1 Examinations and Procedures of Body SystemsChapter 30 Examinations and Procedures of Body Systems
2 Integumentary System Skin and associated structuresProtection against invasion of microorganisms and trauma Helps regulate body temperature Nerve endings sense pressure, touch, pain
3 Integumentary System Layers of skin Epidermis: outer layerDermis: inner layer; connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands Subcutaneous: connective tissue; layer on which skin and muscles lie [FIGURE 30-1]
4 Integumentary System Skin disorders frequently produce lesionsIf lesion appears suspicious, provider may perform biopsy for tissue analysis MA: obtain wound cultures, apply sterile dressing to wound site, allergy skin testing (See Table 30-1: Integumentary System Disorders) (See Table 30-2: Description of Skin Disorders)
5 Integumentary System Allergy skin testingBe prepared to treat emergencies Notify provider immediately Have patient lie down Have epinephrine, benadryl, corticosteroid injections ready to be administered Check patient’s vital signs
6 Integumentary System Allergy skin testing Scratch test Patch testIntradermal test
7 Neurologic System Functions Signs and symptomsCoordinate activity of body systems Allow body to adapt to internal and external environment Signs and symptoms Lack of sensation Seizures Confusion Paralysis Aphasia
8 Neurologic System MA role in neurologic screeningObserve patient’s mental status Assist provider Equipment and supplies >> [FIGURE 30-3] (See Table 30-3: Neurologic System Disorders and Related Diagnostic Testing) (See Table 30-4: Description of Neurologic Disorders)
9 Neurologic System Components of a neurologic screening HistorySymptoms Cranial nerve function Motor function Sensory function Reflex function Gait and stance Additional tests (See Procedure 30-2: Assisting the Provider with a Neurologic Screening Examination)
10 Sensory System Sense organs Eyes Ears Nose Taste buds(See Table 30-5: Sensory System Disorders)
11 Sensory System The eye Organ for sight; externally exposedAccessory structures: eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal ducts, extrinsic muscle Anterior: eyeball protrudes outward; remainder protected by orbit Intraocular: some parts of eye visible externally and parts visible only through ophthalmoscope (See Table 30-6: Description of Eye Disorders)
12 Sensory System Measuring visual acuity Distance visual acuitySnellen chart Near visual acuity Jaeger test Color vision Ishihara test (See Procedure 30-3: Performing Visual Acuity Testing Using a Snellen Chart) (See Procedure 30-4: Measuring Near Visual Acuity) (See Procedure 30-5: Testing Color Vision Using the Ishihara Plates) (See Procedure 30-6: Performing Eye Instillation) (See Procedure 30-7: Performing Eye Patch Dressing Application) (See Procedure 30-8: Performing Eye Irrigation)
13 Sensory System Please refer to the video library on the Instructor Resources CD to view video “Screening Tests.”
14 Sensory System The ear: organ of hearing and equilibrium[FIGURE 30-12] The ear: organ of hearing and equilibrium
15 Sensory System The ear External ear: pinna (auricle) and external auditory canal Middle ear: tympanic cavity Inner ear: responsible for hearing and equilibrium (See Table 30-7: Ear Disorders)
16 Sensory System Measuring auditory ability Tests performedGross hearing tests Removing impacted cerumen Audiometry Tympanometry Ear irrigation Ear instillation (See Procedure 30-9: Performing Ear Irrigation) (See Procedure 30-10: Assisting with Audiometry) (See Procedure 30-11: Performing Ear Instillation)
17 Sensory System The nose Assisting with nasal examsElectrocautery treatment of epistaxis Performing nasal packing and instillation (See Procedure 30-12: Assisting with Nasal Examination) (See Procedure 30-13: Cautery Treatment of Epistaxis) (See Procedure 30-14: Performing Nasal Instillation)
18 Respiratory System Respiratory processExternal respiration and internal respiration Gas exchange in lungs [FIGURE 30-17] (See Table 30-8: Respiratory System Disorders) (See Table 30-9: Description of Respiratory Disorders)
19 Respiratory System Signs and symptoms of respiratory conditions and disorders Dyspnea Chest pain Fatigue Hemoptysis Chills and fever Hoarseness Wheezing Cough
20 Respiratory System Diagnostic tests Auscultation of chestLung function tests Chest x-rays Sputum culture collection Bronchoscopy Computerized tomography or CT scanning Arterial blood gases (ABGs) (See Procedure 30-15: Administer Oxygen by Nasal Cannula for Minor Respiratory Distress) (See Procedure 30-16: Instructing Patient in Use of Metered Dose Inhaler) (See Procedure 30-17: Spirometry)
21 Respiratory System Spirometry >> Peak expiratory flow ratesMeasure air flow, volume, capacity; pulmonary function tests (PFTs) Peak expiratory flow rates Pulse oximetry >> Amount of oxygen saturation in blood [FIGURE and FIGURE 30-21]
22 Respiratory System Inhalers Devices that deliver medication into lungsTypes of inhalers Metered dose inhalers (MDI) Metered dose inhalers with spacers (MDIS) Dry powder inhaler (DPI) Nebulizer
23 Circulatory System FunctionsComposed of heart and network of blood vessels Pump and transport blood to all body parts Supply oxygen to all body parts Remove waste products from body tissues (See Table 30-10: Circulatory System Disorders) (See Table 30-11: Description of Circulatory System Disorders)
24 Blood and Lymph System Blood: deposits nutrients and removes wastes in body tissues and organs Lymph: filtering properties Excellent indicators of many underlying diseases (See Table 30-12: Blood and Lymph System Disorders) (See Table 30-13: Description of Blood and Lymph System Disorders)
25 Blood and Lymph System Common diagnostic tests Chemistry profileCoagulation studies Complete blood count (CBC) Differential Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Platelet count Lipid profile Liver function studies Thyroid profile
26 Musculoskeletal SystemCoordinates supporting framework and movements of body Bones, joints, muscles, surrounding tissue Bones store minerals; classified according to shape Appendicular and axial skeleton 600 muscles; bundles of muscle fibers with ability to contract and relax
27 Musculoskeletal SystemSkeletal system tests Radiographs and visual exam techniques Bone biopsy Muscular system treatments Electromyostimulation Cold and hot therapy Physical therapy (See Table 30-14: Musculoskeletal System Disorders) (See Table 30-15: Muscular/Connective Tissue Disorders) (See Table 30-16: Description of Skeletal and Muscular Disorders)
28 Fractures, Casting, and Cast RemovalClosed fractures often treated in ambulatory care setting Casting Plaster, synthetic or plastic, air cast Short arm cast (SAC) Long arm cast (LAC) Long and short leg casts (See Table 30-17: Types of Fractures) (See Procedure 30-18: Pulse Oximetry) (See Procedure 30-19: Assisting with Plaster Cast Application)
29 Digestive System Functions of digestive systemIngestion of food and breaking into particles Passage of food through digestive system Digestion through secretion of digestive enzymes Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream Defecation of solid waste products Please refer to the Animation Library in the StudyWARE to view video “Digestion.”
30 Digestive System Signs/symptoms of disorders Diseases and disordersNausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea, heartburn, loss of appetite, weight loss, indigestion, fatigue, other signs and symptoms Diseases and disorders Gastritis, gastroenteritis, ulcers, hernias, peritonitis, diarrhea Diverticulosis >> [FIGURE 30-28] (See Table 30-18: Digestive Systems Disorder) (See Table 30-19: Description of Digestive Disorders and Conditions)
31 Digestive System Upper GI series Lower GI series[FIGURE and FIGURE 39-29] (See Table 30-21: Patient Preparation and Procedure for Radiographic Studies of the Digestive System)
32 Digestive System Endoscopic proceduresEndoscope: device to view hollow cavities or organs Procedures can be done on many internal organs without surgical intervention Capsule video endoscopy (CVE) Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) PillCam (See Table 30-20: Endoscopic Procedures)
33 Diagnostic Testing Sigmoidoscopy ColonoscopyRadiological studies of digestive tract Fecal occult blood test >> [FIGURE 30-34A]
34 Diagnostic Testing SigmoidoscopyDiagnostic examination of interior of sigmoid colon Preparing patients May need to administer enema Proctosigmoidoscopy and equipment >> [FIGURE 30-32A and FIGURE 30-32B]
35 Diagnostic Testing BariatricsField of medicine that treats obesity and conditions associated with obesity Bariatric surgery Performed to help treat obesity and help patients lose weight “Banding” or “stapling” and gastric bypass surgery
36 Urinary System Organs Functions of kidneys Kidneys, ureters, bladderForm and excrete urine Regulate water balance in body Maintain acid-base balance of body fluids
37 Urinary System Signs and symptoms of urinary conditions and disordersDysuria, proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, frequency, urgency, oliguria, nocturia Other signs and symptoms Urinary tract infection (UTI) most common disorder of urinary system (See Table 30-22: Urinary System Disorders) (See Table 30-23: Description of Urinary Disorders and Conditions)
38 Urinary System Diagnostic tests Urinalysis Culture and sensitivityBlood tests: BUN Radiological exams IVP KUB radiograph Cystogram (See Procedure 30-20: Assisting with Cast Removal) (See Procedure 30-21: Fecal Occult Blood Test)
40 Urinary System Urinary catheterization Reasons to catheterize patientsObtain sterile specimen for analysis Relieve urinary retention Instill medication into bladder Measure amount of post-void residual urine In some states, MAs may perform or assist with catheterization (See Procedure 30-22: Urinary Catheterization of a Male Patient) (See Procedure 30-23: Urinary Catheterization of a Female Patient)