1 Evaluating a Socio-environmental Complex Adaptive System:The Case of Self-Organized Socio-environmental Development in State Chiapas.  Felipe Lara-Rosano* & Adriana Quiroga-Carapia** *Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3) UNAM) **El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

2 Contents 1.Introduction2. Characteristics of Social and Environmental Innovation 3.Evaluation Model 3.1. Social Learning Outcomes 3.2. Effects on productive organization 3.3. Effects on rescue and maintaining the local resources 4.Conclusions Contents

3 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsINTRODUCTION The project "Social and Environmental Innovation for Development in Areas of High Poverty and Biodiversity in the Southern Border of Mexico" was proposed by a research institute: the Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), and financed by the Mexican Research Council. The project team established the Network of Social and Environmental Innovation Pilot Projects (REDISA), a name that reflects briefly but clearly its central objective: to create successful stories of diverse social and environmental innovations in Chiapas, on the southern border of Mexico, seeking to transform rural communities into complex adaptive social systems looking for sustainable explotation of natural resources and the welfare of its inhabitants. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

4 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsThe socio-environmental situation of the southern border reveals paradoxically a rich biodiversity but a high poverty of most of its inhabitants, who use the biodiversity to survive, but in the process cause sometimes very serious ecological impacts that feed the reproduction of human impoverishment. This undesirable feedback loop maintains the community in a poverty attractor called by the experts a "downward spiral”. Research on this phenomenon have shown that some native communities have preserved collective cultural values around respecting Mother Nature (Pacha Mamma in south american natives) and looking for sustainability of its natural resources. This means for this kind of community to present the characteristics of a complex adaptive system, balancing the use of natural resources against conservation practices. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

5 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsAs a consequence we argue that the only way to move a community out of the poverty attractor is to find a way to reverse the process of downward spiral making it an "upward spiral", through a transformation of the community into a complex adaptive system and breaking the feedback loop “poverty - overexplotation of natural resources – poverty”. However to guide a community to self-organize into a complex adaptive system, improving its quality of life by getting more income, under a sustainability paradigm, requires a transdisciplinary and participatory action-research at regional and local levels. For this type of transition the communities necessarily require innovation processes as those being promoted through the project REDlSA from different fields of scientific and empirical knowledge under the Complexity Sciences approach. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

6 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsThe action research approach that REDISA has implemented in this project focuses on the guided self-organization of indigenous communities as complex adaptive communities of practice with the collaboration of producer organizations, NGOs, and local, state and federal government agencies. Natural and social sciences specialists from ECOSUR organized 13 transdisciplinary action-research working groups that addressed following issues related to the use and management of natural resources under a sustainability paradigm: Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

7 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions1. Beekeeping and certified honey production. 2. Forest Restauration. 3. Transdisciplinary studies about the Maya indigenous population and its relationship with nature. 4. Wildlife ecology and conservation 5. Coffee production through agroforestry systems. 6. Regional integration of agro-ecological farms promoting agroecotourism around Volcán Tacaná Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

8 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions7. Regional integration of agro-ecological farms promoting local development around river micro-basins. 8. Organic agriculture production and certification. 9. Organic milk and dairy products. 10. Organic meat production and certification. 11. Participative design of role games and simulation educational programs promoting self-organization. 12. Production of fine hats for export from piji fiber. 13. Soil conservation. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

9 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsEvery pilot project focused on a rural community where This action-research process favored dialogue as the means to social learning, relying on tools and instruments such as cooperation networks, scientific and technical information systems, and a computer platform for collaborative work. These factors favored the establishment and development of learning communities as complex adaptive systems for social and environmental innovation. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

10 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATIONAccording to REDISA, social and environmental innovation is an action-research process to raise and resolve specific problems in localized areas, where users and researchers participate with their perceptions and productive, scientific, technological, financial and organizational activities to develop appropriate solutions to these problems, through a process of social learning. According to the above discussion, social and environmental innovation must meet the following conditions: Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

11 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactionsa) It must be the tool to identify and solve real problems of the user society. b) It must be optimal in terms of direct, opportunity and long-term environmental costs for the people affected. c) It must take into account and use the local renewable resources. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

12 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsThe social and environmental innovation approach has five phases: Analysis of the user community and its environment, including problems, resources, values and constraints, from different points of view. This requires participatory research activities (community workshops) 2. Defining a desired scenario by the community through a participatory prospective approach to define short, medium and long-term objectives. This activity also demands participative workshops. As an outcome the community produces a document to guide the development planning. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

13 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions3. Prioritizing objectives, constraints, and resources by the community and defining a hierarchy of problems to be solved in the development process, to schedule the actions to take. 4. Identify the appropriate resources to solve the detected problems, including community work, sources of financial resources, location of the needed workforce and identification of alternative technologies. 5. Programming, implementation and monitoring of the specific actions to address the problems identified. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

14 EVALUATION MODEL The process of social and environmental innovation has: Direct effects when the innovation takes place in the community and affects its development dynamics. For example, a project on improvement of beekeeping in a community can influence the low productivity of the system, both quantitatively and qualitatively improving its production and income.

15 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsThe assessment of direct effects on the community dynamics is performed conceptualizing the community as a complex system in interaction with its environment. Each system has properties that describe it in the context of a problem. These properties can be referred to the system itself or the type of relationships it establish with other systems in the environment. These individual properties, which may be emerging variables, are expressed as a qualitative attribute that is associated with a value that can be changed. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

16 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsThere are three types of variables: Input variables are those which come from the environment and affect the system performance. State variables are those whose values determine the internal state of the system and its dynamics at a given time, and how the system responds to the input variables. Comprised therein is the history of the system itself. Output variables are those generated in the system, being projected into the environment as a result of the action of the input variables on the system state. En el caso de la apicultura orgánica: Variable de entrada: permiso de SAGARPA-semarnat, etc para sembrar soya transgénica en la península de Yucatán Variables de estado: numero de familias productoras de miel orgánica, volumen de exportación anual de miel, organizaciones y cooperativas, determinación de la miel orgánica. Variables de salida: incertidumbre social, ambiental de los efectos del polen transgénico en la miel, moratoria temporal que impide temporalemnte la siembra de soya. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

17 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsComplex System Input Variables Output Variables State Variables Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

18 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsTherefore, the analysis of a system dynamics is based on the behavior of its state variables. Having identified the relevant state variables, the evaluation of the social and environmental innovation in the community has three phases: 1) Determination of the initial values of the state variables relevant to the problem, before starting the project. 2) Definition of the desirable future values of the state variables at the end of the innovation process. 3) Measurement of the actual values of these variables in the present moment to assess the changes produced with respect to the objectives. Initial project meeting Field validation Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

19 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsState space and state trajectory in a community subject to an environmental innovation. Desirable final value State variable V2 t6 t5 t4 t1 t2 t3 Initial value Present value State variable V1 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

20 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsIn addition to an assessment of the present values of the state variables, a prospective evaluation is performed to find whether there are plans to change the values of the state variable in question, what is the magnitude of that planned change or if such change is already underway. The direct effects of social and environmental innovation on community dynamics are classified into three dimensions: 1. Effects on social learning. 2. Effects on productive organization. 3. Effects on rescue and maintaining the local resources. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

21 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsSOCIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES They result when there is an increase in the social learning processes of the community in question. These effects can be: 1.1 KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES, when generating knowledge or information sufficient to solve the problem. Information resources, such as databases, scientific collections, inventories of flora and fauna as well as fact sheets. Empirical research sites such as experimental sites, sampling sites and decision parcels. Sampling site in Teopisca Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions Nursery in Nueva Palestina, Ocosingo

22 1.2 PILOT INNOVATION PROJECTS, when the community generates social and environmental innovation spaces that can serve as models to prove their success, such as demonstration organic farms, agro-eco-touristic farms, demonstration units (new agro-ecological technologies, pilot farms, diversified orchards), school parcels, community tree nurseries, rural museums. Demostration parcel Field experiences interchange

23 1.3 INTERACTIVE SOCIAL LEARNING, when through a constructionist interactive learning process, human resources are generated whose social knowledge is key in solving the problem. These effects are evaluated by the products generated as: Documents for collaborative work (diagnostics, analysis and recommendations, work-project proposals, management plans, business plans, municipal plans, market studies); Human resources emerged from the interaction (technical specialists, entrepreneurs, administrative specialists, community workers) and Implemented educational spaces (training courses, induction courses, workshops and seminars). Workshop for rural market participants Workshop for rural market participants

24 2. DIRECT EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVE ORGANIZATIONThey result when innovation brings about fundamental changes in how a community is organized to improve its production and economic benefits, as well as its social values oriented towards collaboration and the support it receives from the various levels of government. The effects on the organization of production can be: 2.1 ORGANIZATIONAL, when the innovation creates new organizations, mechanisms and management capabilities to harness innovation, such as: a) Groups and CBOs (farmers groups, local action groups, inter-agency groups, councils, committees), environmental management units and cooperatives; b) Autonomous social and environmental innovation mechanisms (producer networks, rural markets); c) Administrative mechanisms created for innovation. Establishing a new Cooperative Rural market for organic crops Signing a municipal agreement

25 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions2.2 SOCIALS, when the innovation creates or reinforces social values to encourage community development, as more autonomy, sense of collaboration, social cohesion, education, fairness and social responsibility. These effects are evaluated by the number and type of communities involved and the social practices established for empowerment and equity, such as autonomous water management, co-management of protected natural areas, community diagnostics and planning meetings, intra-community networks and linkages, autonomous decision collegiate bodies, presence of minorities and vulnerable groups and community networks. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

26 2.3 MICROECONOMICS, when the innovation has impact in reducing costs or increasing revenues, profits or market share of products related to the problem. These effects are evaluated by: Number and type of production improvements such as increased production, increased product quality, improved efficiency of practices and better inputs. Improvements in marketing like improvements in brands management, packaging and labeling. Improvements in consumption, such as production, consumption and marketing of basic crops, production for self-consumption and improving local health measures.

27 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions2.4 MACROECONOMICS, when innovation directly generates transformations in the productive structure of the community, job creation, new productive investment and / or equitable distribution. These effects are evaluated through the induced structural changes, such as the improved income at the community-level, the street markets organized and the certification procedures performed. 2.5 POLITICAL, when the innovation increases the support of one or more levels of government to the community. These effects are assessed through the community participation in planning and decision-making bodies, such as agricultural municipal plans and regional development programs oriented to the community and environment. Organic certification Handicrafts shop Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions Signing a municipal agreement

28 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions3. DIRECT EFFECTS ON RESCUE AND MAINTAINING THE LOCAL RESOURCES These effects can be: 3.1 ECOLOGICAL, when the innovation promotes the recovery or conservation of natural resources and the biodiversity of the region (can be measured by the number and type of practices of sustainability, recovery of native varieties, improved diversification of productive activities, use of organic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers, plantations for restoration). Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

29 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions3.2 SOCIAL IMAGE, when the innovation spreads to society, through mass media, building a collective image of the community social and environmental innovation. These effects are evaluated by the references that the innovation receives in the media (reports, television and radio programs, interviews, roundtables). 3.3 PARADIGMATIC, when the innovation becomes a model to be imitated by other communities, municipalities, states or regions of the country and / or abroad. These effects are evaluated by the interest of other producer groups, by the interest of other local authorities to replicate the model and the increase in the number of beneficiaries. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

30 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsCONCLUSIONS This paper described a framework for understanding the concept of social and environmental innovation and relates this concept to the social processes of defining and solving problems in a community, taking into consideration its renewable resources. Under this scheme we proposed a methodology to assess social and environmental innovation, through the definition of state variables of the community. Having identified the relevant state variables, the evaluation of the social and environmental innovation in the community has three phases: 1) Determination of the initial values of the state variables before starting the project. 2) Definition of desirable future values of the state variables at the end of the innovation process. 3) Measurement of the actual values of these variables in the present moment to assess the changes produced with respect to the objectives. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

31 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsIn addition to an assessment of the present value of the state variables a prospective evaluation is performed in informing whether there are plans to change the value of the state variables in question, what is the magnitude of that change if planned or if such change is already underway. The direct effects of a project on community dynamics are classified into three dimensions: 1. Effects on social learning. 2. Effects on productive organization. 3. Effects on rescue and maintaining the local resources. The assessment is implemented in a participatory process with the community. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

32 Los Sistemas Sociales como Sistemas Complejos AdaptativosEl concepto de Sistemas Adaptativos Complejos fue introducido por Walter Buckley en 1967 (Buckley, W. (1967) Sociology and Modern Systems Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, pp 5) “Nuestra investigación nos conduce a un examen de los principios cibernéticos de control, las retroalimentaciones positivas y negativas, la comunicación y el procesamiento de la información, la búsqueda de metas, la auto-consciencia y la auto-dirección, etc. Además dedicaremos algún espacio a temas metodolkógicos, en particular a una discusión de lo causal, lo teleológico y lo funcional y a los métodos cibernéticos para enfocar el análisis de los Sistemas Complejos Adaptativos”. y aplicado a los Sistemas Sociales en 1968 (Buckley, W. “Society as a Complex Adaptive System” in Buckley, W (ed) (1968) Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

33 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsLos Sistemas Sociales son sistemas interactivos, dinámicos, no lineales, y provistos de un sentido teleológico, capaces de adaptación, aprendizaje e innovación, y con una tendencia a estructurarse en redes complejas. Por lo tanto deben conceptualizarse como Sistemas Adaptativos Complejos, un concepto que emerge de la Teoría General de Sistemas, la Cibernética y la Ciencia de la Complejidad. Como sistemas teleológicos o intencionales, los Sistemas Sociales no pueden ser definidos simplemente por relaciones de entrada – salida como los sistemas deterministas, sino de acuerdo con los objetivos que tienen los sistemas mismos y sus componentes. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

34 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsEfectos y factores El logro de un objetivo de un sistema involucra la producción de un efecto por el sistema. Todo efecto depende de varias pre-condiciones llamadas sus factores. Por tanto, un efecto es producido por la sinergia del conjunto de factores que constituyen las condiciones necesarias y suficientes del efecto. Los factores pueden ser causales y tener una existencia real e histórica o intencionales (teleológicos) y proponer una posibilidad futura. La relación entre factores y efectos se puede representar por un diagrama de Ichikawa or ”diagrama de espina de pescado". Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

35 Fig.1 Diagrama de Ichikawa de un efectoPre-factores Factor causal Factor causal Efecto Efectos Pre-factores Secundarios Fig.1 Diagrama de Ichikawa de un efecto Los factores pueden ser causales o teleológicos (intencionales). El efecto siempre es causal respecto a los efectos secundarios. Efector Factor intencional Factor intencional Factor intencional

36 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsCONTINGENCIA Cuando algunos de los factores se presentan aleatoriamente hay contingencia. Las contingencias puede provenir del interior del supra-sistema o del entorno, es decir, del exterior. Cuando no hay aleatoriedad en los factores, hay determinismo. En los sistemas complejos el hombre nunca puede tener la seguridad de haber determinado un efecto, porque son tantos los factores que intervienen en la producción de un efecto, que uno o varios pueden escaparse al control humano por contingencias o por aumento en la entropía y salirse del dominio del efecto. La sustracción del efecto a las contingencias del entorno se logra mediante la homeostasis, que es un mecanismo de retroalimentación que trata de adaptar al sistema a cambios en el entorno externo, a través de cambios en su entorno interno, manteniéndolo en condiciones operativas. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

37 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsENTROPIA  Cuando un efecto se produce, el efecto se destaca y diferencia de su contexto como un evento de baja probabilidad de ocurrencia. Esto significa que tiene un bajo nivel de entropía. Por la LEY UNIVERSAL de la entropía creciente, que postula que todo sistema en un estado de baja entropía (orden) tiene a pasar a un estado de mayor entropía (desorden), los valores de los factores pueden deslizarse hacia regiones más indiferenciadas, saliéndose del dominio del efecto, por lo cual el efecto deja de existir. Los Sistemas Complejos Adaptativos deben evitar la tendencia al aumento de su entropía, es decir, la tendencia a desorganizarse. Esto requiere que el estado del sistema navegue hacia un atractor del espacio de estados capaz de proveerlo con los recursos necesarios de materia, energía e información (recibiendo entropía negativa) para mantenerlo en un estado viable. Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

38 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature InteractionsPERCEPCION, HOMEOSTASIS Y ACCION DE RESPUESTA      El entorno de un Sistema Complejo Adaptativo envía diferentes tipos de señales, tales como mensajes sonoros (sonido), ondas electromagnéticas (luz), presiones mecánicas (tacto), vapores químicos (olores), etc. que, cuando pueden ser detectados y analizados por un Sistema Complejo Adaptativo, pueden proveer información sobre el entorno, por ejemplo, dimensiones espaciales, formas, naturaleza del entorno, objetos situados en el entorno, etc. Esta información es esencial para la interacción apropiada con el entorno y la respuesta homeostática.   Se requieren tres funciones para la respuesta homeostática: Sensado y percepción (entradas) Toma de decisiones homeostática (procesamiento interno) Acciones de respuesta (salidas) Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

39 FUNCIONES SISTEMICAS ADAPTATIVAS COMPLEJASSYSTEM

40 DISEÑO DE SISTEMAS COMPLEJOS ADAPTATIVOS: EL CASO DE DESARROLLO RURAL AUTO-ORGANIZADO EN CHIAPASEl proyecto ”Innovación Socio-ambiental para el Desarrollo de Areas de Alta Pobreza y Biodiversidad en la Frontera Sur de México" se propuso por un instituto de investigación: el Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), y financiado por CONACYT. Su objetivo central: crear oportunidades para la innovación socio-ambiental en la frontera sur de México, buscando reforzar la capacidad local para el manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales y el bienestar de sus habitantes. .

41 La situación socio-ambiental de la frontera sur revela paradógicamente una rica biodiversidad pero una alta pobreza de la mayor parte de sus habitantes, que utilizan la biodiversidad para sobrevivir, pero en el proceso causan a veces impactos ecológicos muy serios que alimentan las causas de la pobreza. Esta situación compleja llamada por los expertos ”una espiral descendente" requiere de una investigación-acción interdisciplinaria y participativa a niveles regiionales y locales , para diseñar y crear un Sistema Complejo Adaptativo para revertir el proceso hacia una ”espiral ascendente", en la que la gente mejore su calidad de vida, logrando un mayor ingreso y beneficios ambientales.

42 El enfoque de investigación-acción que ECOSUR implementó en este proyecto para diseñar e implementar un sistema social complejo adaptativo se enfoca en los involucrados (stakeholders) como agentes tales como comunidades indígenas, tierras comunales, organizaciones de productores, ONG’s y agencias gubernamentales de nivel local, estatal y federal. Científicos y especialistas de las ciencias naturales y sociales se organizaron en grupos de trabajo homeostáticos que se enfocaron en temas regionales relacionados con producir efectos tales como el uso y manejo de suelos, bosques y vida silvestre, técnicas agroforestales, ganadería autosustentable, cultivo de abejas, restauración ecológica, manejo comunitario de recursos naturales, políticas públicas a nivel municipal y estatal y proyectos de ecoturismo en comunidades rurales.

43 Las experiencias y conocimientos generados en una forma participativa por investigadores y usuarios se reflejaron en acciones concretas homeostáticas para la conservación de la biodiversidad regional y el mejoramiento del estándar de vida de un número significativo de población rural. El proceso de investigación-acción favoreció el dálogo como el medio de aprendizaje social, basándose en herramientas e instrumentos tales como las redes de cooperación, los sistemas de información técnica y científica y una plataforma computacional para trabajo colaborativo. Estos factores favorecen el establecimiento y el desarrollo de comunidades de aprendizaje para la innovación socio-ambiental.

44 A través de trabajo de diagnóstico con grupos seleccionados, análisis de medios de vida, talleres y reuniones, observaciones directas y entrevistas con la gente, los grupos de investigación-acción han desarrollado metodologías innovativas como el monitoreo auto-organizado participativo basado en las Ciencias de la Complejidad para el sensado y percepción de amenazas ambientales y oportunidades para el sistema social complejo adaptativo a ser creado. La función homeostática de respuesta se construye a través de un proceso de investigación-acción para enunciar y resolver problemas específicos en áreas localizadas, donde tanto usuarios como investigadores participan con sus percepciones y actividades productivas, científicas, tecnológicas, financieras y organizacionales para desarrollar soluciones apropiadas a estos problemas, a través de un proceso de aprendizaje social. De acuerdo con la discusión anterior, la función de respuesta homeostática debe llenar las siguientes condiciones:

45 a) Debe ser la herramienta para identificar y resolver problemas reales, contingentes y entrópicos de la sociedad usuaria . b) Debe ser óptima en términos de costos directos, de oportunidad y costos ambientales de largo plazo para la gente afectada. c) Debe tomar en cuenta y utilizar los recursos renovables locales.

46 El diseño social de la función homeostática tiene cuatro fases:Análisis de la comunidad usuaria (el sistema) y su entorno, incluyendo problemas, recursos, valores y restricciones desde diferentes puntos de vista. Esto requiere actividades de investigación participativa (talleres comunitarios). 2. Definir un escenario deseable por la comunidad a través de un enfoque prospectivo participativo para definir objetivos de corto, mediano y largo plazo a ser perseguidos por el sistema complejo adaptativo. Esta actividad también demanda talleres participativos. Como resultado de estos talleres, la comjunidad produce un protocolo para guiar las respuestas homeostáticas.

47 3. Identificar los recursos apropiados para resolver los problemas detectados, a través de acciones específicas, incluyendo trabajo comunitario, fuentes de recursos financieros, localización de la fuerza de trabajo necesaria y la identificación de tecnologías alternativas. 4. Programación, implementación y monitoreo de las acciones específicas para mantener operando las soluciones en contra de la entropía .

48 CONCLUSIONES El diseño e implementación de un Sistema Social Complejo Adaptativo crea o refuerza valores sociales para estimular el desarrollo de la comunidad con más autonomía, sentido de colaboración, cohesión social, educación, equidad y responsabilidad social. En este caso de estudio esta innovación generó directamente transformaciones en la estructura productiva de la comunidad, creación de empleo, nueva inversión productiva y distribución equitativa. Estos efectos pueden ser evaluados por los cambios estructurales inducidos, tales como la mejoría del ingreso a nivel comunidad, los mercados sobre ruedas organizados y los procesos de certificación orgánica obtenidos .

49 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

50 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions

51 Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions¡¡Muchas Gracias !! Physics of Sustainability and Human-Nature Interactions