1 HUMAN EVOLUTION Cartoonhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ci9jfMvoLb4

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3 I. PRIMATES HUMANS BELONG TO THE GROUP OF MAMMALS CALLED-PRIMATESTHIS INCLUDES ALL MONKEYS & APES What characteristics do primates have?

4 PRIMATE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSStrong Hands OPPOSABLE THUMBS-GRASPING SHOULDER JOINTS MOVE FREELY-SWINGING IN TREES, HAND TO HAND BINOCULAR VISION JUDGE DISTANCE THESE ARE TRAITS FROM OUR TREE-DWELLING ANCESTORS LARGER, MORE COMPLEX BRAIN THAN MOST MAMMALS

5 PRIMATES SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICSCOMPLEX SOCIAL BEHAVIORS- live in large groups TAKE CARE OF YOUNG FOR EXTENDED TIME AFTER BIRTH USE TOOLS Hunt for other animals

6 TRAITS HUMANS HAVE THAT other Primates DO NOTUPRIGHT POSTURE because SHAPE of PELVIS SHORTER PELVIS SHORTER ARMS HUMAN SPINE CURVED APE SPINE STRAIGHTER

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8 Chimp Human Skeletons

9 II. PRIMATE EVOLUTION OLDEST PRIMATE FOSSIL 65 MYO55 MYA PRIMATES SPLIT INTO 2 GROUPS: • PROSIMIANS & ANTHROPOIDS PROSIMIANS-PRE-MONKEY SMALL, W/LARGE FORWARD FACING EYES. NOCTURNAL, INSECT EATERS, TREE DWELLERS. PREHENSILE TAIL

10 PROSIMIANS LORIS LEMUR

11 ANTHROPOIDS Includes monkeys, APES & HUMANS

12 Hominids HOMO SAPIENS –HOMINIDS -ANTHROPOIDS that are human HOMO SAPIENS – ONLY HOMINIDS LIVING Scientists have not found the first Hominid ancestor that separated from the apes Fossil evidence of other hominids indicates that this may have occurred 5-8 Million Years Ago

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14 II. HOMINIDS OLDEST HOMINID FOSSIL 6.0 Million Years AUSTRALOPITHECUS (genus) mya “SOUTHERN APE” Discovered in S. Africa 1924 Raymond Dart FOUND CHILD’S SKULL- A. africanus (species) LIVED MYA

15 A. AUSTRALOPITHECUS DISCOVERIES1936 Hip bone fossil found. What does this bone help anthropologist determine? Bi-pedalism, upright walking 1974 Donald Johanson- found a small, female skeleton- LUCY. A. afarensis lived 3-4 mya MARY LEAKY found hominid footprints of an adult & child

16 AUSTRALOPITHECUS CHARACTERISTICSBIPEDAL APE-LIKE FEATURES, Longer arms than Homo sapiens, Brains not much larger than modern apes, short stature No tools have so far been found with Australopithecus remains. Why?

18 HOMO habilis AKA “HANDY MAN” 2.5-1.7 MYA 1964 discovered in AFRICADIRECT ANCESTOR OF Modern Humans 1964 discovered in AFRICA Found TOOLS & WEAPONS ½ size of modern humans Why did they have bigger brains?

19 HOMO HABILIS

20 C. HOMO ERECTUS 1.7-? MYA “UPRIGHT MAN”1 Million Years Ago FIRST Hominid that Migrated out of Africa into Europe and Asia May have been hunters and gatherers Larger cranium than habilis Found hand axes & charred animal bones with remains Hypothesized they may have lived in shelters & wore animal hides -Lived during an Ice Age

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22 D. HOMO SAPIENS “Wise Man”Fossils date 500, ,000 Years old 2 GROUPS IN THE FOSSIL RECORD NEANDERTHAL & CRO MAGNON

23 1. NEANDERTHAL Lived throughout Europe 150,000-30,000 YABrain about the same size as modern humans May have spoken Hyoid bone in throat found with some fossils Heavy brow ridge Small chin and large, broad nose Tools at graves, and recent evidence of cave paintings

24 NEANDERTHAL

25 2. CRO-MAGNON 1868 found in France by Louis Lartet LIVED 100,000 YACave paintings, Tool use Narrower nasal opening Small, pointed chin

26 WHAT HAPPENED TO NEANDERTHALS?Two theories 1. Did they get out competed by Cro-Magnon? 2. Did they Interbreed w/them? Evidence most people of European ancestry have 1-4% Neanderthal DNA in their DNA sequence

27 Homo florensis Hobbits. http://humanorigins. siflorensis skull Modern Human Lived 50,000 Y.A