1 F. How to Translate Unless otherwise indicated, all English Scripture quotations are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
2 Unless otherwise indicated, all English Scripture quotations are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
3 Copyright SpecificationsCopyright (c) 2006 Vern S. Poythress. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front- Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the next slides and at
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10 Reading Assignments Optional:Poythress and Grudem, Gender-Neutral Bible Controversy, especially chap. 4. Ryken, The Word of God in English For optional, consider also Silva, God, Language and Scripture.
11 Cautions * Language is complex and deep. We do not see everything.My own account is sketchy. Clipart from MS Office clipart gallery. Quick solutions are suspect.
12 Why Look at Translations?2 Why Look at Translations? * For your own use. For advising others. English examples show principles. For your own use. For advising others. We will look at English examples. You can extend the principles to other languages and cultures.
13 Why Look at Translations?* For your own use. For advising others. We will look at English examples. You can extend the principles to other languages and cultures.
14 1. Goals of Translation
15 Possible Purposes of Translations** ** A help for Greek and Hebrew Illustration of cultural relevance Cottonpatch NT Letters to Street Christians The Message Continuous reading Study of cross-references General Many goals.
16 Possible Audiences ** Audiences with lower skills Children’s BiblesBible in Basic English Audiences with high skills (college graduate): NEB Using ecclesiastical tradition General The Bible in Basic English uses a vocabulary of words.
17 2. Changing Language Form
18 Ephesians 3:16 1 “that according to the riches of his glory he may grant you to be strengthened with power through his Spirit in your inner being ...” (ESV)
19 An Example: Eph. 3:16 ** κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ 6“according-to the wealth of-the glory his” (intrl.) “according to the riches of his glory” (KJV, ESV) “out of his glorious riches” (NIV) “from his glorious, unlimited resources” (NLT) 6 7 interlinear: copies form, with ungrammatical results. 8 9 literal method: meaning and form--minimal changes KJV, RSV, NASB, NKJV = ESV. natural-idiom method: finds natural English idiom paraphrastic method: rephrases basic idea
20 Comparison of Methods (1)4 Interlinear “according to the riches of his glory” Literal * “according-to the wealth of-the glory his” * exact copy ungrammatical unclear words correspond strange fairly clear Improvements.
21 Comparison of Methods (2)4 Natural idiom “from his glorious, unlimited resources” Paraphrase * * ““out of his glorious riches” some word relations ordinary English clear ideas only easy clear Loss?
22 Spectrum of Methods copy grammar restructure grammar 3 4 5 1 2 inter-linear literal natural idiom para- phrase 6 easier English problems?
23 Nuances Literal Natural idiom 2 “out of his glorious riches”“according to the riches of his glory” 4 1 proportion? 3 OT: God appears in splendor and brightness idea of glory in OT? 5 nuances lost
24 Nuances in Paraphrase Literal Paraphrase “from his glorious,unlimited resources” Paraphrase 1 “according to the riches of his glory” 3 2 idea of lack of limit? idea of riches gone? 4 nuances changed
25 literal method: meaning and form--minimal changesAn Example: 2 Sam. 5:19 ** (2 Sam. 5:19) הֲתִתְּנֵם בְּיָדָ֑י “?-you-give-them into-hand-my” (interlinear) “Will you give them into my hand?” (ESV) “Will you hand them over to me?” (NIV 1984) 5 6 literal method: meaning and form--minimal changes NASB, NKJV, RSV are similar to ESV. NKJV will You deliver them into my hand? NASB Wilt Thou give them into my hand? RSV Wilt thou give them into my hand? natural-idiom method: finds natural English idiom
26 Evaluation * Paraphrase is easier, but less nuanced.Choose ease or accuracy, but not both. Is the most literal always most accurate? Loss and gain.
27 Spectrum of Methods (2) copy grammar restructure grammar inter- linearliteral natural idiom para- phrase 1 2 more obscure? here? problems
28 3. Conveying Meaning
29 literal method: meaning and form--minimal changesAn Example: Prov. 23:16 ** וְתַעְלֹזְנָה כִלְיוֹתָ֑י (Prov. 23:16) “and-will-exult kidneys-my” (interlinear) “Yea, my reins shall rejoice” (KJV) “My inmost being will exult” (ESV; etc.) kidneys are site of emotion 6 7 literal method: meaning and form--minimal changes NASB, NKJV, RSV, NIV are similar to ESV. conservative (“essentially literal”) method: when form is unclear, change for the sake of meaning
30 Comparison of Methods (3)2 Literal “my inmost being will exult” Conservative “my kidneys will exult” * 1 words correspond strange words correspond less strange clear Improvements. obscure
31 Footnotes Add Information“My inmost being1 will exult” (ESV) 1 1Hebrew my kidneys
32 When to Change Form * Change to make grammatical.Change to indicate meaning. But questionable whether one should change for ease.
33 An Example: 1 Peter 1:13 ** ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν“up-girding the loins of the mind-your” (interl.) “gird up the loins of your mind” KJV literal equivalence “preparing your minds for action1” ESV conservative equivalence 6 NASB, NKJV, RSV, NIV are similar to ESV. 1Greek girding up the loins of your mind
34 An Example: Eph. 1:18 ** ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς κλήσεως αὐτοῦ (Eph. 1:18)“the hope of-the calling his” interlinear “the hope of his calling” KJV, NKJV, NASB literal equivalence “the hope to which he has called you” RSV, ESV, NIV, NRSV, NEB, GNB conservative equivalence
35 Difficulties with Meaning1 “hope of his calling” “I hope that he calls me.” 5 2 English “of” is naturally read as objective 3 4 “he has spoken (and guaranteed) my destiny (hope)” “hope to which he has called you” We say, “Hope of heaven”; “hope of eternal life.” “Hope of” tends to be equated with “hope for.” unambiguous meaning, reproducing the Greek
36 Paraphrasing (radically restructuring)conser- vative the hope to which he has called you. (ESV) 1 2 radical the wonderful future he has promised to those he called. (NLT) 4 5 3 super? where is our response in hope? verbal promise? purpose of call?
37 Spectrum of Methods (2) copy grammar restructure grammar inter- linearliteral conser- vative natural idiom para- phrase 2 3 1 1-1 match, but can lose meaning easy, but lose nuances middle able reason-
38 Conservative (“Essentially Literal”) Method** Preserve form when possible. When meaning is obscure, change form. Change form conservatively. No radical paraphrasing. Also called "essentially literal" method. *
39 Terminology for Translation* 20th century: "dynamic equivalence" moved away from form. It used "formal equivalence" to label (somewhat misleadingly) all earlier translations. It covered a spectrum. Now called "functional equivalence," "idiomatic equivalence," "meaning-based translation."
40 Problem with "dynamic" * Focused on basic meaning.Underestimated nuances. Became a broad umbrella. 4 6 5 9 8 7 copy grammar restructure grammar formal equivalence ? dynamic equivalence natural idiom para- phrase conser- vative inter- linear literal
41 Evaluation of Translation Methods2 * Grammar and vocabulary systems differ. Often can copy both grammar and meaning. Cannot always copy both. When forced to choose form or meaning, copy meaning-content. Radical rewriting changes nuances. Consider ease for evangelism. Grammatical systems differ from language to language. Often a translation can copy both grammatical and referential structures. Because of differences, you cannot always copy both. When forced to choose form or meaning, copy meaning-content (reference) as primary.
42 Evaluation of Methods Grammar and vocabulary systems differ among languages. Often a translation can copy both grammatical and referential structures. You cannot always copy both. When forced to choose form or meaning, copy meaning-content (reference) as primary. Radical rewriting changes nuances. Consider ease of reading for evangelism. *
43 conservative method: with minimal changesAn Example: Judges 21:25 ** “Everyone did what was right in his own eyes.” (ESV) “Everyone did as he saw fit.” (NIV) 5 conservative method: with minimal changes 6 natural-idiom method: finds natural English idiom NASB, NKJV, RSV are similar to ESV. NKJV will You deliver them into my hand? NASB Wilt Thou give them into my hand? RSV Wilt thou give them into my hand?
44 conservative method: with minimal changesAn Example: 1 Kings 2:10 ** “Then David slept with his fathers and was buried in the city of David. And the time that David reigned over Israel was forty years.” (ESV) “Then David died and was buried in the City of David.” (NLT) 5 6 conservative method: with minimal changes NASB, NKJV, RSV are similar to ESV. NKJV will You deliver them into my hand? NASB Wilt Thou give them into my hand? RSV Wilt thou give them into my hand? natural-idiom method: finds natural English idiom
45 4. The Question of Culture
46 Cultural Transfer: 1 Cor. 16:20* “Greet one another with a holy kiss.” (NASB, ESV, NIV) “I should like you to shake hands all round as a sign of Christian love.” (Phillips) “Pass the greetings around with holy embraces! (Message) “Greet each other in Christian love.” (NLT) KJV: Greet ye one another with an holy kiss.”
47 Cultural Transfer: Heb. 12:20* “They could not endure the order that was given, ‘If even a beast touches the mountain, it shall be stoned.’ ” (ESV) “They were afraid to move.” (Message) “They staggered back under God’s command ...” (NLT)
48 Cultural: Heb 13:9 ** “Do not be led away by diverse and strange teachings” (ESV). “So do not be attracted by strange, new ideas” (NLT). our culture attracted by newness “Don’t be lured away from him by the latest speculations about him” (Message). our culture attracted by speculation
49 Questions about Culture“dynamic equivalence” 2 1 from Eugene Nida, transferring linguistic meaning from Charles Kraft, transferring cultural function; “cultural equivalence” 3 4 different practices John Beekman calls it “idiomatic equivalence” Watch out!
50 Cultural Equivalence * * +Insights+ -Dangers-2 Cultural Equivalence * * +Insights+ -Dangers- Embed meaning in cultural context Apply gospel flexibly Wipe out unique history Underestimate complexity Anthropologist as new priest Insight: Embed meaning in cultural context Apply gospel flexibly in theology and church Dangers: Wipe out unique history Underestimate complexity in equivalence Anthropologist as new priest
51 Cultural Equivalence * * +Insights+ -Dangers-Embed meaning in cultural context Apply gospel flexibly in theology and church Wipe out unique history Underestimate complexity in equivalence Anthropologist as new priest
52 A Spectrum of Practices3 copy grammar restructure grammar KJV/ESV cultural preser- vation cultural reexpression “cultural equivalence” etc. (13) 2 NASB RSV NIV1984 1 GNB Young’s interlinear NEB NIV2011 NRSV Phillips NLT LB Message
53 5. Difficulties in Achieving Translation Goals
54 Thanks for What We Have * All main translations show main meanings.All show the gospel. People come to salvation through them.
55 Difficulties with Literal Translation* Words don’t match, 1-1. Grammar doesn’t match, 1-1. 1-1 grammar gives illusion of faithfulness, but subtle obstacles to understanding. Difficult to read in large amounts. Holiness confused with alienness.
56 Difficulties with Restructuring* Obscurities and ambiguities glossed over. Frustrates preacher’s reference to interpretive problems. Flattens metaphors. More prone to big errors. Hides allusions to other passages. Overconfidence in translator’s understanding of language.
57 Difficulties with Cultural- Equivalent Translation2 * Wipes out scandal of incarnation. Can’t succeed. (Too many cultural references.) Arbitrary stopping point. Paternalistic in assuming people can’t understand cultures. Overconfidence in judging what is “significant.” Wipes out scandal of incarnation. Can’t succeed. The Bible is too permeated with culturally specific references. Arbitrary stopping point. Paternalistic in its assumption that ordinary people can’t attain cross-cultural understanding. Overconfidence in anthropology.
58 Difficulties with Cultural- Equivalent Translation* Wipes out scandal of incarnation. Can’t succeed. The Bible is too many culturally specific references. Arbitrary stopping point. Paternalistic in its assumption that ordinary people can’t attain cross-cultural understanding. Overconfidence in judging what is “significant.”
59 Choosing a Translation2 Choosing a Translation * One central translation for memorization. Reject cultural modernization. Look for fullest meaning equivalence. Right now in USA, NIV popular. But NIV is too dynamic. NIV 2011 is gender-neutral. ESV (2001) better. An imperfect world. Value of one central translation for memorization. Reject cultural modernization. Accept mild use of idiomatic equivalence (middle of the road). Right now in USA, NIV. But will a new NIV (2001) adopt gender-neutral language? Look for evangelical revision of the RSV.
60 Choosing a Translation* Value of one central translation for memorization. Reject cultural modernization. Fullest meaning equivalence. Right now in USA, NIV popular. But NIV is too dynamic. NIV 2011 is gender-neutral. ESV (2001) is suitable. An imperfect world.
61 6. Gender-Neutral Translation
62 Dangers from Attitude * A delicate question.2 Dangers from Attitude * A delicate question. Our own sin affects attitude. Charity needed. A delicate question, because of its interface with sexuality. Our own pain, confusion, and sin affect attitude, as do backgrounds of others. Charity needed.
63 Dangers from Attitude *A delicate question, because of its interface with sexuality. Our own pain, confusion, and sin affect attitude, as do backgrounds of others. Charity needed.
64 The Issue childre n are Those s their parents 12 The Issue 1 Since 1980 academia has turned toward “gender-neutral” English. 3 2 childre n Those are s their parents 4 He who keeps the law is a wise son, but a companion of gluttons shames his father. Since about 1980 American educated public has turned strongly toward “gender-neutral” English practice. Prov. 28:7a. RSV vs. NRSV. Should a translation follow?
65 He who keeps the law is a wise son.The Issue 1 Since about 1980 American educated public has turned strongly toward “gender- neutral” English practice. 3 2 childre n Those are 4 Prov. 28:7a. RSV vs. NRSV. He who keeps the law is a wise son. Should a translation follow?
66 Issues in Language in General* Real sins toward women exist. Idea: “Eliminate generic ‘he’ and other usages for ‘equality.’ ” But English is awkward without it. There are secondary consequences. Initial cultural movement to try to eliminate generic “he” claimed to rectify past unjust exclusion. But there was no such exclusion. Actually it was a symbolic affirmation of feminism. It received extra legitimation from the bogus claim of rectification. There are secondary consequences.
67 “Man” and “Men” Greek: ἄνθρωπος ἀνήρ γυνή 3 1 “person, people,human being” (includes men and women) “man, men, husband” (male human beings) “woman, wife” (female human beings) 2 English:
68 Greek: ἄνθρωπος, “people”James 3:9 “With the tongue we praise our Lord and Father, and with it we curse people who have been made in God’s likeness. (NIVI) 1 Greek: ἄνθρωπος, “people” 2 O.K.: a good rendering of the meaning of Greek.
69 Acts 20:30 “Men” “Even from your own number men will arise and distort the truth in order to draw away disciples after them.” (NIV) 1 Greek: ἀνήρ, “male human being” 2 3 4 “Even from your own number some will arise and distort the truth in order to draw away disciples after them.” (NIVI, TNIV) NRSV, NIVI, TNIV, NLT, CEV drop “men.” Distorts meaning.
70 Greek: ἀνήρ, “male human being”Acts 1:21 “Men” * “Therefore it is necessary to choose one of the men who have been with us the whole time the Lord Jesus was living among us, …” (NIV). Greek: ἀνήρ, “male human being” 4 “Therefore it is necessary to choose one of those who have been with us the whole time the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, ...” (NIVI) NIVI, NLT drop “men.” Distorts meaning.
71 2 The Problem with “Son” Prov. 13:24 (NIV 1984): He who spares the rod hates his son, ... 1 Prov. 13:24 (NIV 2011): Whoever spares the rod hates their children, ... 2 3 Hebrew has אָב (“father”) and בן (“son”). The change is not lexically based, but shows prejudice against maleness. Hebrew has בֵּן (“son”). Distorts meaning.
72 2 The Problem with “Son” Prov. 13:24 (NIV 1984): He who spares the rod hates his son, ... 1 Prov. 13:24 (NIV 2011): Whoever spares the rod hates their children, ... 2 Hebrew has בֵּן (“son”). The change is not lexically based, but shows prejudice against maleness.
73 Generic “He” “If anyone loves me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and make our home with him” (John 14:23 ESV). 1 2 New Living Translation is very similar to NRSV. Generic “he” means “he/him/his” used to refer to a representative person in a general statement including men and women.
74 Plurals Change Meaning“If anyone loves me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and make our home with him” (John 14:23 ESV). 1 3 individual receiver and home 4 2 New Living Translation is very similar to NRSV. “Those who love me will keep my word, and my Father will love them, and we will come to them and make our home with them” (John 14:23 NRSV). corporate receiver and home
75 Singular Plus Plurals “If anyone loves me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and make our home with him” (John 14:23 ESV). 1 3 individual receiver and home 4 2 New Living Translation is very similar to NRSV. “Anyone who loves me will obey my teaching. My Father will love them, and we will come to them and make our home with them” (John 14:23 NIV 2011). corporate receiver and home
76 Types of Translation acceptable * 3 “anyone” for original “anyone”“person/people” for original “human being” 6 unacceptable meaning changes “he” to “they” (pluralize whole) “he” to “you” (another way to avoid “he” in some contexts)
77 Reasons for Avoiding Generic “He”2 * 1 Cor. 9:15-23. In America, gender-neutrality is the prestige form. Some are aggrieved by generic “he.” 1 Cor. 9:15-23. In America, gender-neutrality is the prestige form. Some are mildly or strongly aggrieved by perceived “slighting” of women by generic “he.”
78 Reasons for Continuing Generic “He”* Needed for accuracy in translation. Similar to generic masculines in Hebrew and Greek. English awkward without “he.” Past literature. Newspapers attest generic “he.” Bible memorization. For generic “he,” Grudem cites dictionaries, style books, and Chicago Tribune July 29, 1996; Newsweek August 12, 1996. Needed.
79 What Are Orthodox Christians Doing?Various things. sermons, formal oral addresses 1 modern written materials 2 3 “you”; “he or she”; occasionally “he” “one”; “they”; occasionally “he” But: when translating, much less flexibility exists.
80 Author Controls Meaningsauthors 2 1 I’ll stick with “he” because I want an individual example. I’ll make my sentence plural to avoid “he.” 3 4 God said it. I can’t change his meanings. translator
81 Cultural Adaptation?
82 Problem of Crossing Cultures2 * Bible must speak of ancient cultures. Generic “he” is “gnat”; fathers are “camel.” Cultural “adjustments” may increase offense and decrease understanding. Bible must speak of ancient cultures, or else produce gross distortion. In straining out the “gnat” of divergent generics, one may make less digestable the “camel” of fatherly authority. Hence, minor cultural adjustments may be counterproductive. They may increase offense and decrease understanding.
83 Problem of Crossing Cultures* Bible must speak of ancient cultures, or else produce gross distortion. In straining out the “gnat” of divergent generics, one may make less digestable the “camel” of fatherly authority. Hence, minor cultural adjustments may be counterproductive. They may increase offense and decrease understanding.
84 Types of Cultural Change* “He” to “they” in (Messianic) psalms (e.g. NRSV Ps. 34:20) “Father” to “parent” “my son” (Prov.) to “my child” “Son of Man” to “human being” Remove masculine elder in 1 Tim. 3 Remove masculine pronouns referring to God Ancients can talk about “brothers and sisters” if they want: Mark 6:3; 3:35. Background of brotherhood is Christ the elder brother, Rom 8:29. If one tries to neuter Proverbs, it makes it worse. Why, the feminist might ask, does Proverbs warn against the loose woman, but not against the exploitive male? It suggests that only women generate sexual problems.
85 Result ** Distorts meaning of God’s word Loss of meaning inavoiding generic “he” avoiding male meanings Not acceptable because more accurate alternatives.
86 2 Future Problems * Bias in gender-neutral translations generate suspicion. Public reading of any gender-neutral translation may prove unacceptable. Clear bias in gender-neutral translations will generate in many people suspicion of gender-neutral language translations in general. Hence, public reading of any gender-neutral translation may prove unacceptable to many.
87 Future Problems * Clear bias in gender-neutral translations will generate in many people suspicion of gender-neutral language translations in general. Hence, public reading of any gender- neutral translation may prove unacceptable to many.
88 Test of Gender Neutral * Test by asking: what happens to generic “he”?Look at John 14:23 as test verse. “If anyone loves me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and make our home with him.” Major criterion: what do they do with generic “he”?
89 Which Are Gender Neutral?The following remove generic “he”: NRSV, NCV, GNB(1992), CEV, NIVI, TNIV, NIV 2011, NLT, GW. The following remove it systematically: NRSV, NCV, GNB(1992), CEV, NIVI, NLT, GW.
90 Evaluation on Gender * Cultural adjustments not acceptable.2 Evaluation on Gender * Cultural adjustments not acceptable. Accuracy is primary. Gender-neutral translations cannot serve. NIV can no longer serve. NASB, NKJV, and ESV are also available, without these problems Cultural adjustments are not acceptable for central translation. No translation that sacrifices accuracy for the sake of cultural approval can be accepted. Hence, gender-neutral translations cannot serve as central. TNIV (2002) and NIVI now split NIV into three. Not acceptable for a central translation. NASB, NKJV and ESV are also available, without these problems.
91 Evaluation on Gender Cultural adjustments are not acceptable for central translation. No translation that sacrifices accuracy for the sake of cultural approval can be accepted. Hence, gender-neutral translations cannot serve as central. NIV 2011 can no longer serve. NASB, NKJV and ESV are also available, without these problems. *
92 Moving People to Use a New Translation2 * Don’t move precipitously. Be realistic. Adapt translation to audience capacity. Set an example. Show benefit, rather than demanding submission. Don’t move precipitously. Give time for love and trust to grow. Be realistic. Be open to more than one translation, adapting to audience capacity. Set an example. Show people the benefit, rather than demanding submission.
93 Moving People to Use a New Translation* Don’t move precipitously. Give time for love and trust to grow. Be realistic. Be open to more than one translation, adapting to audience capacity. Set an example. Show people the benefit, rather than demanding submission.
94 Issue of Devotion to KJVI warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book. – Rev. 22:18-19
95 Data ξύλου ["tree"] "tree" (NASB, ESV, NIV, RSV, GNB, etc.)"book" (KJV, NKJV [with marginal note]) "book" (libro –Vulgate) [vs. ligno, "tree"] Erasmus in 1516 back-translated from the Vulgate because his one manuscript of Revelation lacked the last six verses. (See Jan Krans, "Erasmus and the Text of Revelation 22:19: ... ," TC. 16 [2011], internet.)
96 7. Practicing Translation
97 Doing Your Own * When studying a passage.2 Doing Your Own * When studying a passage. Translate to make sure you understand. Avoid jargon and traditional expressions. A sermon needs freshness, not reiteration. When working through a passage Translate to make sure you understand Stay away from religious jargon and traditional expressions A sermon needs fresh expression, not merely reiteration
98 Doing Your Own * When working through a passage.Translate to make sure you understand. Stay away from religious jargon and traditional expressions. A sermon needs fresh expression, not merely reiteration.
99 Isaiah 51:17-20 Mine GNB NASB 17 Rouse yourself, rouse yourself. Get up, Jerusalem. You have drunk the cup of God’s fury which you got from the Lord. You have drunk to the bottom the goblet-cup causing reeling drunkenness. 18 There is no one to guide her among the sons she has borne. There is no one to take her by the hand she has brought up. 19 Two things have happened to you. Who will console you? Devastation and destruction, famine and war. How may I comfort you? 20 Your sons have fainted. They have lain down in all the street intersec- tions, like an ante- lope caught in a net, Full of the fury of the Lord, the rebuke of your God. הִתְעוֹרְרִי הִתְעוֹרְרִי קוּמִיִ יְרוּשָׁלַם אֲשֶׁר שָׁתִית מִיַּד יְהוָה אֶת־כּוֹס חֲמָת֑וֹ אֶת־קֻבַּעַת כּוֹס הַתַּרְעֵלָה שָׁתִית מָצִֽית׃ אֵין־מְנַהֵל לָהּ מִכָּל־בָּנִים יָלָ֑דָה וְאֵין מַחֲזִיק בְּיָדָהּ מִכָּל־בָּנִים גִּדֵּֽלָה שְׁתַּיִם הֵנָּה קֹרְאֹתַיִךְ 19 מִי יָנוּד לָ֑ךְ הַשֹּׁד וְהַשֶּׁבֶר וְהָרָעָב וְהַחֶרֶב מִי אֲנַחֲמֵֽךְ׃ בָּנַיִךְ עֻלְּפוּ 20 שָׁכְבוּ בְּרֹאשׁ כָּל־חוּצוֹת כְּתוֹא מִכְמָ֑ר הַֽמְלֵאִים חֲמַת־יְהוָה גַּעֲרַת אֱלֹהָֽיִךְ 17 Jerusalem, wake up! Rouse yourself and get up! You have drunk the cup of punishment that the Lord in his anger gave you to drink; you drank it down, and it made you stagger. 18 There is no one to lead you, no one among your people to take you by the hand. 19 A Double disaster has fallen on you: your land has been devastated by war, and your people have starved. There is no one to show you sympathy. 20 At the corner of every street your people collapse from weakness; they are like deer caught in a hunter’s net. They have felt the force of God’s anger. 17 Rouse yourself! Rouse yourself! Arise, O Jerusalem!, You who have drunk from the Lords’ hand the cup of His anger; The chalice of reeling you have drained to the dregs. 18 There is none to guide her among all the sons she has borne; Nor is there one to take her by the hand she has reared. 19 These two tings have befallen you; Who will mourn for you?-- The devastation and destruction, famine and sword; How shall I comfort you? 20 Your sons have fainted, They lie helpless at the head of every street, Like an antelope in a net, Full of the wrath of the Lord, The rebuke of your God. 9.32
100 Isaiah 51:17-20 Mine הִתְעוֹרְרִי הִתְעוֹרְרִי 17 קוּמִיִ יְרוּשָׁלַם אֲשֶׁר שָׁתִית מִיַּד יְהוָה אֶת־כּוֹס חֲמָת֑וֹ אֶת־קֻבַּעַת כּוֹס הַתַּרְעֵלָה שָׁתִית מָצִֽית׃ אֵין־מְנַהֵל לָהּ מִכָּל־בָּנִים יָלָ֑דָה וְאֵין מַחֲזִיק בְּיָדָהּ מִכָּל־בָּנִים גִּדֵּֽלָה 17 Rouse yourself, rouse yourself. Get up, Jerusalem. You have drunk the cup of God’s fury which you got from the Lord. You have drunk to the bottom the goblet-cup causing reeling drunkenness. 18 There is no one to guide her among the sons she has borne. There is no one to take her by the hand among the sons she has brought up. 9.27
101 Isaiah 51:17-20 Mine 19 שְׁתַּיִם הֵנָּה קֹרְאֹתַיִךְ מִי יָנוּד לָ֑ךְ הַשֹּׁד וְהַשֶּׁבֶר וְהָרָעָב וְהַחֶרֶב מִי אֲנַחֲמֵֽךְ׃ בָּנַיִךְ עֻלְּפוּ 20 שָׁכְבוּ בְּרֹאשׁ כָּל־חוּצוֹת כְּתוֹא מִכְמָ֑ר הַֽמְלֵאִים חֲמַת־יְהוָה גַּעֲרַת אֱלֹהָֽיִךְ 19 Two things have happened to you. Who will console you? Devastation and destruction, famine and war. How may I comfort you? 20 Your sons have fainted. They have lain down in all the street intersections, like an antelope caught in a net, Full of the fury of the Lord, the rebuke of your God. 9.27