1 Globalization and MigrationXiaoyu Yang I 39032 Wang He Christine Chua I40032
2 Table of Content • Introduction of migration• The history of migration • The cause of migration • Global flow of migrants • Migration and globalization • Effects of global migration • Conclusion: Is the world more migratory?
3 Introduction of migrationMigration? Immigration ? Immigration: refers specially to the movement of foreign nationals into a different country for permanent settlement. Migration: refers to the movement of people more generally, whether internationally or domestically and whether for temporary or permanent settlement.
4 Introduction of migrationImmigration usually are individual and families Migration happens in large numbers. Some perspective on the words: “Migrant is a broad term that includes refugees and those moving for economic reasons. We have been using the term in our reporting about the crisis in Europe because many of these people are still on the move, and some may wish to return home one day. Immigrant refers to those who have moved to a foreign country with the intention of settling there.” ---L.A. Times Reporter
5 Introduction of migrationThe categories of migration: Circular migration is the often, but not necessarily voluntary movement of migrants between countries. Circular migrants include workers who are brought in to satisfy a host country's labor demands. Labor migration such as this tends to be regulated by governments. Forced migration is not voluntary but rather necessary for survival. Those in this category include refugee victims of displacement, natural disaster, warfare and famine. Irregular migration is a process by which migrants enter a host country illegally, that is, without the proper documentation or without following the regulated channels.
6 History of migration Permanent settlement in the colonies (1500s to mid 19th century) Following the European colonisation of North and South America (as well as Australia and New Zealand), there was large scale migration of people from Europe who settled permanently in these regions. The European colonization of the Americas began in the 1500s and gathered pace during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain, France, Spain and so on promoted the settlement of their nationals abroad. And this migration helped to establish the dominion of Europe over large parts of the world.
7 History of Migration Slavery (1550 to the end of 18th century)The slave trade was one of the largest mass migration of labour in human history. the first slave ship sailed from Africa to the West Indies in 1550 to meet the need for intensive field labor in the sugar and tobacco plantation owned by White settlers. It is estimated that over 10 million Africans were forcibly taken from mainly western Africans to the Americas as slaves. Today it is estimated that around 40 million people in the Americas and the Caribbean are descended from slaves. By the early 18th century, Britain became the world’s leading slave trading power. And large scale slave trading in Africa ceased in the end of the 19th century, and all forms of slavery were abolished through legislation.
8 History of Migration Migration to the New World (1800s-1930)This phrase of international migration is linked to the rise of Untied States as an industrial power and the industrialization of Australia and New Zealand. Migrants sought to escape poverty and the politically repressive regimes in their home countries, and motived by the prospect of economic opportunity settled in the Americas. It is estimated that approximately 48 million people left Europe between and And the New Zealand and Australia governments continued to offer assisted passages to migrants from Europe until the 1970s.
9 History of Migration Post World War 2 ( late 1940s to 1960s)This period of migration took place when labor was needed in post-war reconstruction efforts in Europe and to service the economic boon in Europe, North America and Australia. Migrants from former colonies in the Caribbean and South Asia came to find work in Britain, migrant form Turkey went to Germany and North Africa went to France. For some categories of migrants, such as those from Britain to Australia , this migration was perceived as a permanent move that was encouraged by receiving nation- the Australian government paid a grant of £10 to each migrant. Many of these labour migrants, including South Asian migrants, went on to settle in the receiving country.
10 History of Migration Post 1970s migrationThe migration in post 1970s has grown differently. In addition to the traditional immigration receiving countries in Americas, Western Europe and so on, a range of other countries attract a growing population of migrants, such as Italy, Spain and Portugal. Additionally the escalation of oil prices and the resulting economic boom in the Gulf region has led to massive immigration to meet the demand for labor, though those are not permanent immigration. And there also been a rise in labour migration to newly industrialized countries such as Honking and Thailand.
11 History of Migration Post 1970s migrationBut this phrase of migration is kind of different from earlier periods of migration. Especially the proportion of women migrants has increased over the years. Women traditionally migrated to join their partners or families in the earlier stage, while an increasing number of women are migrating independently. Another change is that migration was more likely to end in permanent settlement in earlier phases, while temporary and circular migration is again becoming more important. And people are more likely to move more than once in their lives, to different countries and to return to their original country.
12 Migration Crisis More than a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe in 2015, sparking a crisis as countries struggled to cope with the influx, and creating division in the EU over how best to deal with resettling people.
13 Migration Crisis Which countries are migrants from?Where are migrants going ? Which European countries are most affected?
14 The reasons why do people migrateEconomic migration - moving to find work or follow a particular career path social migration - moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends political migration - moving to escape political persecution or war environmental - causes of migration include natural disasters such as flooding
15 The reasons why do people migratePush factors are the reasons why people leave an area. They include: lack of services, lack of safety, high crime, flooding, poverty, war Pull factors are the reasons why people move to a particular area. They include: higher employment, more wealth, better services, good climate, less crime, political stability, more fertile land and so on
16 Global flow of migrant Categories of migrants —vagabonds: have no choice Tourists: affordable Q: who are vagabonds? who are tourists?
17 Global flow of migrant Refugees : safety concernLabor migration : lack of job or good job opportunity Q: what problems could happen in migration?
18 Global flow of migrant Problems : Barriers for both sides ConflictsTerrorism Q: what is the specific motive for migration?
19 Global flow of migrant specific motive for migrationPush: economic depression, war, and famine in the home country Pull: favorable immigration policy, labor shortage, similar language and culture Q: will you join the flow of migration?
20 Global flow of migrant
21 Global flow of migrant The term diaspora is increasingly being used to describe migrant communities. Diasporization and globalization are closely inter-connected and the expansion of the latter will lead to an increase in the former. Virtual migration: Today there exist virtual diasporas which utilize technology such as the internet to maintain the community network. Q: will virtual diaspora be the new mainstream of migration?
22 Migration and GlobalizationChristine C. I40032
23 Migration and Globalization“Widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life.” Transport and communication technology brought by globalization has caused global migration pattern to become more complex, in terms of its volume, diversity and geographical scope. Christine C. I40032
24 Global Migration Technology drives global migration.“A technological and political process” Technology drives global migration. Cost. Transportation technology and options. Networks and transnational ties. Global information. “Increased capabilities and aspirations to migrate” (de Haas, 2009) Christine C. I40032
25 Global Migration Politics drive global migration.“A technological and political process” Politics drive global migration. • Laissez-faire Economy. • Cross-border flows. • Acceleration and Diversification of Migrants. Christine C. I40032
26 Effects of Global Migration“Migration affects both the country of origin and country of destination. The effects of migration are social, economic and political. Source Country Costs Benefits Loss of adult labour force and skilled talents. Reduced unemployment rate. Disproportionate social gender structure. Home remittances can drive local economy. Non-returning migrants and returning retired migrants impact on social cost. Returning migrants bring new skills to home country. Policies on developing resources. Christine C. I40032
27 Effects of Global Migration“Migration affects both the country of origin and country of destination. The effects of migration are social, economic and political. Destination Country Costs Benefits Increased pressure on resources i.e. healthcare and education. ‘Skill gaps’ filled and reduced labour cost. Over-dependence of migrants in industries i.e. Construction (UK) Understanding of other cultures in a multi-ethnic society. Lost of cultural identities, ethnic segregation, migrant dominant areas. Influx of new cultural experiences or services i.e Turkish bath, ethnic retailing or food outlets. Home remittances. Cost of retirement transferred. Christine C. I40032
28 Effects of Global MigrationBrain Drain“The emigration of high-skill individuals of foreign born, aged 25 or more with an academic or professional degree beyond high school.” (Docquier and Rapoport, 2011) 7. Mexico (70% Ph.D in US, 79% non-returning students) 3. Kenya (~1.8M, 70% non-returning students) 6. China (>1M, 70% non-returning students) 4. South Africa (~70% willing to leave) 5. Iran (>4M, ~25% Pop., >$50B loss) 10. England (>1.1M, 1 in 10 skilled) 9. Malaysia (2 in 10) 8. Jamaica (>80% Pop.) 2. Nigeria (>11M, ~2M in US) 1. Ethiopia (>75% Pop.) Christine C. I40032
29 Effects of Global MigrationBrain Drain“The emigration of high-skill individuals of foreign born, aged 25 or more with an academic or professional degree beyond high school.” (Docquier and Rapoport, 2011) 10 England 9 Malaysia 8 Jamaica 7 Mexico 6 China 5 Iran 4 South Africa 3 Kenya 2 Nigeria 1 Ethiopia Christine C. I40032
30 Effects of Global MigrationRefugee Crisis“A person who has fled his own country and cannot return due to fear of persecution on race, religion, nationality, political opinion.”
31 Effects of Global MigrationCountries hosting the largest number of refugees in the world. Source: World Atlas
32 Source: Business InsiderEffects of Global Migration Refugees and the European Union. Source: Business Insider
33 Effects of Global MigrationRefugees and the European Union. Source: The International Economy
34 Effects of Global MigrationRefugees and the European Union. Source: The International Economy
35 Effects of Global MigrationRefugees and the European Union. Source: The International Economy
36 Effects of Global MigrationRefugees and the European Union. Source: The International Economy
37 Globalization: Is the World More Migratory?Migration propositions Intensity (# of people) Distance Volume (increased interconnectedness) Diversification Borders (decreased of bilateral borders, transit areas)
38 Globalization: Is the World More Migratory?Assessing the intensity or acceleration of global migration. Increased percentage of population. In 2015, there were 244 million migrants, compared with 93 million in But such statistics overlook the parallel increase in the world's population, which has risen from three billion to almost 7.3b during the same period. Professor Angela McCarthy, University of Otago Director, Centre for Global Migrations 3.3% of world population for the past 60 years. Source: NZ Herald (16 May, 2017)
39 Globalization: Is the World More Migratory?Assessing the intensity or acceleration of global migration. Increased percentage of population. Diversification (spread and distance). 10 Turkey 4,300,000 9 Philippines 8 United Kingdom 4,700,000 7 Pakistan 6 Bangladesh 5,400,000 5 Ukraine 6,600,000 4 China 8,300,000 3 Russia 11,100,000 2 India 11,400,000 1 Mexico 11,900,000 Countries with the most emigrants living abroad. Source: World Atlas March 1, 2017
40 Globalization: Is the World More Migratory?Countries with the largest diaspora population, 2000 and 2015 Source: United Nations Migration Report 2015
41 Globalization: Is the World More Migratory?Countries hosting the largest migrants, 2000 and 2015 Source: United Nations Migration Report 2015
42 The world is not more migratory, but “skewed” on a global level.Conclusion Globalization is not as a change in the migration volume, but as an underlying spatial patterns of migration. Regions are not affected in a uniformed way. The world is not more migratory, but “skewed” on a global level. Since 2008, approximately 22.5 million people have been forced from their homes due to climate and weather related events. These individuals often remain within their home countries and are not considered refugees in the traditional sense, but their situation is dire. As global climate change accelerates so too will the number of climate-affected refugees.