communities; quickly changing environments; parental care low (lots of eggs, few survivors) Figure 53.7 An agave (Agave americana), an example of big-bang reproduction

38 Interactions between and within populations in an ecosystem influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. Fig. 53-9 Factors that Determine Population Growth K vs r Strategists K-strategists: species that have evolved traits that are sensitive to population density Examples: redwood trees, elephants Traits: live in stable communities; environment unchanging; parental care (few babies, high rate of survival) r-strategists: species that have evolved traits that maximize reproduction Examples: invasive species: English ivy Traits: live in unstable communities; quickly changing environments; parental care low (lots of eggs, few survivors) Figure 53.9 Variation in the size of seed crops in plants

39 Example Math Question from AP Test Given an elk population with 500 individuals, a maximum per capita growth rate of 0.5, and living with a carrying capacity of 550, how many individuals do you expect in the next generation? Round your answer to 1 decimal. Figure 53.3 Population dynamics

40 Example FRQ: 2003

41 What is the first law of thermodynamics? Warm-UP: What is the first law of thermodynamics? What evidence for this can we observe? Figure 53.3 Population dynamics 3 Stamps NOW: Modeling Population Growth AND Population Growth Practice Problems 1 AND 2 Due Friday: Cornell Notes 46.1 AND 46.2 Apr. 24th and 28th:After School Study Sessions: : 2:15 to 4:30 May 1st: CUMULATIVE Course Final Exam: (multiple choice only) May 8th: AP Test

42 What is the second law of thermodynamics? Warm-UP: What is the second law of thermodynamics? What evidence for this can we observe? Figure 53.3 Population dynamics 3 Stamps NOW: Modeling Population Growth AND Population Growth Practice Problems 1 AND 2 Due Friday: Cornell Notes 46.1 AND 46.2 Apr. 24th and 28th:After School Study Sessions: : 2:15 to 4:30 May 1st: CUMULATIVE Course Final Exam: (multiple choice only) May 8th: AP Test

43 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.1st law: matter cycles within ecosystems biogeochemical cycles water carbon nitrogen 2nd law: ENTROPY: energy flows into an ecosystem (usually as solar radiation) and out (as heat) energy pyramids trophic levels math: calculating energy at different levels

44 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.FOOD CHAIN secondary consumers primary consumers primary producers

45 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.FOOD WEB secondary consumers primary consumers primary producers

46 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.FOOD WEB tertiary consumers secondary consumers primary consumers primary producers

47 Example Food Web Question from released AP test : The food web represents feeding relationships in a biological community near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Hydrothermal vents are geysers on the seafloor that gush super-heated, mineral-rich water. The seawater surrounding hydrothermal vents typically contains carbon dioxide, hydrogen, hydrogen, sulfide, and methane. Sunlight, however, fails to reach the seafloor where deep-sea hydrothermal vents are located. As part of an investigation, researchers collected living specimens from an area near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Mussels in the collection were found to be dependent on molecular hydrogen in seawater. Also, the researchers discovered multiple species of bacteria living in the gills of the mussels. Mussels use gills for filter-feeding and gas exchange with the surrounding seawater. On the basis of their experimental results, the researchers hypothesized that some bacteria living in the gills of the mussels are capable of chemosynthesis. On the basis of the food web, which of the following members of a deep-sea biological community is most likely to also have a symbiotic relationship with chemosynthetic organisms? (A) Octopuses (B) Blind crabs (C) Zoarcid fish (D) Shrimp Figure 54.2 Resource partitioning among Dominican Republic lizards

48 Example food web “math” question from released AP test: The following is a food web for a habitat that occupies 60 km2. The primary producers’ biomass is uniformly distributed throughout the habitat and totals 1,500 kg/km2. Developers have approved a project that will permanently reduce the habitat size by 50%. Calculate the total biomass for the primary producers: before and after development. Calculate the biomass of primary consumers: before and after development. Explain why the biomass of secondary consumers should be less than that of primary consumers.

49 ENERGY PYRAMID In a wolf’s lifetime……Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy. ENERGY PYRAMID In a wolf’s lifetime……

50 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.2nd law: Entropy: energy is “lost” to ecosystems IN: solar energy OUT: heat Ecosystems need a constant input of energy

51 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.2nd law: Entropy: energy is “lost” to ecosystems IN: solar energy OUT: heat Ecosystems need a constant input of energy Energy Pyramid: Trophic levels: each “step” in the pyramid Tertiary Consumers are rare; Producers are common: BOTTOM is BIG TOP is SMALL Energy is “lost” as it is transferred 10% rule: only a small amount of the energy IN is in the BIOMASS of that level

52 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.2nd law: Entropy: energy is “lost” to ecosystems IN: solar energy OUT: heat Ecosystems need a constant input of energy Energy Pyramid: Trophic levels: each “step” in the pyramid Tertiary Consumers are rare; Producers are common: BOTTOM is BIG TOP is SMALL Energy is “lost” as it is transferred 10% rule: only a small amount of the energy IN is in the BIOMASS of that level

53 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.2nd law: Entropy: energy is “lost” to ecosystems IN: solar energy OUT: heat Ecosystems need a constant input of energy Energy Pyramid: Trophic levels: each “step” in the pyramid Tertiary Consumers are rare; Producers are common: BOTTOM is BIG TOP is SMALL Energy is “lost” as it is transferred 10% rule: only a small amount of the energy IN is in the BIOMASS of that level

54 Example energy pyramid “math” question from released AP test:A farmer grows 400,000 kcal of corn on her farm. 1 human needs 2,000 kcal/day to maintain life. How many vegetarians could the farmer support for a day? How many meat-eaters could the farmer support?

55 Example energy pyramid “math” question from released AP test:Assume there are 50,000 joules (J) of energy available in trophic level II in the figure. According to the conventional model of energy flow in ecosystems, which of the following statements correctly describes the flow of energy in the system? (A) Trophic level I generates a maximum of 50,000 J of energy. (B) Trophic level I has approximately 5,000 J of available energy. (C) Trophic level III has approximately 50 J of available energy. (D) Trophic level IV has approximately 500 J of available energy.

56 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.PCBs and many pesticides such as DDT are subject to biological magnification in ecosystems In the 1960s Rachel Carson brought attention to the biomagnification of DDT in birds in her book Silent Spring

57 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.PCBs and many pesticides such as DDT are subject to biological magnification in ecosystems In the 1960s Rachel Carson brought attention to the biomagnification of DDT in birds in her book Silent Spring

58 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.1st law: matter cycles within ecosystems biogeochemical cycles water carbon nitrogen 2nd law: ENTROPY: energy flows into an ecosystem (usually as solar radiation) and out (as heat) energy pyramids trophic levels math: calculating energy at different levels

59 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.The Water Cycle: On a whiteboard, can you draw it…

60 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.The Water Cycle: On a whiteboard, can you label it…

61 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.The Water Cycle: Evaporation Precipitation Runoff (surface and subsurface) Evapotranspiration condensation

62 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.The Carbon Cycle: Can you draw it…

63 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.The Carbon Cycle: Can you draw it…

64 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.The Carbon Cycle: cell respiration combustion carbon storage animal plant bacteria (decomposers) CO2 C6H12O6 photosynthesis mitochondria Krebs cycle chloroplast Calvin cycle fossil fuels

65 Warm-UP: A culture of Spirogyra (an autotrophic alga) is maintained in a water solution containing dissolved carbon dioxide and a source of phosphates but lacking nitrogen compounds. A researcher determines the rates of synthesis of several organic compounds found in the Spirogyra before and after several weeks in the water solution. Which of the following graphs best illustrates a likely result of the experiment? Stamp NOW: Cornell Notes 46.1 AND 46.2 Monday Stamp: Cornell Notes 45.8 AND 45.9 Monday and next Friday: After School Study Sessions: 2:15 to 4:30 May 1st: CUMULATIVE Course Final Exam: (multiple choice only) May 8th: AP Test

66 Warm-UP Stamp NOW: Cornell Notes 46.1 AND 46.2 Monday Stamp: Cornell Notes 45.8 AND 45.9 Monday and next Friday: After School Study Sessions: 2:15 to 4:30 May 1st: CUMULATIVE Course Final Exam: (multiple choice only) May 8th: AP Test

67 Review Which molecule is which? amino acid, nucleotide, ammonia, nitrogen gas, nitrate What do you know about each? Why do organisms need nitrogen?

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70 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.The Nitrogen Cycle: nucleotide protein nitrate nitrogenous waste (ammonia, urea, or uric acid) nitrogen gas soil bacteria plant animal nitrogen-fixing plant (legumes)

71 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.Nitrogenous waste excess nitrogen (from breakdown products of proteins and nucleic acids) must be removed Ammonia: an amino group plus a hydrogen; basic; toxic in high concentrations Land animals convert ammonia into urea or uric acid prior to excretion Advantage: less toxic, so less water needed for removal Disadvantage: requires more energy Figure 44.9 Nitrogenous wastes

72 Which molecule has the most potential energy? Name Drawing Pros Cons Examples of organisms Figure 44.9 Nitrogenous wastes Which molecule has the most potential energy? Which molecule requires the most ATP to make?

73 Ecosystem interactions result in the cycling of matter and the loss of energy.Matter (nutrient) availability can limit productivity of ecosystems. Which nutrient limits phytoplankton production along the coast of Long Island? Figure 55.7 Which nutrient limits phytoplankton production along the coast of Long Island?

74 Team Compare 1 N to B 2 B to S 3 S to SB 4 N to S 5 B to SB 6 N to SBPacific salmon and black bears have often been cited as examples of keystone species. Pacific salmon spawn in freshwater streams but spend most of their lives at sea. When mature salmon return to the freshwater streams, they bring nitrogen and other marine-derived nutrients that subsequently remain in the areas surrounding the streams—a process called nitrogen influx. In an investigation, the relationship between black bears, salmon, and influx of marine nitrogen into the area around a southwestern Alaskan stream was studied. The investigators established several test plots of the same size along the stream with the following species composition: no salmon or black bears (N), bears but no salmon (B), salmon but no bears (S), and a plot where salmon and bears interact (SB). Nitrogen influx in the different sampling areas was measured as a means of assessing the impact of the different species on the health of the ecosystem. The data are plotted in Figure 1. Use the graph. Compare the two bars. Explain the difference. Team Compare 1 N to B 2 B to S 3 S to SB 4 N to S 5 B to SB 6 N to SB Figure 55.7 Which nutrient limits phytoplankton production along the coast of Long Island?

75 Stamp NOW: Cornell Notes 45.8 AND 45.9Today and Friday: After School Study Sessions: 2:15 to 4:30 All week after school: Ms. Sismour’s room: bubble your AP test sheet; go to mirror hallway for sign up Next Monday: CUMULATIVE Course Final Exam: (multiple choice only): see website documents for study guide and START STUDYING!!!! May 8th: AP Test

76 The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the sustainability of the ecosystem.Ecological Succession a predictable series of events whereby an ecosystem’s different populations grow towards carrying capacity follows a disturbance Primary: no soil, large (ex: glaciation, volcanic eruption) Secondary: soil left, small (ex: tree fall, fire) limited by nutrient availability (biogeochemical cycle, typically nitrogen or phosphorous) Island Biogeography distant small islands: low diversity close large islands: high diversity

77 The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the sustainability of the ecosystem.Ecological Succession a predictable series of events whereby an ecosystem’s different populations grow towards carrying capacity follows a disturbance Primary: no soil, large (ex: glaciation, volcanic eruption) Secondary: soil left, small (ex: tree fall, fire) limited by nutrient availability (biogeochemical cycle, typically nitrogen or phosphorous) Island Biogeography distant small islands: low diversity close large islands: high diversity

78 The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the sustainability of the ecosystem.Ecological Succession a predictable series of events whereby an ecosystem’s different populations grow towards carrying capacity follows a disturbance Primary: no soil, large (ex: glaciation, volcanic eruption) Secondary: soil left, small (ex: tree fall, fire) limited by nutrient availability (biogeochemical cycle, typically nitrogen or phosphorous) Island Biogeography distant small islands: low diversity close large islands: high diversity

79 The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the sustainability of the ecosystem.Ecological Succession a predictable series of events whereby an ecosystem’s different populations grow towards carrying capacity follows a disturbance Primary: no soil, large (ex: glaciation, volcanic eruption) Secondary: soil left, small (ex: tree fall, fire) limited by nutrient availability (biogeochemical cycle, typically nitrogen or phosphorous) Island Biogeography distant small islands: low diversity close large islands: high diversity

80 The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the sustainability of the ecosystem.Ecological Succession a predictable series of events whereby an ecosystem’s different populations grow towards carrying capacity follows a disturbance Primary: no soil, large (ex: glaciation, volcanic eruption) Secondary: soil left, small (ex: tree fall, fire) limited by nutrient availability (biogeochemical cycle, typically nitrogen or phosphorous) Island Biogeography distant small islands: low diversity close large islands: high diversity

81 The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the sustainability of the ecosystem.Invasive Species What is an Invasive Species? nonnative to the ecosystem in which it is found capable of causing environmental, economic, or human harm compete so successfully in new ecosystems that they displace native species and disrupt important ecosystem processes plants, fish, insects, mammals, birds, and diseases all can be invasive. Local Examples: English Ivy, Scotch broom, Himalayan blackberry (plants) Atlantic salmon, European green crab (fish, aquatic invertebrate) Pine Beetle (insect) American bullfrog (amphibian) Eastern Grey Squirrel (mammal) European starling (bird) White pine blister rust (disease)

82 The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the sustainability of the ecosystem.Invasive Species How Does a Species Become Invasive? tolerate a variety of habitat conditions grow and reproduce rapidly compete aggressively for resources (like food, water, and nesting sites) lack natural enemies or pests in the new ecosystem

83 The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the sustainability of the ecosystem.Invasive Species The spread of invasive species has resulted in substantial environmental and economic cost, and constitutes a serious threat to global biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and the long term persistence of indigenous biota. These impacts are of particular concern where they involve interactions with designated conservation units, and resources of substantial commercial value. These considerations apply to non-indigenous American shad (Alosa sapidissima) and their potential effects on native Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.). Following their introduction to the Sacramento River in 1871, American shad rapidly dispersed, and have since been reported in rivers from Mexico to Russia. Using advanced molecular techniques, habitat data, and otolith microchemistry, my colleagues and I are resolving the distribution of self-sustaining shad populations among Pacific coastal rivers, and identifying the source population(s) of migrants for the colonization of additional drainages. We are also exploring the potential for range expansion under climate change scenarios, identifying habitats susceptible to future shad colonization, and predicting time lines of invasion for certain rivers. Species introduced to novel environments can exhibit rapid evolutionary changes. Because evolutionary adaptations may contribute to future establishment and spread of invasive taxa, understanding the life history variation exhibited by invasive American shad is an important aid to the effective management of this non-indigenous species.

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85 Warm-UP: Look at your group’s dataWarm-UP: Look at your group’s data. In general, how would you characterize the composition of the Renton Park ecosystem? Use your data. Friday: After School Study Session: 2:15 to 4:30 Homework Stamp Wed: Chi-Square Practice Problems All week after school: Ms. Sismour’s room: bubble your AP test sheet; go to mirror hallway for sign up Next Monday: CUMULATIVE Course Final Exam: (multiple choice only): see website documents for study guide and START STUDYING!!!! May 8th: AP Test

86 Homework Stamp Now: Chi-Square Practice Problems Warm-UP: Example question from AP test The diagram shows the progression of ecological events after a fire in a particular ecosystem. Based on the diagram, which of the following best explains why the oak trees are later replaced by other trees? Eventually the other trees grow taller than the oak trees and form a dense canopy that shades the understory. Oak trees alter the pH of the soil, making the forest better suited for shrubs and other trees. Roots of shrubs proliferate in the soil of the forest and prevent the oak trees from obtaining water. Oak trees succumb to environmental pollutants more rapidly than do either the shrubs or the other trees. Homework Stamp Now: Chi-Square Practice Problems Homework Due Thursday: Lab: Succession and Disturbance Friday: After School Study Session: 2:15 to 4:30 All week after school: Ms. Sismour’s room: bubble your AP test sheet; go to mirror hallway for sign up Next Monday: CUMULATIVE Course Final Exam: (multiple choice only): see website documents for study guide and START STUDYING!!!! May 8th: AP Test

87 Warm-UP: Look at your team’s stats. Do you have agreement?