1 Grammar: Parts of SpeechNoun Adverb Pronoun Preposition Adjective Conjunction Verb Interjection

2 Noun A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea Examples:People: farmer, mechanic, Professor Haskins Places: ocean, Canada, porch, Spain, classroom Things: Scissors, pen, smiles, tugboat, braces Ideas: love, inspiration, anxiety, happiness Common Nouns Proper Nouns hospital Genesys Hospital school Flushing High School

3 Nouns Continued: Collective noun: names a group of people or thingsExamples: jury, herd, flock, family, fleet, club, class, group Compound noun: a noun consisting of more than a single word. It could be separate words such as social studies, physical education, dining room OR it could be two words joined by a hyphen such as merry-go-round, thirty-three, sister-in-law, great-grandmother OR it could be combined words such as schoolteacher, bookkeeper, landlord. See worksheet 1.1A “Plus a Quotation (Nouns)” pg 11

4 Pronoun A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.We use pronouns to refer to a noun (called its antecedent) that usually comes before the pronoun, and we also use pronouns to make our writing clearer, smoother, and less awkward Examples: Roberto feels he can win the race. “he” is the pronoun, and “Roberto” is the antecedent.

5 Pronouns Continued: Personal pronouns refer to people and things. They are divided into three categories called first person (referring to the person who is speaking: I went to the mall.), second person (referring to the person spoken to: Joey, can you see the bus?), and third person (referring to anyone or anything else: Bob saw us do this assignment.)

6 Personal Pronouns Continued:Singular Plural First person I, my, mine, me we, our, ours, us Second person you, your, yours you, your, yours Third person he, his, him, she, they, their, her, hers, it, its theirs, them

7 Pronouns Continued: A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding –self, or –selves to certain personal pronouns. Examples: myself, himself, herself, itself, yourselves An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. Examples: which, who, whom, whose

8 Pronouns Continued: A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a specific person or thing. Ex: Theresa, is this yours? this is the demonstrative pronoun, and yours is the personal pronoun. Examples: this, that, these, those An indefinite pronoun often does not refer to a specific or definite person or thing. It usually does not have a definite or specific antecedent as a personal pronoun does. Example: Everybody will select another to help with everything. All 3 italicized words are indefinite pronouns

9 More Indefinite Pronouns:all each more one another either most other any everybody much several anybody everyone neither some anyone everything nobody somebody anything few none someone both many no one

10 Writing Tip Make sure your pronouns are clear so that readers will not be confused. In the sentence, “John told Fred that he had been invited to Lucy’s party,” do we know who “he” is? Not really! See worksheet 1.2A “Two at a Time (Pronouns)” pg 15

11 Adjectives An adjective modifies (qualifies or limits the meaning of) a noun or a pronoun. It answers the questions, What kind? How many? How much? Ex: Carrie read an interesting story. (What kind of story?) interesting Ex: The recent article has that information. (Which article?) recent Ex: Kent owns those surfboards. (Which surfboards?) those Ex: Wendy paid fifty dollars for the jacket. (How many dollars?) fifty Ex: Much space was devoted to her artwork. (How much space?) much

12 Adjectives Continued:The words a, an, and the are the most frequently used adjectives. They are sometimes referred to as articles, but they are really adjectives. A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun. Examples: Italian bread, Herculean strength, Midas touch, Canadian sunset A compound adjective is a word composed of two or more words, sometimes hyphenated. Examples: landmark decision, black-and-blue mark, hometown hero * Do not use a hyphen after an adverb ending in –ly Examples: newly painted mural, sickly sweet odor

13 Adjectives Continued:People sometimes confuse adjectives with nouns or with pronouns. Here are some points to remember: *Question 1: When is a word a noun? When is a word an adjective? The magazine article applauded the students’ efforts in the charity drive. (Magazine is an adjective describing which article)

14 Adjectives Continued:*Question 2: When is a word a pronoun? When is a word an adjective? Examples: This problem is difficult. (This is an adjective since it answers the question, Which problem?) This is difficult. (This is a pronoun since it takes the place of a noun and does not modify a noun or a pronoun.) Some people are very funny. (Some is an adjective since it answers the question, Which people?) Some are funny. (Some is a pronoun since it takes the place of a noun and does not modify a noun or a pronoun.) See Worksheet 1.3A “And a Trip to the Zoo (Adjectives)” pg 19

15 Verb Action Verbs: tell what action (often a physical action) a subject is performing, has performed, or will perform Examples: My father delivers packages to department stores each day. Louie bowled a perfect game last night. Linking Verbs: connect (or link) a subject to a noun or an adjective in the predicate. The most common linking verbs are the forms of the verb “to be” (is, are, was, were, am, be, been, being, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn) Examples: My sister is a doctor. (Linking Verb) Examples: My sister is studying to become a doctor. (“is” is a helping verb for the main verb, “studying”. It is NOT a LV)

16 Verbs Continued: A helping verb assists the main verb in a sentence. There can be more than one helping verb in each sentence. In a questioning (interrogative) sentence, the helping verb is usually separated from the main verb. The common helping verbs are is, are, was, were, may, can, might, must, could, would, should, do, does, did, shall, will, have, has, had

17 Verbs Continued: Examples: The italicized word in each sentence is the helping verb. The underlined word is the main verb. The members are going to the city tomorrow. Are the members going to the city tomorrow? That joke has been heard around the office. Has that joke been heard around the office? See worksheet 1.4A “Where the Boys Are (Verbs)” pg 23

18 Adverb An adverb is a word that modifies (qualifies or limits) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Many adverbs end in –ly Adverbs answer any of these four questions: Where, When, How, To what extent? Adverbs make writing more specific and more exact See the next slide for common adverbs that do not end in -ly

19 Adverbs Continued: Common Adverbs NOT Ending in -lyagain almost alone already also always away even ever here just later never not now nowhere often perhaps quite rather seldom so sometimes somewhat somewhere soon then there today too very yesterday yet

20 Adverbs Continued: Adverbs modify verbs:John ate quickly. (How did he eat?) Ashley will eat soon. (When will Ashley eat?) Adverbs modify adjectives: Rex is very happy. (Very modifies the adj happy and answers the question, To what extent?) The program was too unrealistic. (To what extent?) Adverbs modify other adverbs: Warren walks too quickly. (Too modifies the adverb quickly and answers the question, How quickly?) He moved rather recently. (Rather modifies the adverb recently and answers the question, How recently?)

21 Adjective VS Adverb: Examples:Helen has a yearly membership at the local health club. (Yearly is an adjective since it modifies the noun membership and tells which membership.) Helen contributes yearly. (Yearly is an adverb since it modifies the verb contributes and answers the question, When does Helen contribute?) Mike arrived late. (Late is an adverb since it tells when Mike arrived.) The late delivery cut down on sales in the supermarket. (Late is an adjective because it tells which delivery.) See worksheets 1.5A & 1.5B “Scrambled Up for You!” & “Dressing Up” pgs 28-29

22 Preposition A common preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence. Examples: The man swam under the bridge. (Under connects the idea of swam and bridge.) She walked down the aisle. (Down connects walked and aisle.) Julie walked around the campus and toward town. (Around connects walked and campus. Toward connects walked and town.)

23 Commonly Used Prepositions:Aboard about above across After against along among Around as at before Behind below beneath beside Besides between beyond but By concerning despite down During except for from In inside into like Near of off on onto opposite out outside Over past since through Throughout till to toward Under underneath until up Upon with within without

24 Prepositions Continued:But is a preposition only when it can be replaced by the word except. Example: All but Teddy went inside. (but is a preposition since it connects All and Teddy and can be replaced by the word except.) Another type of preposition is the compound preposition. It does the same as a common preposition but is composed of two or more words. See the next slide for the most common compound prepositions.

25 Most Common Compound Prepositions:According to ahead of apart from As of aside from because of By means of in addition to in back of In front of in place of in spite of Instead of in view of next to On account of out of prior to

26 Adverb or Preposition? The difference between a preposition and an adverb is that an adverb answers the questions, Where? When? How? To what extent? by itself. Both common and compound prepositions need more than just themselves to answer the same questions: He fell down. (Down is an adverb because it takes only one word to tell where he fell. Also, it answers the question, Where did he fall?) He fell down the stairs. (Down is a preposition because it takes more than a single word to tell where he fell. Also, it shows the relationship between fell and stairs.) See worksheet 1.6A “Finding the Four Words (Prepositions)” pg 32

27 Conjunction A conjunction connects words or groups of words. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating, correlative, subordinating. A coordinating conjunction is a single connecting word. These seven words are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so (fanboys). The boys and girls worked at the fair. (And joins the names boys and girls.) I would like to help you, but I will be busy tonight. (But joins two sentences or complete ideas.)

28 Conjunctions Continued:Correlative conjunctions are pairs of connecting words. These five pairs of words are: both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, and whether/or. Both Henry and Marcy are leaving the dance now. (The correlative conjunctions join two names.) Not only will they leave now, but they will also not be here to help clean up. (The correlative conjunctions join two sentences or complete ideas.) Either go with them or stay here and help. (The correlative conjunctions illustrate a choice.) He went neither to the stadium nor to the concert hall during this vacation. (The correlative conjunctions join two prepositional phrases.) See worksheet 1.7A “Appropriately Chosen! (Conjunctions)” pg 34

29 Interjection An interjection is a word that expresses strong feeling or emotion. An interjection usually comes at the beginning of the sentence. An interjection is often followed by an exclamation point (!) when the emotion is strong or a comma (,) when the emotion is mild. Do not overuse interjections. Include one when you want to make your point. If you use too many interjections, your writing loses its power and effectiveness.

30 Common Interjections:Aw Bravo Darn Dear me Eek Eh Gee Golly Goodness gracious Gosh Hallelujah Hey Hurrah Hurray Mmm Oh Oh no Oops Ouch Phew Rats Really Ugh Well Whoa Whoops Wow Yea Yeh Yes Yippee See worksheet 1.8A “With Great Feeling!!! (Interjections)” pg 36

31 Review Activities: Pages 38-41 Got Grammar? by Jack Umstatter