1

2 Foreign Influences on Old English

3 Celtic Influence Place Names: Thames, Kent, Avon, Dover, Cumberlandbinn—basket, crib crag, tor—a high rock, projecting rock dun—dark-colored puca—evil spirit (becomes Puck)

4 Latin (Roman) InfluencePlace names: Londinium, Lindum Colonia becomes Lincoln (partly from Welsh llyn meaning “lake”), Dubris (also Welsh dwfr) meaning “water” becomes Dover War terms: campus—battle; pilum—javelin; strata—road; milia—mile Domestic life: pulvinus—pillow; coquina—kitchen; cerasus—cherry Trade: caupo—bargain; pondo--pound

5 Food: caseus—cheese; butyrum—butter; sinapi—mustard; pisum—peaOther stuff: mul—mule; cirice—church; gemma--gem