1 Haileslassie, Whitbread, Krishna, WaniPhoto : Amare Haileslassie ICRISAT/ILRI Science and implementation of the SA Dryland System: Progress, Lessons & Challenges Ahead Haileslassie, Whitbread, Krishna, Wani Science & implementation workshop/Amman (30/06-4/07/14)

2 Topics of PresentationLocation and characteristics of the action sites What do we want to achieve ? Key research questions, methods, scales and partners Synopsis of activities implemented and emerging issues Lessons and Challenges

3 Intensive rainfed systemsLocation and characteristics of the action sites Agro pastoral systems Irrigation systems Tree based systems Intensive rainfed systems

4 Location and characteristics of the action sitesRainfall gradients ~ mm Diversity in soil and thus the soil-water dynamics influencing agricultural practices (sand- clay texture) Extensive & intensive and farming systems Systems undergoing rapid changes (e.g. migration, non-farm employment) Photo : Amare Haileslassie ICRISAT/ILRI Photo : Amare Haileslassie ICRISAT/ILRI

5 Location and characteristics of the action sitesYield instability (Anantapur) and high CV (Rajastahn) Changes in the structures of farming systems (e.g. livestock species, land holding size) Production systems and livelihoods in transition: how can we support? Income in Indian rupees Haileslassie et al…2013

6 What we want to achieve & research questionsGenerating knowledge on the present performances of production systems. What are structural components of the system and their interactions; What are the functional components of the system ( e.g. input levels and types and output level achieved over time); and status of the system (e.g. stability, risk ). Improving system performances & associated livelihoods. What are farmers livelihood objectives and how it matches with the current level of livelihood outcomes. What are the options and scenarios to achieve higher level of performances. Trade-off analysis. Recommendation domain and out and up scaling.

7 High Level Activities to address the RQBaseline characterization of systems function and structure and ex-ante impact assessment of selected technologies ( DP, PC) Identification, demonstration and validation of promising technologies and diversification options for enhanced productivity & livelihood security (PC, Piloting) Gender inclusive capacity strengthening of individuals, community and institutions on knowledge gaps and promising technologies (PC) Enabling institutional and policy options for enhanced adoption, resilience and market access for improved livelihoods ( PC) Monitoring and evaluation of project interventions and trade offs (DP) Effective convergence for out-scaling and larger impacts (SUP)

8 How we want to do this: partnersRegional coordinator: ICRISAT CGIAR partners: Bioversity, CIP, ICARDA, ICRAF, ILRI, IWMI…. Level of collaboration and integration NARS partners: Indian Council Agricultural Research (ICAR), Indian Agricultural Ministries, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Ministry of Agriculture (Afghanistan) Agricultural Universities: University of Agricultural Sciences, Karnataka; Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh National & State-based NGOs: BAIF, GRAVIS, AF-Ecology Center

9 How we want to do this: scales and tools/methodsScales: 6 Districts, 15 villages, Nested approach Tools and methods: Geospatial; Participatory; Empirical, Simulation, Optimization

10 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues: a) Livestock holding Mean SLU per household

11 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues: b) Feed seasonality-Rajasthan

12 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues: c) Gross income as calculated by expert

13 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : d) Sources of livelihoods and trends over the last five years-Rajasthan

14 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : e) Relation between different income sources and implications Key message : how can the different livelihood sources complement each other?

15 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : f) Household vulnerability-Andhra Pradesh (income at Rs. 15,472 and Rs.36,500 per year) plotted against ln (income)

16 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : g) Adaptation strategies

17 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : g) Adaptation strategies… one does not fit all !

18 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : h) Scenarios and their ex-ante impacts Scenario 2: PL= Rs.42.4/day for Andhra Pradesh, Rs.179.3/day for Karnataka and Rs. 54.9/day for Rajasthan. HI: increased income of the household(21% for Andhra Pradesh, 24% for Karnataka and 19% for Rajasthan due to adaption of improved strategies) Scenario 4: PL=Rs.100/day HI: increased income of the household (21% for Andhra Pradesh, 24% for Karnataka and 19% for Rajasthan due to adaption of improved strategies) Scenario 6: PL=Rs.200/day.

19 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : j) Land use land cover maps

20 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : k) Composite sustainability index

21 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : l) Composite sustainability index-farm typologies Sustainability pillars Farm typologies 1( N=247) 2(N=131) 3(N=84) 4(N=20) 5(N=11) Economy 0.11±0.06a 0.13±0.07b 0.15±0.09c 0.13±0.09ab 0.19±0.16c Environment 0.20±0.06a 0.31±0.05b 0.27±0.08c 0.30±0.05cb 0.27±0.07cb Social 0.40±0.10a 0.39±0.11a 0.47±0.13b 0.42±0.12a 0.45±0.12a

22 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : l) Composite sustainability index

23 Activities and Outputs Composite indices of sustainability pillarsEmerging issues : m) Relation between sustainability index a) Farm typology 1 Composite indices of sustainability pillars Economy Social Environment 1.00 0.35** 0.24** 0.44** b) Farm typology 2 0.136 -0.25** 0.06 c) Farm typology 3 0.43** 0.07 0.40** d) Farm typology 4 0.49* 0.38* 0.05 e) Farm typology 5 0.20 -0.03 0.01 Overall 0.34** 0.15** 0.284**

24 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : n) Three dimensional approaches to agricultural biodiversity survey

25 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : o) Impacts of improved seed (millet) on grain and biomass yields (>250 farmers system impact?)

26 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : o) Impacts of improved seed (Chickpea) on biomass yields (system impact?) Variety Gross return (Rs./ha) Cost of cultivation Net return (Rs./ha) Benefit: cost ratio CSJK 6 77120 29430 47690 1.62 CSJK 21 72210 42780 1.45 Local 66976 28680 38296 1.33

27 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : p) widespread deficiencies of plant nutrient ( Ananatapur) District Village % of sampled fields deficient in available nutrients P K Ca Mg S B Zn Cu Fe Mn Anantapur Kurlapalli 20 3 43 83 77 73 27 Mallapuram 7 60 87 Kurnool V. Bonthiralla 40 100 90 93 Yerraguntla

28 Activities and OutputsEmerging issues : q) Up scaling

29 Successes and what did not work wellPartnership building, baseline establishment, piloting… Coherent framework for research and development continuum…. Integration across regions and partners is needed- ( activities in Pak, India… Conceptual framework for regional and global synthesis – regional partners must work but within the global framework Common/ understanding on what farm system/farming system/integration are- position paper Photo : Amare Haileslassie ICRISAT/ILRI Photo : Amare Haileslassie ICRISAT/ILRI

30 Biggest implementation challengesThere is no short cut to bring impacts on system related research. It is the result of component integration and interaction: i.e. it is a process and needs enough time to mature.. Differences between impact on components and system needs to be differentiated We need to focus Finance and man power Photo : Amare Haileslassie ICRISAT/ILRI Photo : Amare Haileslassie ICRISAT/ILRI

31 Thanks for your attention