1 Factors that led to the 2nd I.R.1860s US industrial boom due to: Wealth of natural resources Oil, iron ore, coal, lumber, etc. Government support for business Tariffs (tax on imports) were high American business’ taxes were low Evidence: increase in patents Up to 1860: the government had issued 36,000 But between 1860 and 1890: 440,000 were issued Growing urban population Cheap labor force to fill factory work needs A growing market for new products to be sold Video: Start of IR
2 Part 1: Resources and Power
3 Oil
4 Oil: Early use starts in 1840s: Abraham Gesner distills fuel from oilLead to the use of kerosene to light lamps 1859: Edwin L. Drake Used steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, PA Makes using oil practical Used for: kerosene, gasoline, lubricating oil, etc. 1872: Elijah McCoy lubricating cup that fed oil to parts of a moving machine
5 Oil’s Impact: Started an oil “prospecting” boom in key states like KY, OH, IL, IN, TX Started an oil refining / processing boom in cities like Cleveland & Pittsburg Enabled the used of the automobile fueled by gasoline Today: petroleum (oil) is refined and used in thousands of items besides gasoline and motor oil like asphalt, plastics, tires Current price of barrel of crude oil = $47/ barrel, which is about 40 gallons (approx as of 8/29/16)
6 Coal U.S. has abundant supplies Many large deposits in P.A., West Virginia, Kentucky, Wyoming Must be mined from deep under ground – made possible by steam engine
7 Major Coal Deposits
8 Coal Impact: Coal production from 33 mil tons in 1870 to 250 mil tons in 1900 Used to power steam engine in trains Used in generating electricity Used for heating – burn in a furnace Check this website for many amazing pictures: Today: Coal accounts for about half of electricity production in the United States. In 2006, there were 1,493 coal- powered generators at electrical utilities across the US
9 Coal Mine
10
11 Is clean coal clean?... Tennessee Ash Flooddge.html
12 Steel and the Bessemer Process1887: discovery of deposits of iron ore (100 miles x 3 miles) in Mesabi Mt. Range in Minnesota Iron ore is melted down and shaped into iron which is dense, but tends to rust and break Used to make steel if you can remove the carbon
13 Steel: Bessemer Process1850: Henry Bessemer (England) and William Kelley injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon = steel
14 A Bessemer furnace https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dypdoLm4Rn8Vide clip on how the process works… yes, that is Ron’s dad
15 Steel: Bessemer ProcessImpact Manufacturers could now produce in a day what used to take a week. CHEAPER STEEL: a ton of steel=$100 in 1873, $12 by late 1890s Joseph Glidden’s steel Barbed Wire and McCormick’s and Deere’s farm machines increased food production Used on R.R. and mass transit systems Construction: bridges, skyscrapers, apartment buildings
16 Electricity Edison: DC – direct currentAn electric current that moves in one direction with constant strength (like battery) DC not used for long-distance power because its dangerous Nikola Tesla: AC – alternating current An electric current that reverses direction at regular intervals. Safer and easier to use than DC (partner George Westinghouse bought the patent)
17 Hydroelectric Tesla and Westinghouse also opened a huge hydroelectric power plant at Niagara Falls in 1896 hydroelectric power plant uses the force of the water to push a turbine which in turn powers a generator, creating electricity which can be used on-site or transported Great website about Tesla (show virtual tour of hydroelectric):
18 Industrial War: AC (Tesla) vs. DC (Edison)
19 Industrial War: AC (Tesla) vs. DC (Edison)Late 1880s Edison starts propaganda war against alternating current: Harold Brown, secretly paid by Edison, built the electric chair; to promote the idea that AC was deadlier than DC When the chair was first used, on August 6, 1890, they misjudged the voltage needed to kill the prisoner; he had to be re-executed. Edison also electrocuted animals including a circus elephant named Topsy in 1903 : ( …. I have video proof
20 A hundred thousand lamps illuminated the fairgrounds.But Westinghouse got the contract to illuminate the Chicago World's Fair A hundred thousand lamps illuminated the fairgrounds. 600 acre park May 1 - October 30, 1893. 26 million visitors Like books about serial killers? om/crown/devilinthewhitec ity/home.html
21 Alternating Current Power Plant at World's Fair, Chicago, 1893Alternating Current Power Plant at World's Fair, Chicago, Four of the twelve 1000 horse-power two-phase generators
22 Impact of Electricity more than 80% of electrical devices in the US are AC used in factories, businesses, and homes and in transportation Extends the hours of work and businesses Allows factories to be located anywhere rather than by rivers Spurred creation of new electrical appliances Incandescent light bulb Patented in 1880 Thomas Edison
23 Transportation Mass Transit Planes Personal:Railroads (Transcontinental) Subways Trolley Blimp Planes Personal: Automobile
24 Trans-ocean STEAMSHIPSEarly ships: made of wood and had sails. Carried less than 200 passengers. Crossed the Atlantic in 16 days in By the 1860s use of iron for hulls & steam engines decreased crossing times to 8-9 days and ships could carry 1,500 passengers. By the early 20th century (1907), ships with capacity of 2,300 passengers was able to cross the Atlantic in 4-5 days. By the 1960s, air transportation has overtaken the liners for transatlantic crossings.
25 Cross-section of the steamship S/S Aquitania built in 1913Cross-section of the steamship S/S Aquitania built in The ship was feet long and 97 feet wide.
26 IMPACT By 1870, more than 90 percent of immigrants to America arrived by steamship Started global shipping of products
27 British liner that sank in the North Atlantic on April 15, 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her first voyage more than 1,500 passengers and crew died out of 2,224 passengers It was the largest ship afloat at the time – almost 900 feet Though it was thought to be “unsinkable” it was likely a result of weak steel used in the hull or the rivets that led to its sinking The Titanic
28 Transcontinental RR Completed May 10, 1869Met in the middle at Promontory, Utah East (Atlantic) – West (Pacific) line Impact: Very high injuries (2,000 killed / 20,000 injuries) Travel further, faster, and cheaper than ever before (mass transit) Created jobs on RR and in related industries Created one national market, in which goods could be shipped for sale across the country.
29 Planes Powered, controlled flightInternal combustion engine (gasoline) Wright brothers: Dec 17, 1903 – first successful flight of 12 seconds traveled 120 feet (10 miles hour) Impact: Later allows government to set up air mail Used in WW1 After 1920s – used for mass transit Makes travel faster
30 The Blimp 1900 the first rigid dirigible (zeppelin).Altitude of 1300 ft and flew 3.75 miles in 17 minutes. Invented by Ferdinand Heinrich von Zeppelin 30 years of passenger travel on German commercial zeppelins tens of thousands of passengers flew over a million miles on more than 2,000 flights without a single injury Hindenburg disaster Thursday, May 6, 1937, passenger airship caught fire in New Jersey. Of the 97 people on board, 35 people died. The disaster was the subject of spectacular newsreel coverage & photographs and made blimps very unpopular Great information and many pictures about the Hindenburg at
31 Graf Zeppelin Considered the finest airship ever built.Flew more miles than any other airship First flight September 18, 1928. In August 1929, it circled the globe. the craft stopped only at Tokyo, Japan, Los Angeles, California, and Lakehurst, New Jersey. 12 days—less time than the ocean trip from Tokyo to San Francisco. Top speed 80 mph Over 10 years it made 590 flights and flew more than one million miles (1,609,344 kilometers)
32
33 Current News in Blimp WorldA modern day around the world blimp race! e.com/ /business/ci_ /new- high-tech-airships-taking- shape Military Use 8/airships-of-the-future-have- arrived/
34 Electric Trolley 1884 by Frank SpragueMade of tracks laid in the street powered by electricity from overhead wire By 1900 there were over 30,000 cars running on more than 15,000 miles of track. Impact Increases size of cities Gave upper-middle class access to the suburbs, removed from the urban poor But, use of automobile in the 1920s = decline of trolley
35 Postcard showing Sprague’s trolley in Virginia
36 Subways 1904, the IRT, or Inter- borough Rapid Transit Subway, opened in New York City. The first subway took 4 years to build Overhead wires or an electric rail known as the “third rail” supplies power to the trains. The third rail lies outside or between the tracks, and a wheel, brush or sliding shoe carries the power from the rail to the train's electric motor Don’t touch it.
37 Subways
38 Horseless Carriage a.k.a. The CarNo single person gets credit 1876, Nicholas Otto invents the first four-stroke piston cycle internal combustion engine - first practical alternative to steam engine. 1886, Benz and Daimler first “car” 1893, Charles and Frank Duryea first gas powered car in America 1895, invention of tire filled with air Companies producing gasoline powered automobiles: companies
39 Ransom E. Olds: first mass producer of gas powered automobilesThe Oldsmobile sold for $650. In were sold ,500 were sold ,000 were sold ,000 were sold
40 Henry Ford First car in 1896 called a Quadracycle, sold for $200.
41 Assembly Line In 1913 Henry Ford installed the “world’s first” assembly line In 1910 it took 12 hours to build a Ford Model-T. In 1914 it took 1½ hours. Ford was able to cut the cost of his autos from $850 in 1909 to about $300 in 1923. He sold 79,000 autos in in 1921 he sold 1,250,000. Prices:
42 Model T in 1908 He wanted to mass produce cars "Just like one pin is like another pin when it comes from the pin factory, or one match is like another match when it comes from the match factory" By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model Ts.
43 Impact of Assembly LineIn 1914, 13,000 workers at Ford made 260,720 cars. By comparison, other companies took 66,350 workers to make 286,770. Critics said that the assembly process divided work into mindless, repetitive tasks and that manipulation of the pace of the line was slave driving by remote control. The unskilled workers earned only $2.38 for a nine-hour day.
44 Mass Production: "I'm going to democratize the automobile …When I'm through, everybody will be able to afford one, and about everybody will have one." Until then the automobile had been a status symbol manufactured one by one by skilled craftsmen.
45 Drivers Licensing As automobile-related fatalities soared public outcry provoked legislators to pass laws 1910: first driver's licensing law went in New York, though it initially applied only to chauffeurs. 1913: New Jersey became the first to require all drivers to pass a mandatory license test ry
46 Google Car, Yes. Smart Highway, Yes.https://www.google.com/selfdrivingcar/ Smart Highway, Yes. highway-safety.html
47 Communication Typewriter Telegraph Telephone Printing CameraPhonograph Motion Picture Radio
48 Typewriter 1867: Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter—allowed users to quickly produce easily legible documents Impact: Increased the efficiency of businesses Created new jobs for women; in 1870s only 5% of clerical workforce but by 1910 they were 40% Sholes keyboard design is still in use today (even though it isn’t very good!)
49 Telegraph 1837: Samuel Morse Sent message in code over a wireTook only seconds Impact: Dramatically increased speed of communication Used in business to transmit orders etc. Used by RR for safety
50 Telephone 1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson Impact:Dramatically increased the speed of communication and business Jobs for women to work as operators
51 Camera Early camera – 100 + pounds of equipment 1888: George EastmanKodak camera – small, portable and inexpensive $25 for camera and 100 shot roll of film Flexible film coated with gelatin that was sent to a lab for development Impact: Amateur photography common Used in journalism
52 The grainy picture is the world’s first photograph called "View from the Window at Le Gras" (circa 1826), taken and developed by French photographer pioneer Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. Exposure time was about 8 hours.
53 World’s First DaguerreotypeDaguerreotype took 15 minutes to “photograph” Developed by French chemist Louis Daguerre "L’Atelier de l’artiste" was the first daguerreotype made in 1837.
54 First Color PhotographThe oldest known color photograph taken by Louis Ducos du Hauron in The photo is of a view of Angouleme in Southern France.
55 Movies 1891: Edison’s Kinetoscope projector enabled one person at a time to view moving pictures. 1893: Eastman Kodak - motion picture film 1895: Frenchman Louis Lumiere invents the first motion picture camera the “Cinematographe” The first motion pictures shown in a movie theater or “Nickelodeon” in America were presented to audiences on April 23, 1896, in New York City. 1903: first modern film – 8 minutes “The Great Train Robbery” Video clip of movie
56 The first Ipod = phonographNovember 21, 1877: Thomas Alva Edison Phonograph: a device for recording and replaying sound Recorded onto a tinfoil sheet cylinder 1892: Berliner makes the record and "gramophones." Five inches and recorded on one side only. Seven-inch records in 1895. Impact: Though he wasn’t the first to record sound, this invention made recording and playing sound accessible rliest_voices/edison.html Earliest recording – France 1860 sounds/scott.php
57 Radio 1895: Marconi, an Italian inventor: first radio signal in Italy.Used morse code first successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message in Voices were broadcast in 1910 But radio broadcasting didn’t start in the U.S. until after 1919. Impact: Dramatically improved communication and entertainment
58 High Speed Printing 1890s Cheaper and more sturdy paper made from pulpNew machines / electricity Impact Increased literacy Decreased price of printed material (newspapers, books etc)