1 Filogenética Bert Rivera Marchand, PhD Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico Recinto de Bayamón Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas

2

3

4 Parafilético Polifilético Monofilético

5

6

7 Algunos Términos Homoplasia- Analogía evolutiva Plesiomórfico- Característica ancestral Apomórfico- Característica única de un grupo Autopomórfico- Característica única de una especie Sinapomórfico (Homología)- Característica en dos o más especies pero única en ancestro común más reciente Simplesiomórfico- Característica en muchos grupos y el ancestral

8 Baldwin, 2008

9 Sevilla, S. & P.C. van Welzen. 2001. Revision and Phylogeny of Agrostistachys and Chondrostylis (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 46: 71-97.

10 Characters 1. Habit: 1 = shrub to tree; 2 = herb to subshrub. 2. Sexuality: 1 = dioecious; 2 = monoecious. 3. Fusion of stipules: 1 = free; 2 = united. 4. Length of stipules: 1 = up to l em; 2 = more than 1 cm. 5. Shape of stipules: 1 = ovate; 2 = triangular; 3 = narrowly triangular; 4 = linear triangular; 5 = acicular. 6. Blade margin: 1 = entire to crenulate; 2 = dentate to crenulate. 7. Blade glands: 1 = absent; 2 = present. 8. Petiole glands: 1 = absent; 2 = present. 9. Inflorescence branching: 1 = unbranched; 2 = branched. 10. Inflorescence length: 1 = up to 20 cm; 2 = more than 20 cm. 11. Inflorescence type: 1 = spikes or racemes; 2 = panicles; 3 = cymes; 4 = fascicles. 12. Inflorescence position: 1 = terminal; 2 = axillary.

11 13. Sepals: 1 = imbricate; 2 = valvate. 14. Staminate petals: 1 = imbricate; 2 = valvate. 15. Petal apex: 1 = emarginate to irregular; 2 = obtuse to acuminate. 16. Staminate disc: 1 = lobed; 2 = annular. 17. Pistillate disc: 1 = lobed; 2 = annular. 18. Pistillode: 1 = absent; 2 = present. 19. Stigma: 1 = sessile; 2 = style present. 20. Stamen grouping: l = in whorls; 2 = in a group. 21. Stamen number: I = 8-16; 2 = 20-55. 22. Connective: 1 = apically elongated; 2 = spade-like; 3 = broad, apically widened; 4 = glandular; 5 = curved and thick; 6 = shortly appendiculate. 23. Anther dehiscence: 1 = introrsely, slits not adjoining; 2 = latrorsely, slits adjoined. 24. Cotyledons: l = scarcely broader than radicle; 2 = distinctly broader than radicle. 25. Staminodes: 1 = absent; 2 = present.

12 Sevilla, S. & P.C. van Welzen. 2001. Revision and Phylogeny of Agrostistachys and Chondrostylis (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 46: 71-97.

13 Vasconcelos, et al. 2006

14 Wedel, 2010

15

16

17 Gilbert, D.G., 2007. DroSpeGe: rapid access database for new Drosophila species genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 35, Database issue D480-D485

18 Cho et al. Genome Biology 2002

19 Gugger PF, Sugita S, Cavender-Bares J. (2010) Phylogeography of Douglas- fir based on mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA sequences: testing hypotheses from the fossil record. Molecular Ecology.

20 Análisis Parsimonia “Maximum Likelihood” “Neighbor-joining” “Jackknife” “Distance” “Bayesian” “Bootstrap”

21 Phylogeny of the sunflower alliance of families reconstructed by parsimony analysis (21) of chloroplast DNA rbcL sequences. Bremer K, Gustafsson M H G PNAS 1997;94:9188-9190 ©1997 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA

22 Phylogeny of Neotropical Copelatus. Balke M et al. PNAS 2008;105:6356-6361 ©2008 by National Academy of Sciences