1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SOLID STATE LIGHTINGIGERT Energy Materials & Policy ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SOLID STATE LIGHTING Setting the stage by Georgia Tech NSF IGERT Faculty: --Professor Bernard Kippelen, Electrical and Computer Engineering --Professor Valerie Thomas, Industrial and Systems Engineering Research results presented by Georgia Tech NSF Fellows: Materials and Systems --Ryan Murphy, Materials Science and Engineering, Policy and Economics --Mallory Flowers, School of Public Policy Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

2 Forum and Celebration of Energy TransitionsIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Energy Efficiency and Solid-State Lighting: An introduction Bernard Kippelen Joseph M. Pettit Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering Director, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

3 Legacy technology 60 Watts 900 lumens 15 lm/W 1,500 h…see you in the museum.

4 Innovation

5 Innovation drivers INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORSNovel compound semiconductors grown by MOVCD or MBE (e.g. GaN)

6 OLEDs ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORSProcessed over large area at room temperature. The future is flexible.

7 Performance comparison

8 Solid State Lighting (SSL)“Solid-state lighting has contributed to more than $2.8 billion in U.S. energy cost savings over the past 15 years, and further SSL technology advances will increase those savings even more in the years to come. By 2035, SSL could reduce national lighting electricity use by 75% --  which would equate to the total energy consumed by 45 million American homes today and could save American families and businesses $50 billion annually, not to mention add jobs and boost the economy.”

9 Beyond energy savings

10 Forum and Celebration of Energy TransitionsIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Energy Efficiency and Solid-State Lighting: An introduction Valerie Thomas Anderson Interface Professor in Industrial and Systems Engineering and Public Policy Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

11 Japan Led Early Adoption Due to Prioritizing Energy Savings after FukushimaEvolution of Regional Installed Lamp Base by Lighting Technology Source: Stephanie Pruitt, Strategies Unlimited, November 2015 [34]:S. Pruitt, "Testimony to National Academy of Science Committee on Solid State Lighting," Washington, DC, November 2015. As cited in EERE, Solid State Lighting R&D plan, June 2016.

12 EIA, 2016, Energy Star Summary of Lighting Programs

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15 “Challenges of Solid State Lighting Adoption” Ryan MurphyIGERT Energy Materials & Policy “Challenges of Solid State Lighting Adoption” Ryan Murphy School of Materials Science and Engineering Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

16 Forum and Celebration of Energy TransitionsIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Outline Advantages of LEDs Challenges of LEDs and LED Adoption New Technologies and Policies to Improve LED Adoption Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

17 A Reduction in Energy Consumption Does not Have to Cost the Economy!IGERT Energy Materials & Policy A Reduction in Energy Consumption Does not Have to Cost the Economy! McKinsey & Company, Version 2.1 of the Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve, 2010 Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

18 Forum and Celebration of Energy TransitionsIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Simple Estimations Show Huge Savings Over Traditional Incandescent Bulbs LED Incandescent Upfront cost $8 $1 Energy 11 watts 60 watts Lifetime 50,000 1,200 6 hours per day 66 Wh/day 360 Wh/day Cost per 7 ₵ per kWh 0.46 ₵ 2.52 ₵ Cost per 7 ₵ per kWh $1.69 $9.20 Assuming you have to replace the incandescent bulb at least once in the first year (avg lifetime 200 days), you break even after 291 days Over the lifetime of a LED (~23 years) you save $205 Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

19 Lighting has Become More Efficient but Also More ComplicatedIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Lighting has Become More Efficient but Also More Complicated Traditional vs Florescent, vs LED Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

20 …And to Create Natural Looking Light is Even More DifficultIGERT Energy Materials & Policy …And to Create Natural Looking Light is Even More Difficult Wavelength (nm) Intensity 600 500 400 700 Sunlight LEDs Traditional vs Florescent, vs LED Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2000). S. Keeping, How the CIE Color Space is Used to Design Better LEDs. Digi-Key Artic. Libr. Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

21 Forum and Celebration of Energy TransitionsIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Despite Their Low Overall Cost, LEDs have not Been as Widely Adopted as Expected High Up-Front Costs Lack of Clear Information Lumens Equivalent Watts vs. Watts Consumed Color Temperature Color Stigmatization Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

22 Forum and Celebration of Energy TransitionsIGERT Energy Materials & Policy As With Most Electronics, LED Cost will Decline as Demand and Production Increases Source: DOE Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

23 Setting Standards for Lightbulb Efficiencies can Increase LED DemandIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Setting Standards for Lightbulb Efficiencies can Increase LED Demand In 2012, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 began to require all light bulbs be at least 25% more efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs Source: DOE Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

24 Clear Information is Key to Removing StigmaIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Clear Information is Key to Removing Stigma Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

25 The Difficulty of Improving the Color Accuracy of LEDs is Green LightIGERT Energy Materials & Policy The Difficulty of Improving the Color Accuracy of LEDs is Green Light Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

26 Improving Phosphor EfficiencyIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Improving Phosphor Efficiency Z. Xia, Q. Liu / Progress in Materials Science 84 (2016) 59–117 Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

27 Smart Bulbs Can Help Displace Stigma and Further Reduce Energy UsageIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Smart Bulbs Can Help Displace Stigma and Further Reduce Energy Usage Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

28 Forum and Celebration of Energy TransitionsIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Policy, New Materials, and Smart Devices Togeather Can Address the Challenges of Solid State Lighting Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

29 Forum and Celebration of Energy TransitionsIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Acknowledgements Kera Allen, School of Public Policy Usayd Casewit, School of Public Policy Carolyn Buckley, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry NSF IGERT Program Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

30 Energy Efficiency & SSL in the Built EnvironmentIGERT Energy Materials & Policy Energy Efficiency & SSL in the Built Environment Traditional Policy Approaches Market-based Approaches Codes, Regulations: slow, but don’t hurt Economics side: market failures must be addressed Information programs like benchmarking & voluntary certification Dissertation examines technology adoption toward certification for LEED; will focus on that program Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

31 Theory: Why Volunteer for Certification?IGERT Energy Materials & Policy Theory: Why Volunteer for Certification? Market premiums from signaling green Improved employee/occupant experience Reduced utility bills Emphasize that this is a signal, that it’s made up of a lot of stuff / tech / impacts Note comprehesive but flexible Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

32 Practice: What is the Market Signal Worth?IGERT Energy Materials & Policy Practice: What is the Market Signal Worth? LEED: get points for specific technologies; need enough to certify into one of these tiers. Typically don’t see what tech the signal is made of. Just this distribution that suggests they really want the label. Studying the diffusion of tech let’s us know how we value signals And tells us something about the effectiveness of certification programs Skip over details of the approach Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions

33 Certification incentivizes:IGERT Energy Materials & Policy Findings Certification incentivizes: Energy & Water Efficiency But is more limited at promoting: Indoor Environmental Quality (Low-VOC materials, Improved Ventilation, etc) Provision of Public Goods (Habitat Protection, Stormwater Controls, Albedo Effects, etc) Promising for the Energy Transition! But we still have a ways to go, Unique new challenges around promoting sustainability in other areas Forum and Celebration of Energy Transitions