1 Forest fire protectionIn Poland and Europe

2 Fire causes Human factors - fires caused by tourism and recreation, harvesting the fruit of the forest floor and doing business by the owners and the users of the forest. Causes of these fires are most often: arson, smoking, burning fire, using barbecues, burning branches, brushwood and plant residues, firing copper conductor insulation; Fires resulting from the lack of risk assessment capabilities for fire-fighting; The most common causes of these fires are smoking, open fire, burning fires, using fireworks; Machinery and equipment - fires resulting from the operation or failure of power lines, road or rail transport; The most common causes of these fires are: breaking of electric wires, sparking of the exhaust system of a motor vehicle, contact of a hot catalyst of the exhaust system with plant material, sparking of the braking system of a rail vehicle, electric rupture; Atmospheric factors - atmospheric discharges, droughts, eruptions of volcanoes; Metastasis of non-forest land - fires created on non-forested land and then transferred to the forest by wind; The causes of these fires are: the deliberate burning of the top layer of soil and plant residues in fields, meadows, pastures and ditches, burning of crops during harvest; Others - fires resulting from catastrophes, military exercises, weapons and ammunition testing, storage of weapons and military equipment; The cause of these fires are: shooting and bombing; Undetermined - the cause of fires can not be determined.

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4 Economic activities to limit the spread of forest firesForests located near objects that may pose a forest fire hazard are separated from the fire- retardant belts, maintained in a state that ensures their usefulness throughout the year. There are the following types of fire belts: A-type fire protection belt - a 30 m wide strip of ground adjacent to the road or object boundary. It separates the forest from public roads, non-public access roads. B-type fire protection belt - it is a 30 m wide strip of land adjacent to the boundary of the object or the road lane 2 to 5 m from the boundary of the object or road of 2 m BK-type fire protection belt - it is a belt of soil in the vicinity of the railway line on which the traffic is carried. It is executed parallel to the railway line in the form of two strips of soil (furrows) with a width of at least 2 m, 10 to 15 m apart and connected together by 25 to 50 m cross-straps of the same width. C-type fire protection belt - it is a belt of soil of 30 to 100 m wide, adjacent to the border of the object. It separates the forest from objects in military training grounds. D-type fire protection belt - this is a 30 to 100 m wide strip of soil separating large compact forest areas. These belts are laid down along the roads to enable rescue operations. The trees on this belt must have more than 50% deciduous species.

5 A-type fire protection beltB-type fire protection belt BK-type fire protection belt C-type fire protection belt D-type fire protection belt

6 The ground observation network is the primary means of detecting forest fires. This network is made up of points, that is, places from which forest areas can be observed to detect fires and transmit information about their detection. This function can be built up for this purpose perceptibly fires (watch towers and TVs) and substitute observation points located on other high buildings (skyscrapers, church towers, etc.).

7 Fire access Firefighting on forest land is equivalent to fire roads in urban areas. Fire brigades constitute the basic communication network of the forest complex in the planning and organization of rescue and firefighting operations. The starting point for assessing and creating a network of roads - commuter fires should be the existing network of public roads running in the forest complex, the distribution of biological fire bridges and water points and natural and artificial breaks in the stands (eg power lines, pipelines, etc.). Roads - fire paths should be compatible with the remaining communication network of the forest complex - regardless of the owner or manager of the forest. The fire brigade should provide vehicle passage and effective road ventilation and dehydration. On the edge of the road lane it is advisable to plant trees with low lateral lobe in order to naturally maintain the required gauge. Based on the network of fire routes, biological belts should be established as fire protection lines. On existing biological belts, running roads and lines of surface division should be adjusted to the fire route parameters. Fire access

8 Service activities Forest fire-fighting equipment are tools and devices useful for limiting the spread, extinguishing and extinction of forest fires on the topsoil of the forest soil and its cover, scrub and agricultural and other natural surfaces. Firefighting equipment is a tool and a means of carrying out firefighting and firefighting operations Fire extinguishers are sand and water and chemicals for softening or compaction of water and foaming. Equipment base is defined types and quantities of equipment, machinery, equipment and fire extinguishers, which are the equipment of the LP's organizational unit for the purpose of current liquidation and overfishing and a reserve for organizing firefighting operations of a regional nature. The type and quantity of equipment is determined on the basis of the applicable regulations, how to deal with the occurrence of a forest fire and other special circumstances occurring in the superintendence. Forest Districts are required to own and maintain a hardware base. Equipment of the equipment base should be wetting and foaming extinguishing agents. Different types and quantities of equipment, machinery and equipment may be located in more than one place within the territorial coverage of the superintendence. The arrangement of the equipment is agreed with the district (city) commandant of the PSP, in the first place with the appropriate field, according to the headquarters of the district superintendent.

9 Fire Patrols Ground fire patrols may be organized to:Detecting fires and extinguishing them in the bud. Such patrols are organized in forest areas with increased intensity of fires outside the range of observation points. The patrol is a single person, it is determined exactly patrol route and working time. He is equipped with a book of work, containing responsibilities. Supervising the safe behavior of people in the forest. Such patrols are organized in forest areas most frequented by people during their stay. These include, for example, the neighborhood of attractive tourist destinations, recreation and leisure centers, hiking trails. These patrols are made up of Forest Guard officers or uniformed Forest Service officers. Patrol is assigned to the area of action. Patrols should be equipped with: means of transport, handheld equipment for extinguishing fires in the bud, communication means - radiotelephone and / or telephone.

10 Water supply Water supply for fire protection purposes of the forest complex is water resources adapted to take water with fire extinguishing equipment. Artificial water resources include: covered and undersea tanks, hydrants and deep wells. The forest inspectorate is obliged to provide the required number of water intakes for firefighting purposes, adapted to take water with equipment held by the fire brigade. The point of taking water for forest fire protection consists of: water intake, water station, access from the nearest public road or fire exit. The amount of water for firefighting purposes shall be not less than: from a natural or artificial tank of 50 m3; From hydrant, watercourse or deep well - 10 dm3. The water supply or capacity required for the protected surface can be separated into two separate water intakes. The required discharge water in the tank / water tank / hydrant / deep well shall be provided from 1 March to 31 October and in case of high fire risk throughout the year.

11 Adaptation for the purpose of fire protection of water resources consists in: preparing roads - commuting to the water intake, leading from public roads or commuting fire; To build wells or other facilities for water intake with any fire equipment; Safeguard the scene from pollution and siltation; Preparation of maneuvering yards at minimum 20 × 20 m in the case of a no-drive, a detour or other means of simultaneous maneuvering and refueling of 3 vehicles; Ensuring the ability to draw water from a depth of no more than 4 m. Waterway Step descent into the water mirror

12 Fire danger Fire risk forecast The State Forests organizational units define the forest fire risk levels for 42 forecasting zones not covering mountain areas each day. Current forest fire forecasts and periodic forest entry prohibitions are prepared by the Forest Fire Protection Laboratory of the Forest Research Institute. A periodic ban on entry into the forest introduces superintendence, with high fire risk, if for 5 consecutive days the humidity measured at 9.00 will be lower than 10%. blue - no risk, green - small risk, yellow - medium risk

13 Prohibitions in the forestTo avoid fires in the woods we appeal to all those who live in these areas to observe the rules. In forests and in forest areas, in areas of meadows, peatbogs and heaths, and within 100 m of the forest border, it is forbidden to: Burning fire outside designated places, Firing the top layer of soil and plant residues, Smoking, except paved roads and places designated for the stay of people, In national parks we only move along designated trails. Previously, however, it is necessary to find out about the degree of forest fire risk that is in force on a given day and adapt to it - perhaps the ban on access to the forest, Do not enter the forest and to the young up to 3 m high, Let's move with the motor vehicles and the sleds only by means of road signs, Let's remember what determines the degree of fire hazard in forests: 0 - no risk, I – small risk, II - medium risk, III - high risk; Do not fire fires even in designated areas

14 The effects of fires The effects of fires are mostly negative.They endanger the lives and health of people (firefighters, forest workers, people resting in the woods, residents of surrounding settlements). They cause material loss (the precious raw material such as wood is destroyed, the forest adjacent to the forest can be burnt and planted - but it happens that the forest fire is triggered by a fire of crops or overgrown fallow, for example as a result of spring grass firing). Ecological losses in the natural environment. Fires cause complete or partial damage to plants (trees and plants undergrowth and fleece), death of animals that do not escape from fire, death of soil organisms (and degradation of soil itself on peat fires or peat soil), and habitat destruction of many species Plants and animals (often protected species). The tree weakened by fire can also be easily attacked by pests (fungi and insects). During fires, large amounts of solid (particulates and soot), liquid and gaseous pollutants are emitted (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons). The emission of these compounds poses a threat to the health (and even life) of the inhabitants of areas adjacent to the fire area.

15 Sources http://www.lasy.gov.pl/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna

16 Erwin Hawryś, Kacper Hawryś, Marta WeremiukLiceum Ogólnokształcące w Zespole Szkół im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Mińsku Mazowieckim ul. I-go PLM „Warszawa” nr 1 Klasa II A biologiczno-chemiczna