1 Glencoe Modern World History Chapter 15: Africa & the Middle East1945-Present Kwame Nkrumah celebrated Ghana’s independence in 1957

2 Section 1: Independence in AfricaSharpeville Massacre “We went into Sharpeville the back way, around lunch time last Monday, driving along behind a big grey police car and three armoured cars. As we went through the fringes of the township many people were shouting the Pan-Africanist slogan ‘Our Land.’ They were grinning and cheerful Then the shooting started. We heard the chatter of a machine gun, then another, then another One woman was hit about ten yards from our car Hundreds of kids were running, too. Some of the children, hardly as tall as the grass, were leaping like rabbits. Some of them were shot, too.” Humphrey Taylor, 1960 Humphrey Taylor is currently the Chairman of the Harris Poll

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4 African Independence: Problems...Nkrumah Mandela Kenyatta Nyerere After World War II European powers realized that direct control of colonies in Africa was unprofitable economically and, perhaps, morally. By the mid- 1960’s most nations on the continent had achieved independence. Some of the leaders of these newly independent nations had the idea that all Africa should unite as a unified nation This was Pan-Africanism, and some of the proponents (left to right) are shown here. Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Nelson Mandela (jailed for many years) of South Africa, Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, and Julius Nyrere of Tanzania. Ultimately the movement failed. Why?

5 Crisis in Africa: HIV/AIDSOne huge problem that many countries in Africa face at present is the HIV/AIDS crisis. The map at left shows the dis- proportionate number of victims on the continent. More than 25 million people are infected which is two- thirds the entire total for the world. In Swaziland and Botswana more than 35% of the population is infected. What makes the disease so devastating? The lack of resources to fight it; treat- ment is very expensive.

6 Crisis in Africa: Rwandan GenocideRefugees from the horror Rwanda When Imperial powers divided up Africa they did not take into account ethnic and tribal differences When the British left Rwanda they left the Hutu tribe in power. The Hutus attacked the minority Tutsis and in 1994, when a civil war broke out the genocide began. An estimated 500,000 people were killed. Later many Hutus fled Rwanda and moved into the Democratic Republic of the Congo, igniting a civil war there. 3.5 million died there due to war-related famine and disease. Soon another genocide occurred in Darfur.

7 Crisis in Africa: Darfur GenocideAs the Sahara expands and Africa suffers from overpopulation crises like the one in Darfur are likely to continue. One factor is the climate change in the region. As the land becomes desert less and less good land is available. The current war started in 2003 and estimates are that up to 400,000 people have been killed in the region, and up to 2.5 million have been displaced. Horrible acts of rape and mutilation have occurred there; the violence is intertribal. China was criticized in 2008 for continuing to trade with the government of Sudan. Sudan is an important source of oil which fuels China’s growth.

8 South Africa 1994: End of ApartheidMandela Voting ANC Poster Bishop Desmond Tutu The news from Africa has not all been so bad. After many years of struggle for an end to the white dominated government of South Africa’s system of apartheid, universal suffrage was achieved in 1994 and the black African Majority was swept into power. The new government of South Africa opened a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to peacefully resolve claims for all people from the era of apartheid. Democracy triumphed in the end.

9 Section 2: Conflict in the Middle East“The land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and national identity was formed. In their exile from the land of Israel the Jews remained faithful to it in all the countries of their dispersal, never ceasing to hope and pray for the restoration of their national freedom. Therefore by virtue of the natural and historic right of the Jewish people to be a nation as other nations, and of the Resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations, we hereby proclaim the establishment of the Jewish nation in Palestine, to be called the State of Israel.” David Ben Gurion, 1948 David Ben Gurion was the First Prime Minister of Israel

10 The Middle East: From SpaceHow many countries are there”? Assignment: Identify the countries.

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12 Egypt & Nasser: Pan Arabism1956: Blocking the Suez Canal Suez Canal >>> Nasser After World War II Gamal Abdel Nasser came to power in Egypt and soon he became a proponent of Pan Arabism, a movement which would unify all the Middle Eastern nations into one country. In 1956 he asserted rights to the Suez Canal. War was averted when the United States backed Egypt, as long as they would pay Britain for the rights. Nasser became a hero in the region. Soon he united with Syria to form the UAR (United Arab Republic). But his hope for a unified Middle East was never achieved because wealthy oil nations did not want to share their wealth with poorer Arab nations. Ultimately Nasser lost His prestige in 1967 when he attacked Israel and lost territory in the Six Day War. He was replaced by General Anwar Sadat.

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14 Arab-Israeli Conflict: OngoingDome of the Rock Mosque Wailing Wall The key to solving the conflict in the region has everything to do with Jerusalem It would be easy to go on about the many wars fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors since World War II. These have occurred since the founding of the country. Notable is the Six Day War in 1967, where Israel gained the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights. Bottom Line: Israel has won militarily but the consequences are felt by many nations to this day, including the United States. For example, after Israel won the 1973 Yom Kippur war OPEC (Oil Producing Exporting Countries) embargoed oil to the U.S., and we had an oil shortage. The United States has suffered terrorist attacks like 9/11 in part because of its unflagging support of Israel.

15 Iran, Iraq & the U.S.: Bad BloodAyatollah Khomeini Sadaam Hussein Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Shah Reza Pahlavi In the years after World War II the U.S. supported the overthrow of an elected leader in Iran in favor of Shah Reza Pahlavi, who was more “friendly” to the West. He was a brutal dictator, however, and by 1979 a popular uprising led to the Shah’s removal. The new leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, reinstated Islamic law in Iran and soon there was a hostage crisis with the United States. Iran had an enemy next door in Iraq; Sadaam Hussein was its leader and he launched an eight year war against the country. When that failed he moved south and took over Kuwait. This led to the first Gulf War. Now the U.S. is involved in Afghanistan and Iraq. And Iran’s leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is unhappy.

16 Section 3: The Challenge of Terrorism“I said to Peter, ‘What do you think that is?’ I remember looking outside and saw people scurrying it was all happening to the left of the entrance. I saw the flash and then I woke up, flat on my back, with about five or six bodies on top of me, from the lower ribcage down. We’d been standing shoulder to shoulder and it knocked us down like a field of wheat. When I got up on my elbows, there was no one in the room standing. It’s led me to believe that I may have been the last person to get out of the club alive. I must have had an immense rush of adrenaline, because everything seemed so crystal clear. I saw arms and legs everywhere. It was dark. The ceiling had spot fires on it and looked like it was alight on top. It was the most macabre, surreal experience. There was a deathly silence.” Glen DuBois, 2002 Glen DuBois was a survivor of thr Deadly terrorist bombing in Bali, Indonesia, in 2002

17 Terrorists use violence to achieve political endsTerrorists use violence to achieve political ends. In the post – Cold War era radical groups have been frustrated by the overwhelming military forces of the United States and Israel, so suicide bombings, hijackings, kidnapping and murdering people has become more common. How can the problem of Terrorism be solved?

18 End of Chapter 15 Sunset on the Sea of Galilee Sunset in IraqEgyptian Sunset Iranian Sunset