1 Final Review

2 Rock Cycle, Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, EarthquakesGeosphere Rock Cycle, Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, Earthquakes

3 Rock Cycle

4 Rock Cycle Driving FactorsSun - Drives the water cycle that produces weathering and erosion. Heat from Earth’s Interior Heat produces igneous and metamorphic rocks. Gravitational Energy - Gravity pulls everything down…rockslides, falling rain, tall mountains, etc.

5 Weathering – Breaking down of rocks into sedimentsMechanical Chemical The rock’s composition remains the same throughout the process. Frost Wedging Talus Exfoliation The rock has a NEW composition. Acid Rain

6 Erosion Wind Water Gravity Glaciers

7 Plate Tectonics Two types of platesContinental – Less dense therefore stays on top Oceanic – More dense therefore can go through SUBDUCTION! Three types of boundaries Convergent – plates come together to form: Mountains – Continental and continental plates Continental Volcanoes – Continental and oceanic plates Oceanic Volcanoes – Oceanic and Oceanic plates Divergent – plates pushed apart from one another Mid Ocean Ridge and Rift Valleys Transform – Plates slide past one another Creates Earthquakes

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9 Plate Tectonic MechanismConvection Currents Slab-pull / Ridge- push

10 Plate Tectonic EvidenceJig-saw puzzle pieces fit SA and Africa Fossil evidence Mesosaurus and Glossopteris Climatic evidence Glaciers and coal deposits Rock evidence Age, type, alignment of mts

11 Plate Tectonic Evidence1. Paleomagnetism Polar reversals 2. Earthquake patterns Earthquakes plate boundaries 3. Ocean Drilling Glomar Challenger & Harry Hess 180 million (oceanic) vs. 4 billion (continental) 4. Hot spots—example = Hawaii Only one active volcano Evidence of movement & direction Islands further from hot spot are oldest

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13 Earthquakes Epicenter – Point on land directly above where the earthquake occurred Seismograph – Instrument used to record earthquakes Magnitude – Scale which measures the intensity of an earthquake

14 Earthquake Waves Primary (P) waves = BODY WAVEarrives first, fastest, straight like spring, pass through everything, push/pull wave Secondary (S) waves =BODY WAVE arrives second, slower, pass through solids only, sideways/snake/right angle wave Longitudinal (L) waves = SURFACE WAVES arrive last, slowest, liquefy ground, does most damage (loss of life), up/down wave

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16 What is a Lahar? Mudflow formed from volcanic ash and water (melted snow or rain) Creates very destructive dangerous landslides Gravity and water are the agents of erosion.

17 Hydrosphere

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19 Groundwater Infiltration – water seeps into the ground to become groundwater Zone of saturation – area below ground where the pores of the soil and rock are completely filled with water Zone of aeration – pore spaces are not completely filled Water table – line that divides the two Aquifers – layer of rock that contains water allowing the water to flow freely through the rock

20 Flood Factors –Contributing and PreventativeOccurs when water table is very high Flood contribution factors: Paving Excess precipitation Methods of control Dams and levees Limiting development

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22 Saltwater Intrusion

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24 Surface Currents Flow horizontally due to windGyres = huge circular moving current systems (5) Coriolis Effect = the deflection of currents to the right in the NH (& left in the SH) due to earth’s rotation Clockwise=N.Hemi. & Counter-clockwise=S. Hemi. Warm currents move from the equator to the poles Cold currents move from poles to the equator Cold currents = west coast; warm currents = east coast

25 EL NINO—Christmas Time Effects

26 Specific Heat Land takes less energy to heat up than waterLand’s temperature increases faster than water Water retains the heat for longer than land Transfers heat by using ocean surface currents

27 Atmosphere

28 Atmosphere CompositionDifferent today than long time ago! How? More pollution and more oxygen 2 main gases make up 99% Nitrogen—78% Oxygen 21% Carbon Dioxide—small amount/important Water—amount varies also important Both absorb heat given off by Earth

29 Ozone Protects Earth from harmful UV radiation Found in stratosphereCan be destroyed by: Aerosols CFC’s

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31 Ozone—O3—found in stratosphere--protects us from UV radiation --is poisonous/found at lower levels --we harm ozone by using CFC’s aerosols, A.C.,fridges, etc.

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33 Weather Wind - Caused by pressure differences travels high to lowCyclonic systems – low pressure unstable Anti-cyclonic systems – high pressure stable Fronts Relative Humidity – amount of water vapor that the air can hold at a certain temperature

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35 B. A. C.

36 Air Masses By their origin region (2) (place they started) Polar (P)…Tropical (T)… By the surface over which they form. - Continental (c) – forms over land - Maritime (m) – forms over water There are 4 basic air masses… 1 – Continental polar 2 – Continental tropical 3 – Maritime polar 4 – Maritime tropical

37 Weather vs. Climate Time

38 Biosphere

39 Biotic Abiotic Factors that are aliveTypes of plants and animals in a biome Factors without life Temperature, precipitation water availability

40 Photosynthesis

41 Food chain Food web (just 1 path of energy) (all possible energy paths)

42 What is biodiversity? Biodiversity – variety of living things in an area Three levels Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystems diversity When you hear “biodiversity of Earth” it means species diversity

43 C C How humans impact the biosphere

44 Footprints Ecological Footprints – measure the extent to which humans are using the Earth’s bioproductive capacity How fast we are using up Earth’s resources Bioproductivity – amount of biological material that is useful to humans Measured in Hectares – 2.4 acres 1 hectare = 2 complete football fields 11.5 billion hectares of biologically productive surface

45 Solutions Controlling emissions is cheaper than paying for the climate change Ways to control emissions We can reduce dependence on coal, which produces more CO2 per energy unit than any other fuel We could institute fees for selling fossil fuels–these would help fossil fuel prices represent their many hidden costs We can invest in new technologies and energy efficiency We can institute emissions trading, by instituting a legal cap on emissions, then allowing companies to buy and sell shares of that total cap (California’s AB-32 does this)

46 Terms Limiting Factors – limits the growth of a populationCarrying Capacity – maximum population size an environment can support for a long period of time Carrying capacities can change as the environment changes Birth Rate – number of births in a population per year Death Rate – number of deaths in a population per year

47 Population Growth PatternsCarrying capacity and limiting factors cause a plateau in growth. Called S-graph

48 Human Growth

49 Cons of the following? Deforestation Urbanization Heat IslandsAcid Rain

50 Types of Energy Geothermal Solar Wind Hydro

51 Nuclear Fusion Fission Atoms come together to release energyAtoms break apart and release energy Can be very dangerous!! 3-mile Island

52 Season Key Points Pointed at sun = warm = summerPointed away from sun = cold = winter Not pointed at = neither = fall and spring Summer solstice = longest day of year Winter solstice = shortest day of year Equinoxes = equal day and night N & S hemispheres are opposites

53 Spring Tide

54 Neap Tide

55 Earth’s Motions Rotation Revolution Precession Nutation

56 Kepler’s 3 laws The path of a planet around the sun is an ellipsePlanets cover equal area in an equal amount of time The time to go around the sun is proportional to the distance away from the sun