1 Function and Structure Notes Mi EspacioA Proficiency Planning Document

2 Function: Getting to Know Someone

3 Structure: Question wordsUse question word vocab at the beginning of the sentence to ask ?. ¿Quién es la maestra? They do not say DO in questions; just use the correct form of the verb. To ask a question without a question word, simply place the verb before the subject: ¿Vas tú a la clase? Question Words ¿Cómo?=How?/What? ¿De dónde?=From where? ¿Qué ?=What? ¿Quién / quiénes?=Who? ¿Cuál / cuáles? = Which?¿Cuándo?=When? ¿Dónde?=Where? ¿Por qué?=Why? ¿Cuánto(s)?=How much/many?

4 Structure: Personalized Question and AnswerPQ+A is used to get to know someone in a Spanish-speaking country. These questions and answers must be memorized; by doing so, you will look much smarter in Spanish than you really are. Questions and Answers (Preguntas y respuestas) ¿Cómo te llamas?  Me llamo Scott. ¿De dónde eres?  Soy de Newport. ¿Cuántos años tienes?  Tengo quince (15) años. ¿Dónde vives?  Vivo en Newport. ¿Cómo estás?  Estoy bien / mal / regular. ¿Cómo eres?  Soy alto, flaco, y popular. ¿Qué es ésto?  Es un libro.

5 Function: Exchanging Numbers with someone who is hot

6 Structure: Using cardinal numbersCounting in Spanish is as easy as counting in English; you just use different words to express each number. Use “Mi número es…” or “Mi teléfono es…” 1. Uno 16. diez y seis 31. treinta y uno Novecientos 2. Dos 17. diez y siete 40. cuarenta 1,000. un mil 3. Tres 18. diez y ocho 50. cincuenta 1,000,000. un millón 4. Cuatro 19. diez y nueve 60. sesenta 5. Cinco 20. veinte 70. setenta 6. Seis 21. veintiuno 80. ochenta 7. Siete 22. veintidós 90. noventa 8. Ocho 23. veintitrés ciento / cien 9. Nueve 24. veinticuatro 200. doscientos 10. Diez 25. veinticinco trescientos 11. Once 26. veintiséis cuatrocientos 12. Doce 27. veintisiete quinientos 13. Trece 28. veintiocho seiscientos 14. Catorce 29. veintinueve 700. setecientos 15. Quince 30. treinta ochocientos

7 Examples: Practice: 65 32 99 26 My number is 867-530957 = cincuenta y siete 11 = once 125 = ciento veinticinco Practice: 65 32 99 26 My number is

8 Function: Talking about your stuff

9 Structure: Nouns (singular and plural)A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing or concept. To make most nouns plural in Spanish, add an “s” if the word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u). If a word ends in a consonant (any letter other than a,e,i,o,u), add an “es.” If a noun (or adjective) ends with the letter “z,” the “z” becomes a “c” when plural and you add an “es”. Lápiz = lápices. Examples: El coche = los coches El árbol = los árboles La actriz = las actrices

10 Structure: Adjectives and Noun/Adj. AgreementAn adjective is a word that describes a noun. Good = bueno Spanish adjectives generally follow the nouns that they modify. El coche rojo. Nouns that end in “O” are masculine and most nouns that end in “A” are feminine. THIS IS IMPORTANT for AGREEMENT Spanish adjectives must agree in GENDER and in NUMBER with the nouns they modify. Most adjectives can be spelled 4 different ways in Spanish: Bueno  Bueno, buena, buenos, buenas. They all mean the SAME thing. Some adjectives that end in “E” can only be made plural by adding an “S”

11 Structure: Possessive AdjectivesPossessive adjectives are words that let people know to whom or to what something belongs. Unlike most adjectives, these are ALWAYS found BEFORE the nouns that they modify. These words are adjectives; they must match the nouns that they modify. Possessive Adjectives Mi /mis = my Tu / tus = your Su / sus = his /her Nuestro/nuestros/nuestra/nuestras = our Su / sus = their

12 Structure: The verb SERSER means “to be” and is used to describe people, places, and things. Remember to change the verb SER to match which subject you are using. For IT or THEY, when referring to objects, use the forms ES or SON. The forms of the verb SER are: Yo soy  I am. Tú eres  You are. Él/ella/Usted es  He/she/You(form) is / are. Nosotros somos  We are. Ellos/ellas/Ustedes son  They/You all are.

13 Examples: Practice: Mi ipod es negro. Su cama es alta.Nuestras escuelas son divertidas. Practice: Their friends are nice. Your girlfriend is ugly. My poster is tall. Our desks are fat. His chair is short.

14 Function: Setting your mood or posting your status

15 Structure: The verb ESTARESTAR means “to be” and is used to describe feelings and location. Remember to change the verb ESTAR to match which subject you are using. The forms of the verb ESTAR are: Yo estoy  I am. Tú estás  You are. Él/ella/Usted está  He/she/You(form) is / are. Nosotros estamos  We are. Ellos/ellas/Ustedes están  They/You all are. For IT or THEY, when referring to objects, use the forms ESTÁ or ESTÁN.

16 Examples: Practice: My friends are worried. We are surprised.Estoy triste. Ella está deprimida. Ustedes están enojados. Practice: My friends are worried. We are surprised. I am embarrassed. You are happy. She is mad.

17 Function: Saying what you and your friends are doing

18 Structure: Subject PronounsThe subject is the person, place, thing or idea that DOES the verb. Subject pronouns are words used to represent the subject in a sentence. Subject pronouns include: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. In Spanish, these pronouns are: I = Yo You = Tú He = Él She = Ella You (formal) = Usted We = Nosotros / Nosotras They = Ellos / Ellas You all = Ustedes

19 Structure: Present tense AR verbsVerbs are the action or power words in a sentence; they describe what someone is doing. In Spanish, verbs must be changed (conjugated) to match the person (subject) using the verb. There is nice, easy pattern to these changes (conjugations) of the verb. Simply memorize the pattern in order to conjugate verbs. Remember: YOU MUST CHANGE THE VERBS TO MATCH THE SUBJECT!

20 Pattern: To conjugate AR verbs, you must first take the STEM of the verb. The stem of any AR verb is the INFINITIVE minus AR (the infinitive is the stem + AR). HABLAR = infinitive meaning “to speak” The STEM of HABLAR  HABL Once you have the stem of the verb, simply add the ending that match each subject. Yo = O I speak= Yo hablo. Tú = AS You speak= Tú hablas. Él / Ella / Usted = A He/She speaks= Habla. Nosotros (as)= AMOS We speak= Nosotros hablamos. Ellos / ellas / Uds. = AN They/You all speak = Hablan.

21 Structure: Present tense ER/IR verbsVerbs are the action or power words in a sentence; they describe what someone is doing. In Spanish, verbs must be changed (conjugated) to match the person (subject) using the verb. There is nice, easy pattern to these changes (conjugations) of the verb. Simply memorize the pattern in order to conjugate verbs. Remember: YOU MUST CHANGE THE VERBS TO MATCH THE SUBJECT!

22 Pattern: To conjugate ER/IR verbs, you must first take the stem of the verb. The STEM of any ER/IR verb is the INFINITIVE minus ER/IR (the infinitive is the stem + ER/IR). VIVIR = infinitive meaning “to live” The STEM of VIVIR  VIV Once you have the stem of the verb, simply add the ending that match each subject. Yo = O I live = Yo vivo. Tú = ES You live = Tú vives. Él / Ella / Usted = E He/She lives = Vive. Nosotros(as)=EMOS/IMOS We live= Vivimos. Ellos / ellas / Uds. = EN They/You all live = Viven.

23 Examples: Practice: My friends write in school.Yo dibujo en la clase. Ellos comen mucho. Nosotros dormimos en la cama. Practice: My friends write in school. Your girlfriend runs through the park. He works in the store. They dream in the bed. We read in the library.

24 Function: Talking about your habits

25 Structure: Adverbs Use these adverbs to express frequency of actions.Adverbs do not change like adjectives do! Siempre = always nunca = never rara vez = rarely a veces = sometimes todos los días = everyday poco = a little Mucho = a lot / often de vez en cuando = once in a while

26 Examples: Practice: We rarely go for walks. I always watch movies.Mis amigos siempre leen en la biblioteca. Nuestra silla nunca anda. El mundo trabaja todos los días. Practice: We rarely go for walks. I always watch movies. She never goes on dates. You dance often. They play instruments everyday.

27 Function: Discussing what you like or don’t like to do

28 Structure: The verb GUSTARYou will essentially use GUSTAR like this: I like the car = Me gusta el coche. You like the girls = Te gustan las chicas. She likes the drugs = Le gustan las drogas. We like the school = Nos gusta la escuela. They like the movie = Les gusta la película. You will change the GUSTA to GUSTAN when something plural follows it. In front of He / She , you will need to add the letter ‘a’. All you have to do is add a verb when you want to talk about verbs: Me gusta dibujar. A ella le gusta nadar. Easy!

29 Examples: Practice: Me gustan los pantalones. A ella le gusta leer.Nos gustan los teatros Practice: I like my shirt. They like the skirts. We like the shoes. You like to eat. She likes to hang out with friends.

30 Function: Understanding how to describe qualities versus conditions

31 Structure: The verbs SER and ESTARThe verbs SER and ESTAR both mean “to be” in English. SER = Soy/Eres/Es/Somos/Son ESTAR = Estoy/Estás/Está/Estamos/Están I am = Soy/Estoy We are = Somos/Estamos You are = Eres/Estás They are = Son/Están He/she/it is = Es/Está The tricky part is to know when you should use one and not the other. The general rule of use is: Use SER for more permanent or lasting qualities and ESTAR for more temporary conditions. How you feel and where you are, always use the verb ESTAR.