1

2 historical entanglement Jagiellonian University 1364 Collegium Maius at the University since 1400

3 Physics, brain,... and quantum mechanics INSPYRE, Frascati, 19 February 2016 Paweł Moskal, Jagiellonian University http://koza.if.uj.edu.pl for and on behalf of the J-PET collaboration Supported by Polish National Center for Development and Research and Foundation for Polish Science

4 Brain morphology Brain metabolism Brain nanostructure

5 Molekula wody: http://focus.aps.org/story/v19/st19

6 Rysunek jest nie w skali, pusta przestrzeń, Kryg, Zakopane, Kraków … Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - - - Molekula wody: http://focus.aps.org/story/v19/st19 - -

7 Rysunek jest nie w skali, pusta przestrzeń, Kryg, Zakopane, Kraków … Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - - Molekula wody: http://focus.aps.org/story/v19/st19 - -

8 Rysunek jest nie w skali, pusta przestrzeń, Kryg, Zakopane, Kraków … Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - - - Molekula wody: http://focus.aps.org/story/v19/st19 -

9 Rysunek jest nie w skali, pusta przestrzeń, Kryg, Zakopane, Kraków … Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - - Molekula wody: http://focus.aps.org/story/v19/st19 - -

10 - - - - - Czyli już wiemy, że żeby wywołać powstanie światła to musimy jakoś wybic elektron z atomu Np. prąd w drucie Wybija powoduje Takie przeskoki, żarówka, No i ten kryształ …

11 Brain morphology Brain metabolism Brain nanostructure

12

13 Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - - -

14

15 .. x z y.. x z y Bo

16 .. x z y.. x z y

17

18 Brain morphology Brain metabolism Brain nanostructure

19 RADIOACTIVE SUGER Fluoro–deoxy-glucose (F-18 FDG)

20 OXYGEN 18FLUORINE 18 p + 18 O → 18 F + n

21 BETA RADIATION 18 F → 18 O + e + + v e

22 BETA RADIATION 18 F → 18 O + e + + v e

23 RADIOACTIVE SUGER Fluoro–deoxy-glucose (F-18 FDG)

24 Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - - - 18 F → 18 O + e + + v e +

25 Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - - - 18 F → 18 O + e + + v e +

26 OBRAZ TOMOGRAFICZNY RADIOACTIVE SUGER Fluoro–deoxy-glucose (F-18 FDG) ~200 000 000 gamma per second 7 mSv PET/CT ~3 mSv natural background in Poland

27 A B D C X Y

28 A B D C X Y

29 Photomultiplier Scintillation crystal Detector of gamma radiation

30 1 MeV da w krysztale nawet do 60 000 fotonów - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A single gamma quantum creates thousands of photons A piece of detector:

31 Photomultiplier Scintillation crystal Detector of gamma radiation

32 OBRAZ TOMOGRAFICZNY RADIOACTIVE SUGER Fluoro–deoxy-glucose (F-18 FDG) ~200 000 000 gamma per second 7 mSv PET/CT ~3 mSv natural background in Poland

33

34

35

36 ΔxΔx t1 t2 PET-TOF Δx = (t 2 – t 1 ) c / 2 resolution 600ps

37

38 40cm/600ps improvement by factor of 4 J. S. Karp et al., J Nucl Med 2008; 49: 462 M. Conti, Physica Medica 2009; 25: 1. signal/background ~ D / ∆t

39 40cm/70ps improvement by factor of 30 signal / background ~ D / ∆t

40

41 RADIOACTIVE SUGER Fluoro–deoxy-glucose (F-18 FDG) Increased glycolysis in tumor cells -Warburg phenomenon- 20-30 time higher glucose metabolism and FDG is trapped in malignant cells.

42 OBRAZ TOMOGRAFICZNY RADIOACTIVE SUGER Fluoro–deoxy-glucose (F-18 FDG) ~200 000 000 gamma per second 7 mSv PET/CT ~3 mSv natural background in Poland

43

44 Ogólnopolski Konkurs im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Z opracowania: mgr Ewa Mazepa http://dydaktyka.fizyka.umk.pl/PDF/MSC/Materialy/Liceum-IV/zastosowania.htm 2003??

45 Absorbed dose J/kg - - - - - - 1 J ≈ 6 10 18 eV about 2 10 17 electrons kicked out in 1 kg out of ~ 10 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

46 Absorbed dose J/kg - - - - - - 1 J ≈ 6 10 18 eV about 2 10 17 electrons kicked out in 1 kg out of ~ 10 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

47 Brain morphology Brain metabolism Brain nanostructure

48 RADIOACTIVE SUGER Fluoro–deoxy-glucose (F-18 FDG)

49 Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - - - 18 F → 18 O + e + + v e +

50 Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - +

51 Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - + - - - - - - - - - -

52 GAMMA RADIATION

53

54

55 Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - - - + 14 O → 14 N* + e + + v e 14 N + γ

56 Rozmiary, pokaz przenikania na modelu skarpetkowym - - - - + 14 O → 14 N* + e + + v e 14 N + γ

57 P. M., PCT/EP2014/068374 (2013) A. Gajos, E. Czerwiński, D. Kamińska, P. M., PCT/PL2015/050038 (2015)

58 P. M., PCT/EP2014/068374 (2013) A. Gajos, E. Czerwiński, D. Kamińska, P. M., PCT/PL2015/050038 (2015)

59 P. M., PCT/EP2014/068374 (2013) A. Gajos, E. Czerwiński, D. Kamińska, P. M., PCT/PL2015/050038 (2015)

60 R. Pietrzak et al., NUKLEONIKA 58 (2013) 199 The age of mice’s tumour with o-Ps lifetime A.H. Al-Mashhadani et al., Iraqi J. Sci. 42C, 60 (2001) 3. + - before weeks after radiotherapy weeks after therapy chemotherapy

61 P. Moskal et al., NIM A 764 (2014) 317. P. Moskal et al., NIM A 775 (2015) 54. L. Raczynski et al., NIM A 764 (2014) 186. L. Raczynski et al., NIMA 786 (2015) 105. 16 International Patent Applications Jagiellonian PET σ(t-hit) = 80 ps It is an open question whether or not the three-photon entanglement can be reduced to the two- photon entanglement and decoherence of the two-photon states does imply decoherence in photon triplets. This hypothesis can be tested by comparison of measured two- and three-photon correlation functions. There exist three-photon states maximizing the GHZ entanglement and they can be used to test quantum local realism versus quantum mechanics.

62 P. Moskal et al., NIM A 764 (2014) 317. P. Moskal et al., NIM A 775 (2015) 54. L. Raczynski et al., NIM A 764 (2014) 186. L. Raczynski et al., NIMA 786 (2015) 105. 16 International Patent Applications Jagiellonian PET σ(t-hit) = 80 ps It is an open question whether or not the three-photon entanglement can be reduced to the two- photon entanglement and decoherence of the two-photon states does imply decoherence in photon triplets. This hypothesis can be tested by comparison of measured two- and three-photon correlation functions. There exist three-photon states maximizing the GHZ entanglement and they can be used to test quantum local realism versus quantum mechanics.

63 P. Moskal et al., NIM A 764 (2014) 317. P. Moskal et al., NIM A 775 (2015) 54. L. Raczynski et al., NIM A 764 (2014) 186. L. Raczynski et al., NIMA 786 (2015) 105. 16 International Patent Applications Jagiellonian PET + - σ(t-hit) = 80 ps It is an open question whether or not the three-photon entanglement can be reduced to the two- photon entanglement and decoherence of the two-photon states does imply decoherence in photon triplets. This hypothesis can be tested by comparison of measured two- and three-photon correlation functions. There exist three-photon states maximizing the GHZ entanglement and they can be used to test quantum local realism versus quantum mechanics. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION