1 Grace Christian AcademyThe Modern Middle East (1914-present) By: Mr. Mark Gonzalez Ms Susan Pojer Grace Christian Academy

2 The Decline of the Empire: 18c

3 The Ottoman Empire in 1914

4 Sultan Abdul Hamid II: 1876-1909 The Last Ottoman Emperor!

5 The Young Turks Revolt: 1908Enver Pasha Minister of War Ottoman Commander- in-Chief Mehmet Talaat Grand Vizier,

6 The Young Turks ProgramPushed for reforms  basic democratic rights: freedom of speech. freedom of assembly. freedom of the press. Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous empire).

7 World War I Alliances: 1914-1918

8 Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1

9 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)Republican People’s Party Goals: republicanism (National Assembly). nationalism (“Turkification”). populism (for the benefit of the people). statism (state-controlled economy). secularism/westernization (free from religious control). 1924  abolished sharia law/the Islamic caliphate.

10 Atatürk’s Reforms “Turkify” the Islamic faithTranslate the Qur’an into Turkish. Secular education. Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished. Sharia courts closed  new secular courts. Western-style clothing Forbid the wearing of the fez  Western-style men’s suits. Attacked the veiling of women.

11 20th century Persia- divided into 3 parts: one piece controlled by the Persian (or Iranians), another controlled by Russia, another controlled by Britain

12 Formation of Iran Pahlavi Dynasty-ruled by the moderate Shiite Muslim Shah Secularized Iran-even gave women voting rights, restricted polygamy, gave women work outside home Shahs-Dictators supported by Britain and USA Muslim clergy unhappy-strict Shiites -too many changes too fast Imams called for an Islamic Revolution against the Shahs

13 Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran with US President Jimmy Carter1979 January 16: Shah of Iran flees Iran and Ayatollah Khomeini returns from exile to establish fundamentalist Shiite Islamic government in Iran on February 26.

14 In 1979 Islamic fundamentalist Ayatollah Khomeini seized control of Iran. He hated America calling it the ”Great Satan.” and Israel-”Little Satan”. He turned Iran into a theocracy where religious bullies enforced harsh Koranic laws. * Khomeini launched an Islamic cultural revolution (similar to Mao’s in China)-cleared out the moderate Muslims from Iran’s universities and oppressed women and silenced any forms of free speech

15 America’s Humiliation 1979Iranian Muslim fundamentalists seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran taking 66 hostages. They demanded the U.S. send them the Shah as the price for freeing the prisoners. Carter refused. They would not be released until Jan when Ronald Reagan became President.

16 Carter ordered the military to attempt a rescueCarter ordered the military to attempt a rescue. This resulted in a disaster when two U.S. aircraft collided, ending the mission before it got off the ground. 8 Americans were killed in the April 24-25, 1980 hostage rescue attempt. Crashed U.S. aircraft in the Iranian desert

17 A Conflict between 2 peoples and Islam v. JudaismIsrael/Palestine A Conflict between 2 peoples and Islam v. Judaism

18 The Symbol of Judaism

19 Messiah Jews believe a Messiah (savior, deliverer) will come to save them, save the world, and rule over all from Jerusalem Christians believe the Messiah is Jesus, Jews do not.

20 The Chosen People Jews believe they are the “Chosen People” who introduce the Messiah to the world ”I have made you a light to the Gentiles, to bring salvation to the farthest corners of the earth.”—(Isaiah 49:6, Acts 13:47)

21 The Chosen People Jews believe they are the “Chosen People” who introduce the Messiah Isaiah 43:10 New Living Translation (NLT)10 “But you are my witnesses, O Israel!” says the L-RD.     “You are my servant. You have been chosen to know me, believe in me,     and understand that I alone am G-d. There is no other G-d—     there never has been, and there never will be.

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23 The Holy Land and City Israel-the sacred homeland of the Jewish religion Jerusalem-the holiest city for Jews-site of their ancient temple Many Jews still pray at the Western Wall of the ancient Jewish temple

24 The Western Wall

25 Praying at the Western WallVideo clip on the Western Wall and Shabbat

26 Kibbutzim-Jewish agricultural settlements in Israel: making the desert bloom

27 Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1917Secret partition agreement made during WW I between French and Britain to divide up part of the Ottoman Empire even before the war was even over

28 The Balfour Declaration of 1919British Declared support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine/Israel Major boost for Zionism-goal to create a homeland for Jews in Israel Angered the Arab peoples called Palestinians who were already living there-British promised them independence too

29 The British Mandate of Palestine (1919-46)Mandate system-set up territories as trusteeships under the care of European powers such as France and in particular Britain Many former German and Ottoman colonies became mandates Mid-eastern people not “trustworthy” enough to rule themselves yet

30 Israel: 1947 & Israel: 1949

31 The 1947 UN Partition Plan The UN voted to separate Palestine/Israel into 3 separate pieces: 1. Jewish state called Israel 2. Arab/Palestinian State 3. Jerusalem (international city) Jews accepted the plan. Palestinians rejected it.

32 The Nazi Holocaust The Nazis led by Hitler systematically killed over 6 million Jews from over a period of 12 years-1/2 in concentration camps After WW 2 ,large amounts of Jewish Holocaust survivors immigrated to the new Jewish country of Israel- Watch Homeland question scene-blood and tears video

33 DEATH CAME IN MANY FORMSGAS CHAMBER ZYKLON B POISON GAS EINSATZGRUPPEN STARVATION

34 Looting the Holocaust VictimsGold rings stolen by the Nazis The Nazis stole everything they could from their victims, including clothing, shoes, linens, jewelry, watches, and even women’s hair. These items were shipped by train from the concentration camps and death camps back to Germany. Some camp prisoners worked collecting the personal property of victims. They had to sort, count, and pack the items, then prepare them for shipment back to Germany. In addition to shoes, these prisoners also took clothing, coats, wristwatches, and other personal possessions. Camp prisoners known as Goldjuden or “Gold Jews” were required to check the teeth of all victims and extract any gold fillings; the Germans would then melt down the gold. Shoes from victims of Majdanek

35 Aliyah Bet- aliyah means in Hebrew “return” to the Promised Land“illegal” (to the British)Jewish immigration to Palestine. The ship Exodus, 1947.

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37 Israel Becomes a Nation: May 14, 1948Chaim Weizmann, 1st President David Ben-Gurion, 1st Prime Minister

38 War Begins!: May 15, 1948 5 surrounding Arab countries invaded IsraelIsrael miraculously defeated them all and even captured West Jerusalem and the Western Wall The War created 700,000 Palestinian refugees TransJordan took in 500,000 refugees-watch video:”Refugees-Blood and Tears”

39 Palestinian Refugees Palestinian Diaspora

40 Nasser, Egypt and the Suez Crisis (1956)Egypt was a mandate of Britain, but granted independence in 1922. Egypt formed and led the League of Arab States Gamal Nasser-nationalist leader emerged in 1952 Declared Suez Canal belonged to Egypt France and Britain protested, US supported Nasser Nasser moved troops towards Israel and banned Israeli ships in the Suez Canal Gamal Abdul Nasser President of Egypt

41 Six-Day War (1967) Israel captured East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip and all of the West Bank in just 6 days The UN Passed Resolution 242-condemned the Israeli pre-emptive strike and occupation and refused to acknowledge Jerusalem as the Israeli capital. Israel must withdraw Israel accepted the resolution, but retained much of the land in order to protect themselves from future Arab attacks

42 Why Israel can’t give withdraw to its pre-1967 borders

43 Israel’s stunning victory and subsequent occupation of Arab lands created problems that led to another war in 1973

44 Israeli troops celebrate at the Jerusalem holy sites-the Dome of the Rock-video “Six Day War”

45 Palestine Liberation OrganizationTerrorist Yassir Arafat founds the PLO with the goal of establishing a Palestinian Nation-State

46 Yom-Kippur War (Oct.6, 1973) This time 13 nations gather and do a surprise attack Israel on the holiest Jewish holiday Yom Kippur Israel extends its territory as far west as the Suez Canal

47 Yom-Kippur War (Oct.6, 1973) Jewish prime minister Golda Meir to US Pres Nixon: “Mr. President, by the time you get here, we won’t be here” Israeli forces with the help of God and US weaponry were able to push back the invading forces

48 Camp David Accords (1979) President President Prime Minister Anwar Sadat Jimmy Carter Menachem Begin of Egypt of the U. S Of Israel

49 Camp David Accords (1979) Israel agrees to withdraw from the Sinai peninsula and make peace with Egypt Israel agrees to negotiate more land for peace Egypt becomes the first Arab nation to recognize Israel’s right to exist

51 The 1993 Oslo Peace AgreementPalestinians would declare Jewish Israel’s right to exist Jews would hand over land for peace-the Golan Heights and the Gaza Strip Palestinians would stop terrorist attacks against Israeli Jews Jews would allow for limited Palestinian self-rule in parts of the West Bank

52 Alright Boys- “Lets shake and be friends-huh, huh”Yasir Arafat (Palestinian) Poisoned or died of AIDS Yitzak Rabin (Israel) Assassinated in 1995 Bill Clinton (USA)

53 The 2000s Since 1993 Peace Accords:Israel evacuated the Gaza Strip settlements in August 2005 Terrorist Group HAMAS has taken over the Gaza Strip Control over the West Bank and Jerusalem still unresolved at this date The Golan Heights situation is still unresolved due to disagreements on the Sea of Galilee and Mt Hermon-video clip threshold of peace

54 Rocket Attacks and RetaliationsWeekly, Israeli cities are attacked by rockets fired from Gaza Strip by HAMAS terrorists The Israeli military’s response is usually swift and targets Hamas buildings, but sometimes innocent Palestinians are killed Jews continue to build settlements in East Jerusalem, the West Bank and Golan Heights

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59 United Nation Peace Conference DebateThe Players

60 The late Palestinian Authority leader and terrorist Yasir Arafat-possibly was assassinated by either Jewish Mossad (spy agency) or HAMAS

61 The new Palestinian Authority (PA) Prime Minister-Mahmoud Abbas

64 Likkud Leader Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu Prime Minister of Israel

65 Kadima leader Tzipi Livini Jewish leader

66 Ultra Orthodox Jews-want a religious Jewish state and rebuild the Jewish Temple

67 Peace Now-a group of Jews and Arabs that want everyone to share the land

68 US President Barak Obama and Secretary of State Hilary Clinton-want Israel to stop expanding settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem