1 Feb. 14, 2017 Review Discuss 18.1 questionsThe Rise of Industrial America HW: Read 18.2 answers questions 6-14 Research Topic due Feb. 17/21 Test Feb. 22/23 (multiple choice and short answer) Next Unit – Progressive Movement OTTW Project Due March 2/3 Quest March 6/7
2 What were three government policies used when addressing the issue of Native Americans and whites on the same land?
3 Government Policies and Native Americans1830S/40S Removal Relocate to Oklahoma One large reservation Why the transition? 1850s/60s/70s Treaties Designate specific boundaries “Kill the Indian….Save the Man” Why the transition? 1880s + Assimilation Absorb Natives into white culture Passage of Dawes Act
4 The Rise of Industrial America and The New South 1865-1900
5 The Gilded Age Late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900The term for this period came into use in the 1920s and 1930s and was derived from writer Mark Twain’s 1873 novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which mocked an era of serious social problems disguised by a thin gold gilding. The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian Era It was succeeded by the Progressive Era that began in the 1890s
6 The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the North and West.As American wages were much higher than those in Europe, especially for skilled workers, the period saw an influx of millions of European immigrants. The Gilded Age was also an era of miserable poverty and inequality as millions of immigrants—many from impoverished European nations—poured into the United States
7 https://youtu.be/z66lixOeJfcThe Gilded Age https://youtu.be/z66lixOeJfc
8 Dominant features of manufacturing after the Civil War?Coal deposits exploited for cheap energy Tech innovation spread in transportation, communication, and factories Need for new, easy to control laborers Pressure to cut costs Drop in prices Failure of the money supply to keep up with productivity
9 Economic changes What changed that allowed US econ. to expand so greatly? Methods of doing business technology
10 Economic changes How much did the American economy grow between the Civil War and 1900? 1850 – US just getting industrialized Strong economy but not one of world’s “superpowers” 1900 – US industrial output increased 500% since 1850 US produced over 1/3 of all manufactured goods in world More than England, Germany, France combined
11 Benefits of rapid economic growth?Labor-saving products Lower prices Advances in transportation Advances in communication
12 Industrial growth came at a cost. Examples?Environmental harm, pollution Competition led to bankrupt companies Exploitation of workers Terrible working conditions No job security Low pay Transformed the nature of the work Undercutting skilled labor Mind-numbing assembly-line routines
13 What inventions changed US society in late 1800s?Telephone (Bell) Sewing machine (Singer) Light bulb, phonograph, motion picture camera, microphone, battery (Edison) Box camera (Eastman) Fountain pen, typewriter (Sholes), zipper, refrigerated RR car Bessemer Process- removed impurities from the iron by oxidation
14 How did these inventions change society?Typewriter – business faster Light bulb – work, leisure after dark Telephone – faster comm., changing social customs Refrigerated RR car – food industry Bessemer process – steel replaces iron Sewing machine – mass produced clothes, wardrobe changes fundamentally
15 The Business of Railroads1900– 193,000 miles of RR track Resources used to build track promoted the growth of steel and coal Created a market that was national– linked the West with the East Encouraged mass production Mass consumption Economic specialization
16 How did RR change the business model?Business methods How did RR change the business model? Standardized parts – RR systems interchangeable, compatible More organized, efficient bookkeeping, accounting Cut-throat competition – price wars, bribes to politicians, etc. Rivals RR driven out of business Companies that survived collaborated 7 RR companies controlled 2/3 of industry by early 1900s
17 Business How did business change in late 1800s? Shift to factoriesAdvertising Consolidation
18 Factories Why the shift from workshops to larger factories?More workers = more output = more profits Replace workers w/ machinery What were effects of the shift? Skilled workers replaced by machines or operators (unskilled workers) in some industries Workers lose control of manufacturing process Working for “the system” instead of self or group
19 Business Methods How did steel industry change the business model?Andrew Carnegie Vertical integration – controlling industry from “top to bottom” Controlling everything from raw materials (ore) to finished product (rails)
20 How did steel industry change the business model?Practices Horizontal Integration: Vertical Integration: One company buys out other companies of same industry One company controls all steps in manufacturing process Eliminate Competition Monopolies High prices Low Wages
21 Robber Barons Derogatory metaphor of social criticism applied to certain late 19th century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich
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23 Carnegie What else characterized Carnegie’s practices?Low wages to workers Favors from gov’t and business leaders Low prices Philanthropy Donated over $300 million to libraries, colleges, etc. (but not to poor directly)
24 Business methods How did the oil industry change the business model?Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company Horizontal integration Bought up most competition Drove the rest out of business through price cuts Controlled 90% of oil industry by 1879 Est. trusts
25 J.P. Morgan How did Morgan exert control over the economy? FinancierRan banks and loaning institutions When a Rockefeller or Carnegie needed $$$ to buy a rival, they went to Morgan Made $$$ off loans Also bought companies himself (e.g. purchased Carnegie Steel in 1901 for over $500 million & created US Steel)
26 Other Robber Barons Cornelius Vanderbilt – RR George Pullman – RRPhillip Armour & Gustavus Swift - meatpacking
27 What does this cartoon symbolize?
28 The protectors of our industries"The protectors of our industries". Cartoon showing seated on bags of "millions", on large heavy raft being carried by workers Explain this cartoon
29 Robber Barons How much were they worth in today’s dollars?Cornelius Vanderbilt: $180 billion Andrew Carnegie: $300 billion John Rockefeller: first ever billionaire Richest man in history $660 billion Comparison – Bill Gates = $60 billion
30 Why was advertising increasingly important by late 1800s?Big Business Why was advertising increasingly important by late 1800s? Larger markets More competition Excess output required innovative ways to get rid of surplus i.e. create new products out of “leftovers” Advertise to sell new products
31 Emergence of Trusts What is a trust?Several companies build an “umbrella corporation” to run entire industry Standard Oil bought stock in other companies Horizontal integration – Rockefeller controlled Standard Oil and all rivals Monopoly
32 Monopolies What was done to curb them?Interstate Commerce Commission – regulate RR Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890) Fed gov’t can break up trusts or groups that restrain free trade Problems? Vague on what is a trust, what restrains free trade Who did it usually break up? Labor unions U.S. v E.C. Knight (1895) Sugar monopoly Court said gov’t could only break up distribution monopolies, not manufacturing monopolies What does this tell us? Whose side was the gov’t on?
33 The Bosses of the Senate, a cartoon by Joseph KepplerThe Bosses of the Senate, a cartoon by Joseph Keppler. First published in Puck 1889 The Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags, who represented the nation's financial trusts and monopolies Explain this cartoon
34 Justifications 1. Social Darwinism 2. Laissez Faire GovernmentNatural Selection and the strong survive 2. Laissez Faire Government “Let it be” Hands off Government Let market forces determine
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36 Feb. 15 Review Discuss 18.2 questions The Rise of Industrial AmericaHW: Read Lies pages Research Topic due Feb. 17/21 Test Feb. 22/23 (multiple choice and short answer) Next Unit – Progressive Movement OTTW Project Due March 2/3 Quest March 6/7
37 Immigration Steamships and inexpensive one way passage mad it possible for millions of poor people to emigrate Came to the US Political and religious freedom Economic opportunities by settling the West and industrial jobs in US cities Left Europe Poverty Overcrowding and joblessness in the city Religious persecution
38 Old Immigrants New Immigrants Northern and western EuropeProtestants (some Irish or German Catholics) Spoke English High level of literacy and occupational skills Blend into rural American society New Immigrants Southern and eastern Europe Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, and Russians Poor and illiterate Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Jewish Crowded into poor ethnic neighborhoods in NYC, Chicago, and other major US cities
39 Pathway to America Europeans 1. Steerage on the ship2. Glimpse at Statute of Liberty 3. Ellis Island Health Physical Document Check 1 day waiting period 2% sent back
40 Pathway to America Asians 1. Steerage 2. Angel Island2 week waiting period 29% sent back
41 Challenges 1. Place to live 2.Job 3. Unfamiliar surroundings2.Job 3. Unfamiliar surroundings 4. Nativism Tenement Housing Factory—hard labor Did not join union. Retreated to “ethnic islands” Hostility from native born Americans The greater difference in culture, the more severe the hostility
42 Restrictions: A. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882B. Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 (Quotas) Prohibited all Chinese immigration except students, teachers, Merchants and government officials Limited no. of immigrants from a country to 2 % of those nationals living in US in 1890
43 Rise of the Modern American City
44 Industrialization created first metropolitan centersIdentify the city and the basis of their economy Examples: New York Pittsburgh Chicago Detroit
45 2. Impact/Challenges Subways (i.e. New York) Trolley systemCity Challenges Reform Lack of inner city transportation Housing shortages/space Poor sanitation Crime and Fires Subways (i.e. New York) Trolley system Impact: Faster transit, improved sanitation Housing laws: Standard in plumbing/ ventilation Sanitation departments Clean water efforts Police and fire departments
46 3. Justifications for reformSocial Gospel Movement Settlement House movement Protestant Movement Helping the needy Tied faith to good works Rejection of Social Darwinism Jane Adams and Hull House in Chicago Located in ethnic neighborhoods Education, health care, life skills for immigrants
47 4. Immigrants and the cityWorkforce Chinese and Irish immigrants Melting pot Promote Detract Combining cultures into one Nativism Ethnic Enclaves Public Schools was key
48 Question Was the Melting Pot concept achieved in the United States? Is there an American culture that is a blending of many different cultures? Or, have the different cultures remain separate and distinct?
49 5. Politics in the city Rapid Population GrowthForces that shape new political arrangement Political Machines Rapid Population Growth Impact of Social Darwinism—Harsh Conditions Controlled activities in cities Delivered services for votes
50 Organization Political Boss Ward Bosses Worked for votes in precinctsControlled activities of city Ward Bosses Worked for votes in precincts Precinct Captains Worked for votes on a City Block
51 Immigrants and the Political MachineSupporters of the Machine Issues: Graft Scandals and fraud Most notorious wasTweed Ring in New York City Immigrants: Why? Provided Jobs and Citizenship
52 The New South Continued PovertyDespite progress and growth, the South remained a largely agricultural section and the poorest region in the country Why? The South’s late start to industrialize A poorly educated workforce Lack of capital to industrialize Devastation from the Civil War
53 Continued Poverty Northern financing dominated the southern economyNorthern investors controlled three- quarters of the southern railroads Profits from the new industries went to northern banks and financiers Industrial workers in the South earned half the national average and worked longer hours
54 New South Creed Rich coal and timber resources, and cheap labor made it perfect for industrial development Iron and steel industries led to large numbers of black workers moving to the cities (higher pay) Large tracts of land were given to RR companies This created new towns and villages The South began to give tax cuts to attract Northern business
55 Southern Textiles By 1920 the South became the country’s leading textile center Led to the growth of towns Lowell of the South Augusta, GA 2800 workers Mill owned the housing, church, and financed the schools Hired poor whites Exploited the workers Paid them in script redeemable only in goods from the company store Paid eleven cents an hour (30-50% of what mill workers in New England made)