1 Human Development across the LifespanChapter 10 Human Development across the Lifespan

2 Lifespan Most attention on babies/children/teensGeriatrics – major area currently Baby Boomers hit 60 ~ Pres Clinton

3 Prenatal Development Before birth Conception ~ fertilizationMeans there is a zygote Zygote 1-cell – organism Made by egg & sperm cell

4 Prenatal Development Zygote That & each cell has chromosomesChromosomes made up of genes Genes – basic unit of heredity Prenatal period – conception > birth 9 mos

5 Prenatal Period Fast dev Impact on future baby Course of Dev3 phases – germinal > embryonic > fetal stage Germinal stage (1st 14 days) In few days - multicelled

6 Prenatal Period Germinal stage Mass > fallopian tube to uterus7th day – mass should attach to uterine wall Not all will attach Placenta (afterbirth) forms - filtering system for food & oxygen - blocks blood – baby & mom separate

7 Prenatal Period Embryonic stage (2nd week – 8th week) Mass now embryoMajor organs developing Heart, brain & spine Critical period – much can go wrong - most birth defects happen then - most miscarriages happen then

8 Prenatal Period Fetal stage (9th week – birth)- fetus has much growth, moving - sight, hearing very early - bones tough - breathing - getting ready to live o/side mother

9 Prenatal Period Fetal stageweeks > fetus can live outside mother – viability Age of viability – age when baby can be born prematurely Better health/medicine – fewer preemies, better chances

10 Prenatal Period Premature infants - 22-23 weeks – 20% chance to liveEnvironmental Factors Mother’s world = baby’s world I. nutrition 1. difficult births, birth defects ~ CNS

11 Prenatal Environment Nutrition 2. US – moderate malnutritiona. SMI in teens, YA b. low birth weight – physical illness > heart dz, DM, obesity II. Mothers’ use of Substances during Preg 1. most go thru placenta

12 Prenatal Environment Substances2. Prescription & OTC drugs may be dangerous to unborn babies 3. Smoking can be dangerous a. miscarriage, stillbirth & preemies b. SIDS, ADHD, behavior problems

13 Prenatal Environment Substances 4. Etoha. research points to heavy drinking b. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – standard constellation of sx > actual birth defects – heart, head (microcephaly)

14 Prenatal Environment Fetal Alcohol Syndrome> cognitive & beh problems – MR, motor issues, anger mgmt, ADHD, CD > main known cause of MR c. subclinical Fetal Alcohol Syndrome > does not meet the full criteria – still show sx

15 Prenatal Environment Fetal Alcohol Syndrome > known since 1970s> they more likely to grow up to have alcoholism, substance abuse & SMI III. When pregnant women get sick 1. some viruses & bacteria go through

16 Prenatal Environment When mothers get sick…placenta > most likely pathogens - rubella (German measles) - chickenpox - VD (venereal dz) – today called STDs - HIV HIV > better tx – now 2% transmission

17 Prenatal Environment Disease 2. not just an issue before birth> some pathogens passed during birth > some via breastfeeding

18 Childhood Motor development- how muscles & nerves work together – movement, activity, picking things up Basics 1. Cephalocaudal trend – coordination & strength moves from head to foot 2. Proximodistal trend – dev moves from center to extremities

19 Childhood Basics Proximodistal trend – little kids move w their whole bodies > reach out 3. Maturation – getting older – follows genetic path – obvious Δ 4. Norms – usual age/age range for benchmarks – based on medians

20 Attachment Bond should form between mother & infantRest of family, too Bond ~ love Not immediate – forms 2-3 mos – for infant, all same at first 6-8 mos – want to be w/ mother – often upset around strangers

21 Attachment 6-8 mos – baby might cry when separated from momTheories of Attachment 1. Behaviorist – food is UR > questioned - Harry Harlow & wire dolls – late 1950s – some baby monkeys fed by doll

22 Theories of AttachmentHarlow – when scared, baby monkeys received “contact comfort” from cloth dolls Conditioning did not explain monkeys 2. Biology John Bowlby – 1960s – Harlow > evolutionary biological psy > contact comfort natural > biological reason

23 Theories of AttachmentBowlby Infants act vulnerable, cute > adults love & protect them Beh is triggered Evolution requires adults protect children Bowlby influ others > Mary Ainsworth

24 Theories of AttachmentAinsworth – late 1970s Patterns of attachment – 3 basic types A. Secure attachment – baby happy w/ mom – upset when she goes – happy when she’s back – common +60% B. Anxious-ambivalent or Resistant attachment – upset w mom – more upset when she goes – still upset when she’s back - +20%

25 Theories of AttachmentPatterns C. Avoidant attachment – disinterested in mom – unconcerned when she leaves and returns - +10% Ainsworth – all on mother !! Today – babies have dispositions – some more difficult …

26 Theories of AttachmentPatterns Believed to be stable > repeated in adulthood A pattern may Δ Object Relations theory – need a good template (“internal working model”) > helps individual know & form good relationships

27 Theories of AttachmentSecure is better –correlated w/ – socially, emotionally – more successful, school, etc Not necessarily the cause Culture Babies have separation anxiety worldwide

28 Theories of AttachmentCulture Sep anx – begins 6-8 mos/ better after 18 mos Most infants secure

29 Language Development Same worldwide7-8 mos – babies begin to know sounds/simple words After 6 mos – infants babble > brain growing > babbling more like language 10-13 mos – babies 1st words – simple - ~ worldwide

30 Language Development Words 1.5 y/o toddlers – avg +20 wordsMuch receptive vocabulary (hear & understand – not say it) Weaker productive vocabulary (saying it) Know nouns first – concrete Verbs abstract

31 Language Development WordsAfter 18 mos > vocabulary spurt – understanding 6-10 y/o 10,000-40,000

32 Personality DevelopmentFreud thought of it > est by age 5 Erik Erikson – revised Freud in 1960s Agreed w inpact of early childhood Conceived of stages that go throughout lifespan Stages marked by certain abilities, developments

33 Erikson’ Stage Theory 8 stages Each deals w a psychosocial crisisHow does person cope Good coping > fine Problem - Will move on, but not effectively > impact life

34 Erikson Stage 1 Trust v Mistrust0-1 y/o – baby needs care – good care > trust…bad/neglect – never trust Stage 2 Autonomy v Shame & Doubt 2-3 y/o – potty training – baby paying attn to what is done – how much can he do by himself – self-sufficient or clashes > bad

35 Erikson Stage 3 Initiative v Guilt3-6 y/o – getting along w family helps them value themselves ….spoiling issue Stage 4 Industry v Inferiority 6-puberty – youngsters function in the modern world – tougher out there - competitive

36 Erikson Stage 5 Identity v Role Confusion 12-18 y/o AdultsStage 6 Intimacy v Isolation Stage 7 Generativity v Self-Absorption Stage 8 Integrity v Despair

37 Erikson Pros & cons Pros > very smooth, covers full life> life of challenge > still has heuristic value Cons > does not account for everyone – too general

38 Piaget & Cognitive DevelopmentChildren’s thinking becomes more complicated Memory, application, reasoning Jean Piaget – major figure Worked w early IQ people in France Studied own children – records Piaget & Erikson > stages

39 Piaget 4 stages 1. sensorimotor period (0-2 y/o)2. preoperational period (2-7 y/o) 3. concrete operational period (7-11 y/o) 4. formal operational period (11-life)

40 Piaget Sensorimotor Period Birth – 2 Not much thinking ReflexesMoving and seeing, hearing, smelling touching & tasting – how does that fit with what baby does

41 Piaget Sensorimotor PeriodKnow what they like > toys, etc ~ symbolic thinking Object permanence Preoperational period 2-7 More symbolic thinking

42 Piaget Preoperational thinking Conservation – amount the sameCentration – what child cares about, no other point of view Animism Child operates

43 Piaget Concrete operational period 7-11Things need to be real – touch, experienced Reversibility Decentration Less egocentrism

44 Piaget Concrete operational periodMore understanding > conservation Better problem-solving Hierarchical classification Formal operational period 11-beyond

45 Piaget Formal operational period Abstract Big questionsChange in thinking by degree, not type Systematic problem-solving More reflective

46 Piaget Pros & cons Pioneer Far-reaching theory Heuristic ConsUnderestimated children Individual differences ignored

47 Piaget Cons Children often have mixed thinkingPiaget thought is was for all children > right about order, not time-table No consideration of culture

48 Kohlberg & Moral Development1960s Heinz dilemma Preconventional Level Stages 1 & 2 Conventional Level Stages 3 & 4

49 Kolhberg Postconventional Stages 5 & 6