1 Imperialism Ask students to describe what they see in this cartoon. What might the “snake” represent? Why would it have a human head? Who is it coiling around? What do you think it means? In the rubber coils of the Congo `Free' State, a 1906 British cartoon criticizing the abuses of Leopold II's rule of the Congo Free State. By selling off large tracts of the Congo to the highest bidder, Leopold opened the door to the rapacious exploitation of people and resources by short-term business profiteers. Reports of atrocities reaching Europe sparked reactions, as shown here, contributing to the decision by the Belgian government to take over formal administration of the Congo in 1908

2 Enduring UnderstandingThe drive for wealth and power leads to global expansion fueled by industrialization Ask students to describe what they see in this cartoon. What might the “snake” represent? Why would it have a human head? Who is it coiling around? What do you think it means? In the rubber coils of the Congo `Free' State, a 1906 British cartoon criticizing the abuses of Leopold II's rule of the Congo Free State. By selling off large tracts of the Congo to the highest bidder, Leopold opened the door to the rapacious exploitation of people and resources by short-term business profiteers. Reports of atrocities reaching Europe sparked reactions, as shown here, contributing to the decision by the Belgian government to take over formal administration of the Congo in 1908

3 Essential Questions Why would a country want to expand its empire?Why would a person want to go to a new country? Should man fear the unknown? What is progress? Ask students to describe what they see in this cartoon. What might the “snake” represent? Why would it have a human head? Who is it coiling around? What do you think it means? In the rubber coils of the Congo `Free' State, a 1906 British cartoon criticizing the abuses of Leopold II's rule of the Congo Free State. By selling off large tracts of the Congo to the highest bidder, Leopold opened the door to the rapacious exploitation of people and resources by short-term business profiteers. Reports of atrocities reaching Europe sparked reactions, as shown here, contributing to the decision by the Belgian government to take over formal administration of the Congo in 1908

4 Imperialism: Policy where one nation attempts to dominate other nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily. Imperialism is very similar to colonialism, with one major difference: colonial powers settle the countries of which they gain control, while imperial powers do not. The term “imperialism” does not seem to exist prior to the 1800s. Nineteenth-century imperialism was spurred in large part by the Industrial Revolution. The development of new industrial economies in the 1700s and 1800s necessitated the acquisition of raw materials and the desire to gain control of marketplaces; thus, by the mid-1800s, imperialistic actions of strong nations (most notably European nations) started to become policy. 1 Definition is from America: Pathways to the Present (New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005, p. 981).

5 How Did Imperialism Begin?What brought about imperialism during this particular time period? A coaling station for steamships, Cape Town, South Africa

6 The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century Britain’s advantages The spread of industrialization Throughout most of the 19th century, Great Britain experienced unprecedented power resulting from its position as the world’s first industrialized nation. It also soon became the world’s wealthiest nation. Britain earned the nickname “the workshop of the world” due to its ability to manufacture finished products quickly, efficiently, and cheaply. By the middle of the 19th century, industrialization had spread across Europe and the United States, aided by the development of railroad links that brought resources to new factories and transported their finished goods to world markets.

7 Technological AdvancesThe steam engine Increased exploration Better transportation Improvements in communication Developments in technology influenced colonial expansion and exploration as well. The steam engine revolutionized transportation, powering both seagoing vessels and land vehicles, such as trains. Advances in transportation and communication allowed for increased exploration of more remote regions of the world. Other innovations, such as the telegraph, provided vast improvements in long-distance communication. The steamboat Herald (with mounted machine guns) on the Zambezi river in Africa One of the first steam engines

8 The Maxim Gun British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897Changes in weaponry gave European countries an advantage over native populations. In 1885, the Maxim gun was invented; it could fire 500 rounds per minute. The British army began using the guns in 1889. British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897

9 Transportation and CommunicationImprovements in Transportation and Communication Europeans constructed roads and bridges and laid thousands of miles of railroad track in order to facilitate the movement of goods and people across the continent; they also built telegraph lines. These improvements in infrastructure not only helped Europeans better exploit Africa’s natural resources, but also allowed for greater political control over African peoples and countries.

10

11 Exploration & InterestDavid Livingstone 1860’s Scottish Missionary MIA for several years H.M. Stanley American newspaper reporter Wrote articles about searching for Livingstone Articles made World-Wide headlines Famous greeting: “Dr. Livingstone I presume?”

12 1845 Map of Africa What do you see?Until mid 19th century, very little known about Tropical Africa Previous contact was limited mainly to slave trade through European forts & trade stations along the African coasts

13 Industrialized nations wanted…Economic Motives Industrialized nations wanted… Raw materials Natural resources A cheap labor supply New marketplaces for manufactured goods Economic motives provided perhaps the strongest impetus for imperialism. Nations strove to control weaker nations because they hoped to expand their own economies, acquire raw materials, possibly obtain new sources of labor, and/or gain new marketplaces for their products. Africa became one of the main sources of raw materials for industrializing nations.

14 The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

15 The Scramble for AfricaFourteen European nations met, with no African representation, to divide the continent with little regard to ethnic or linguistic boundaries After the division, only Liberia & Ethiopia were not imperialized by 1914

16 European Conquest of AfricaAfrican nations were easily dominated…. Europe’s advanced technology Weaponry Steamships Cultural disunity of Africa

17 European Conquest of AfricaEuropean Advantages Better weapons (guns vs spears & clubs) Able to control a conquered area more easily (Railways, Steamboats, & Telegraph cables) The drug quinine (immunization for malaria) Europeans played rival groups against each other

18 King Leopold & the CongoThis exploration & increasing interest led to a treaty whereby Belgium gained the Congo Soon after Belgium claimed a section of Africa, other nations of Europe scrambled to do the same

19 “The Rhodes Colossus” This cartoon depicts British imperial ambitions to control the entire African continent. The cartoon in this slide, titled “The Rhodes Colossus: striding from Cape Town to Cairo,” appeared in Punch magazine in December of Rhodes intended to build a railway from Cairo to Cape Town.

20 Cecil Rhodes British imperialist who made huge profits from Africa’s natural resources Founder of the state of Rhodesia in Africa Rhodes was the Prime Minister of the British Cape Colony in South Africa. While in South Africa, he formed his own mining company, De Beers Consolidated Mines. Today, De Beers is perhaps best known for its diamonds.

21 Forms of Imperialism Form Definition Example ColonyA country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland in East Africa was a French Colony

22 Forms of Imperialism Form Definition Example ColonyA country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland in East Africa was a French Colony Protectorate A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta

23 Forms of Imperialism Form Definition Example ColonyA country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland in East Africa was a French Colony Protectorate A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta Sphere of influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the United States

24 Forms of Imperialism Form Definition Example ColonyA country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland in East Africa was a French Colony Protectorate A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta Sphere of influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the United States Economic Imperialism An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments The Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii

25 Imperial Management MethodsIndirect Control Direct Control

26 Imperial Management MethodsIndirect Control Direct Control Local government officials used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules.

27 Imperial Management MethodsIndirect Control Direct Control Local government officials used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules. Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule: Paternalism Goal: Assimilation Government institutions are based only on European styles

28 Imperial Management MethodsIndirect Control Direct Control Local government officials used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules. Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule: Paternalism Goal: Assimilation Government institutions are based only on European styles Examples: British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam German colonies such as German East Africa Portuguese colonies such as Angola

29 Jan van Riebeeck landing on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652South Africa The Dutch first arrived on the Cape of Good Hope in the late 17th century. Europeans soon began to settle on the Cape, taking land and forcing the natives out. In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck established a provisioning station for the Dutch East India Company on the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. Shortly afterward, Europeans began to settle on the Cape, marking the beginning of permanent European settlement in Africa. The natives either moved further inland to avoid the Europeans or were forced into slavery. Jan van Riebeeck landing on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652

30 The Great Trek, 1835–1843 The British annexed the Cape in 1815; later, they raised the legal status of native Africans and abolished slavery over the period from 1833 to Conflict with the Dutch ensued: white farmers known as “Boers” (Dutch for “farmers”) or “Afrikaners” felt the British had violated their natural right to dominate the native Africans, so they left the Cape Colony. Between 1835 and 1843, the Boers undertook what became known as “The Great Trek.” 12,000 Boers in ox-drawn wagons moved north, eventually crossing the Orange River, which lies approximately 500 miles from Cape Town. They drove out the native population and formed small, isolated communities which ultimately became the regions known as the Transvaal (1852) and the Orange Free State (1854).

31 Diamond mining in South AfricaDiamonds and Gold In 1867, diamonds were discovered in South Africa; in 1886, gold was discovered. When diamonds and gold were discovered, trouble developed because some of these mineral deposits were located in Dutch-controlled areas, while others lay in British territory. Disagreements eventually led to war. Diamond mining in South Africa

32 British troops landing on the CapeThe Boer War, 1899–1902 Dutch and British troops fought for control of the Cape The British prevailed During the war, the most contested area was the Dutch-controlled Transvaal. Dutch forces there were under the command of Paul Kruger, a fierce leader who hated the British and persecuted British gold prospectors who tried to mine in the Transvaal. In 1895, the British tried to foment an anti-Boer revolt in the region, but the well-equipped Boer forces quashed it. In 1899, the Boers took the offensive and laid siege to British-controlled towns. The British responded by sending in substantial reinforcements, who drove back the Boers. Dutch forces gradually weakened and conceded in 1902, signing the Treaty of Vereeniging and ending the war. The Treaty forced the Boers to accept British sovereignty. In 1910, the British established the Union of South Africa. Louis Botha became the first prime minister and advocated cooperation between Afrikaners and the British. British troops landing on the Cape

33 The Boer War Despite the European agreement to peaceful division, conflicts still arose In South Africa, for example, the Dutch, British, & Africans fought for land & resources

34 European Control of AfricaBy 1914, only two African nations remained independent By 1914, the British had control of close to 30% of the population of the continent of Africa, the French had 15%, Germany and Belgium each had just under 10%, and Italy had 1%.

35 Key Emphasis on African ImperialismWhat were the motives for the European “Scramble for Africa”?

36 Exploration David Livingstone Mapping the “Dark Continent”British missionary and explorer David Livingstone (1813–1873) was one of the first Europeans to travel across the continent of Africa. His explorations paved the way for Europeans to chart the interior of the “Dark Continent.” By the second half of the 1800s, Europeans had a good idea of the vast natural resources that Africa harbored. David Livingstone

37 Darwin’s handwritten cover page for The Origin of SpeciesIdeological Motives A desire to “civilize” non- Europeans also spurred the development of imperialism Social Darwinism All European nations who participated in imperialistic activities during this time period supported missionary activity in one way or another. In addition, a belief in the superiority of the white race produced the idea that whites had a responsibility to civilize non-whites. Although the term “survival of the fittest” was first used by Herbert Spencer in 1851, it gained greater fame when Charles Darwin used it in his discussion of natural selection in The Origin of Species. The late 19th century saw the rise of a philosophy known as “Social Darwinism,” which (among other things) used the principle of natural selection to explain the need for stronger countries to dominate weaker ones. Ideological motives both rationalized and provided a measure of justification for European imperialism. Darwin’s handwritten cover page for The Origin of Species Herbert Spencer

38 Nationalism 19th-century political changesAllegiance to one’s country rather than to a monarch Role of the “common people” Unification movements Militarism The political landscape of the European continent had undergone some significant changes by the last half of the 19th century. In some countries, monarchies had either fallen or ceded much of their power to the military and/or legislative bodies. Allegiance to a king or queen ceased to be the most important factor in binding the people of a country together; instead, the main unifying force became the idea that the people of each nation possessed a unique character that should not only be celebrated within that nation, but recognized and respected by other nations as well. In addition, the French Revolution had opened a Pandora’s box and given “common people” throughout Europe notions of someday gaining political say in the running of their countries. The 1830s and 1840s witnessed a growing discontent that culminated in revolutions in several European countries in Later, two major unification movements occurred, creating the nations of Germany and Italy out of what had been loose agglomerations of semi-independent states. New wellsprings of national pride sprang up as a result, and lower classes became aware of their political might. In addition, technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution had led to major improvements in weaponry, and many were itching to flex this new military muscle. Imperialism provided an outlet for both nationalism and militarism. If a nation could increase its imperial possessions, it would elevate the standing of all its citizens among the peoples of Europe. New military might could be used not only to subdue indigenous peoples and gain control of their lands, but also to keep other European nations from gaining control of those lands. Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi (on horseback) leading an attack in Palermo, Sicily

39 “The White Man’s Burden”By Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden— In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain, To seek another's profit And work another's gain. In this poem, British author Rudyard Kipling urged “civilized” nations to extend their control over those who were “half-devil and half-child.” (Note: The slide shows the first two stanzas of the poem.) “The White Man’s Burden” was first published in McClure’s magazine, and it generated a tremendous response. Many authors wrote poems of their own mimicking “The White Man’s Burden” and attacking Kipling’s ideas (Henry Labouchère’s “The Brown Man’s Burden” offers a particularly biting response).

40 The “White Man’s Burden” appeared in children’s books and even in advertisements of the time period.The advertisement in this slide shows U.S. Admiral George Dewey washing his hands with Pears’ Soap while surrounded by illustrations symbolizing “progress and civilization.” It was published on the inside front cover of the October 1899 issue of McClure's magazine.

41 Direct vs. Indirect RuleEuropean nations chose one of two different paths when it came to colonial rule: Indirect rule: colonies were given a degree of internal autonomy Example: Nigeria Direct rule: the colony was directly administered by the colonizer Example: Senegal France tended to use direct rule the most often, while Britain usually relied on indirect rule.

42 The Suez Canal in 1875, six years after it openedEgypt The Suez Canal in 1875, six years after it opened The Suez Canal Shares in the canal held by France, Egypt Britain buys out Egypt’s interest Egyptian financial crisis British invade and occupy Egypt The Suez Canal had been built under the direction of Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps using Egyptian laborers. De Lesseps’ Suez Canal Company sold many of its shares to French investors; the Khedive of Egypt (the country’s leader) also held a substantial number of shares. The main construction was completed in 1867, and the canal finally became operational in After Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister of Britain in 1874, the British government wanted to buy a portion of this vital waterway, which provided a shorter route to India. By this time, the Khedive, who had borrowed heavily from European bankers to modernize his country’s infrastructure, was in deep financial straits. Though the French wanted to buy his shares, Disraeli outmaneuvered them and bought out the Khedive’s holdings. Though the influx of cash from this sale helped, it only staved off an Egyptian financial crisis for a year or so. In 1876, the Khedive asked the British government to help him institute fiscal reform. Britain and other European countries that had loaned Egypt money used this as an opportunity to exercise increasing control over Egypt’s finances. The Khedive acceded to much of this control, and discontent and anti-European sentiments began to arise among many Egyptians. In 1881, Egyptian army officers rebelled, and in 1882, fierce anti-European riots broke out in Alexandria. Britain, worried about protecting its investment in the Suez Canal, sent its navy to bombard Alexandria and landed an army of 20,000 soldiers who destroyed the rebel forces. For the next 72 years, Britain stationed troops in Egypt and effectively controlled the Egyptian government, making the country into a virtual colony.

43 “The Jewel in the Crown”…Of the British EmpireIndia “The Jewel in the Crown”…Of the British Empire The Suez Canal had been built under the direction of Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps using Egyptian laborers. De Lesseps’ Suez Canal Company sold many of its shares to French investors; the Khedive of Egypt (the country’s leader) also held a substantial number of shares. The main construction was completed in 1867, and the canal finally became operational in After Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister of Britain in 1874, the British government wanted to buy a portion of this vital waterway, which provided a shorter route to India. By this time, the Khedive, who had borrowed heavily from European bankers to modernize his country’s infrastructure, was in deep financial straits. Though the French wanted to buy his shares, Disraeli outmaneuvered them and bought out the Khedive’s holdings. Though the influx of cash from this sale helped, it only staved off an Egyptian financial crisis for a year or so. In 1876, the Khedive asked the British government to help him institute fiscal reform. Britain and other European countries that had loaned Egypt money used this as an opportunity to exercise increasing control over Egypt’s finances. The Khedive acceded to much of this control, and discontent and anti-European sentiments began to arise among many Egyptians. In 1881, Egyptian army officers rebelled, and in 1882, fierce anti-European riots broke out in Alexandria. Britain, worried about protecting its investment in the Suez Canal, sent its navy to bombard Alexandria and landed an army of 20,000 soldiers who destroyed the rebel forces. For the next 72 years, Britain stationed troops in Egypt and effectively controlled the Egyptian government, making the country into a virtual colony.

44 The British, starting with the British East India Company, controlled India for over 200 years.

45 The British were able to control India because differences in language and religion prevented unity among Indian people. Hindus Muslims 

46 The British built railroads and schools in India in order to strengthen its political and economic control there.

47 Sepoy Mutiny: The British used many Indian soldiers (called Sepoys) in their army in India.

48 When the Sepoy learned that the British were disrespecting their religious beliefs, they revolted.Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

49 When the revolt ended, the British government took full control of India until after WWII.Lord Dalhousie

50 Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning queen of HawaiiIndependent kingdom in the Pacific Ocean Became a republic in 1894 Annexed by the United States in 1898 Hawaii was an independent kingdom in the Pacific Ocean. In the 1800s, American missionaries arrived, followed by those seeking economic opportunities. Among the first and most successful American companies in Hawaii was the Dole Pineapple Company. With the aid of a wealthy American businessman, a coup overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1894, and Hawaii became a republic. Sanford Dole was “elected” president; in 1898, Sanford Dole gave the U.S. permission to annex the nation. Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning queen of Hawaii

51 The Spanish-American WarThe United States gained control of Spanish colonies in the Pacific and the Caribbean, most notably Cuba and the Philippines. Causes of the Spanish-American War: Cuban nationalists sought independence from the Spanish and rebelled in Spain sent 150,000 troops to put down the rebellion, then forced hundreds of thousands of Cubans into holding camps. Lack of food and unsanitary conditions killed some 200,000 Cubans over the next two years. The U.S. was reluctant at first to intervene, but when riots broke out in Havana, President William McKinley sent the battleship USS Maine to Havana’s harbor to protect American citizens and property. On February 15, 1898, an explosion occurred aboard the Maine. The ship sank and 260 U.S. soldiers died. Though the explosion was probably caused by an accidental fire that ignited the ship’s stores of ammunition, American journalists and much of the American public blamed Spain for the explosion, claiming the ship had been fired upon by Spanish forces. The U.S. and Spain tried to resolve the problem through negotiation, but American public opinion eventually influenced McKinley to declare war on Spain in April 1898. The war ended quickly and in 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed. The United States gained almost all of Spain's colonies, including the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. The wreck of the Maine

52 The Philippines Filipino rebels fought alongside U.S. soldiers against the Spanish U.S. fails to grant the Philippines independence after the war U.S.-Filipino fighting breaks out in 1899 and continues for years Philippines didn’t gain independence until 1946 The Spanish-American War was fought not just in Cuba but in the Philippines as well. In August of 1898, American Admiral George Dewey launched a surprise attack on Spanish ships in Manila Bay and succeeded in destroying Spain’s Pacific fleet. The U.S. also landed 10,000 soldiers in the Philippines, who fought side by side with rebel Filipino nationalists who wanted independence from Spain. After defeating Spain, however, the U.S. not only didn’t grant the Philippines independence, but seemed to be leaning towards annexing the country. Filipinos, unhappy that they were under the control of yet another colonial ruler, fought back in February of Over the next three years, thousands of American and Filipino soldiers died—along with nearly 200,000 Filipino civilians. The two sides then settled into a sort of stalemate, with sporadic fighting breaking out over the next 40 years or so. Ultimately, the Philippines remained under U.S. control until World War II. A native district of Manila burning

53 Construction of the canal’s Miraflores LockThe Panama Canal Construction of the canal’s Miraflores Lock In 1879, a company led by Ferdinand de Lesseps purchased a 25-year concession from the Colombian government to build a canal across the isthmus of Panama. The company’s attempt failed, and it sold its rights to the U.S. in In order to build a canal, the U.S. needed to negotiate a land lease with Colombia. Colombia stalled the negotiations, however, hoping to wait for de Lesseps’ original concession to expire in President Roosevelt responded by letting Panamanian rebels know that if they revolted against the Colombian government, the U.S. Navy would support them. The rebels successfully revolted in November of 1903, and the U.S. quickly recognized Panama as an independent country. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, signed later that month, permanently granted the U.S. a ten-mile strip of land across the isthmus to build a canal. It also contained provisions that essentially made Panama a U.S. protectorate: in return for guaranteeing Panamanian independence, the U.S. effectively received the right to intervene in Panama’s domestic affairs. Construction on the canal began in 1904 and was completed in The canal was administered by the United States until 1999, when control was relinquished to the Panamanian government. De Lesseps obtains canal rights from Colombia U.S. buys rights in 1903 U.S. backs Panamanian independence Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Panama as U.S. protectorate Canal completed in 1914

54 Imperialism in India Vasco da Gama and the ruler of CalicutThe first Europeans to establish commercial ties with India were the Portuguese. Vasco da Gama landed at Calicut in 1498 and set up a post in order to conduct trade with the rest of the continent. The commodities of greatest interest to the Portuguese were spices, which they could make handsome profits reselling in Europe. Vasco da Gama and the ruler of Calicut

55 The British East India CompanyThe British East India Company gains a monopoly on trade with India In 1615, King James I of England ordered Sir Thomas Roe to visit India to meet with Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor. At this time, the Mughals controlled nearly ¾ of the land in India. James I hoped to secure exclusive trading rights for the British East India Company. Roe successfully negotiated these rights and the British East India Company was granted a monopoly over trade in India, gaining control of India’s supply of raw materials including tea, indigo, coffee, and cotton. Mughal Emperor Jahangir receives Sir Thomas Roe

56 Cotton bales on Cotton Green, Bombay, early 1900sCash Crops in India The British hoped to gain considerable profits from their control of the Indian economy. To ensure that they profited from controlling trade with India, the British often pushed farmers to grow cash crops such as cotton and tea. Although many farmers acceded to Britain’s request and grew the cash crops, they didn’t end up sharing in the profits. Furthermore, because the farmers had devoted their lands to growing non-edible rather than edible crops, they soon found that they often couldn’t procure enough food to feed their families. Cotton bales on Cotton Green, Bombay, early 1900s

57 Improvements in India’s InfrastructureIn India, the British built: The world’s third largest railroad system Telephone and telegraph lines Dams, bridges, and canals The British made all these improvements to India’s infrastructure in order to facilitate the export of goods, and also to solidify their economic and political control of the region.

58 The Sepoy Rebellion Sepoys: Indian soldiers who served under British commanders 1857: Sepoys refused to use ammunition greased with pork/beef fat Full-scale rebellion broke out After quashing the rebellion, the British took control of India Sepoys were Indian troops that served under the British army. In 1857, the British issued new ammunition to the sepoys. The new cartridges had to be bitten off before they could be used; however, the cartridges were greased in beef and pork fat. Most of the sepoys were Hindus or Muslims; since cows are sacred to Hindus and pork is forbidden for Muslims, the sepoys refused to use the new ammunition. General discontent with the increasing British domination over India turned the incident into a full-scale rebellion. Intense fighting often broke out, and it took the British ten months to put down the uprising. Soon after that in the spring of 1858, the British crown used the rebellion as an excuse to take political and economic control of India.

59 “The Jewel in the Crown”In this 1897 map of the world, British possessions are outlined in red and shaded pink. In 1858, the British abolished the East India Company and placed all of India under the direct control of the British crown. India proved to be the most profitable of all of Britain’s colonies and was often referred to as the “jewel in the crown.”

60 French Indochina “French Indochina” encompassed a number of self-governing regions in Southeast Asia, including modern-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. In 1858, French- and Spanish-led forces entered Vietnam following the death of several Christian missionaries there. Within a decade, France had conquered all of southern Vietnam; they referred to this new imperial possession as “Cochinchina.” In 1882, the French seized the northern Vietnamese city of Hanoi, which provoked a war with China. France emerged victorious from the conflict and soon gained supremacy in the region, securing Tonkin (northern Vietnam), Cambodia, and Laos. Thailand was the only Southeast Asian country that avoided coming under European control. Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina. The French controlled the region from approximately 1887 until 1954; during that period, they installed a number of puppet emperors.

61 The French Imperial System in IndochinaThe French improved public services in Indochina, but only to the degree that such improvements would benefit colonial control. Economically, Vietnam provided France with tin, pepper, coal, cotton, and rice. Saigon harbor, circa 1887

62 British forces land at Rangoon (now Yangon), Burma, 1824Britain and the country of Burma fought three wars in the 19th century, with the British prevailing each time. Britain had little interest in the country as a colonial possession, but ended up in armed conflicts with the Burmese largely to protect its dominance in the region and to protect the borders of India, its most valuable colony. After the first war (1824–1826), Burma was forced to cede several provinces. After the second war (1852–1853), Britain assumed control of the entire southern half of Burma. In 1885, the British took just a week to route the Burmese forces, then on January 1, 1886, they annexed Burma to India. British forces land at Rangoon (now Yangon), Burma, 1824

63 The Legacy of ImperialismWorld War I Economic Consequences Third-World Nationalism

64 Imperialism (REVIEW) Ask students to describe what they see in this cartoon. What might the “snake” represent? Why would it have a human head? Who is it coiling around? What do you think it means? In the rubber coils of the Congo `Free' State, a 1906 British cartoon criticizing the abuses of Leopold II's rule of the Congo Free State. By selling off large tracts of the Congo to the highest bidder, Leopold opened the door to the rapacious exploitation of people and resources by short-term business profiteers. Reports of atrocities reaching Europe sparked reactions, as shown here, contributing to the decision by the Belgian government to take over formal administration of the Congo in 1908

65 Imperialism: Policy where one nation attempts to dominate other nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily. Imperialism is very similar to colonialism, with one major difference: colonial powers settle the countries of which they gain control, while imperial powers do not. The term “imperialism” does not seem to exist prior to the 1800s. Nineteenth-century imperialism was spurred in large part by the Industrial Revolution. The development of new industrial economies in the 1700s and 1800s necessitated the acquisition of raw materials and the desire to gain control of marketplaces; thus, by the mid-1800s, imperialistic actions of strong nations (most notably European nations) started to become policy. 1 Definition is from America: Pathways to the Present (New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005, p. 981).

66

67 1845 Map of Africa What do you see?Until mid 19th century, very little known about Tropical Africa Previous contact was limited mainly to slave trade through European forts & trade stations along the African coasts

68 Industrialized nations wanted…Economic Motives Industrialized nations wanted… Raw materials Natural resources A cheap labor supply New marketplaces for manufactured goods Economic motives provided perhaps the strongest impetus for imperialism. Nations strove to control weaker nations because they hoped to expand their own economies, acquire raw materials, possibly obtain new sources of labor, and/or gain new marketplaces for their products. Africa became one of the main sources of raw materials for industrializing nations.

69 The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

70 King Leopold & the CongoThis exploration & increasing interest led to a treaty whereby Belgium gained the Congo Soon after Belgium claimed a section of Africa, other nations of Europe scrambled to do the same

71 Forms of Imperialism Form Definition Example ColonyA country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland in East Africa was a French Colony Protectorate A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta Sphere of influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the United States Economic Imperialism An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments The Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii

72 Imperial Management MethodsIndirect Control Direct Control Local government officials used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules. Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule: Paternalism Goal: Assimilation Government institutions are based only on European styles Examples: British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam German colonies such as German East Africa Portuguese colonies such as Angola

73 The Suez Canal in 1875, six years after it openedEgypt The Suez Canal in 1875, six years after it opened The Suez Canal Shares in the canal held by France, Egypt Britain buys out Egypt’s interest British invade and occupy Egypt The Suez Canal had been built under the direction of Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps using Egyptian laborers. De Lesseps’ Suez Canal Company sold many of its shares to French investors; the Khedive of Egypt (the country’s leader) also held a substantial number of shares. The main construction was completed in 1867, and the canal finally became operational in After Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister of Britain in 1874, the British government wanted to buy a portion of this vital waterway, which provided a shorter route to India. By this time, the Khedive, who had borrowed heavily from European bankers to modernize his country’s infrastructure, was in deep financial straits. Though the French wanted to buy his shares, Disraeli outmaneuvered them and bought out the Khedive’s holdings. Though the influx of cash from this sale helped, it only staved off an Egyptian financial crisis for a year or so. In 1876, the Khedive asked the British government to help him institute fiscal reform. Britain and other European countries that had loaned Egypt money used this as an opportunity to exercise increasing control over Egypt’s finances. The Khedive acceded to much of this control, and discontent and anti-European sentiments began to arise among many Egyptians. In 1881, Egyptian army officers rebelled, and in 1882, fierce anti-European riots broke out in Alexandria. Britain, worried about protecting its investment in the Suez Canal, sent its navy to bombard Alexandria and landed an army of 20,000 soldiers who destroyed the rebel forces. For the next 72 years, Britain stationed troops in Egypt and effectively controlled the Egyptian government, making the country into a virtual colony.

74 “The sun never sets on the British empire”In this 1897 map of the world, British possessions are outlined in red and shaded pink. In 1858, the British abolished the East India Company and placed all of India under the direct control of the British crown. India proved to be the most profitable of all of Britain’s colonies and was often referred to as the “jewel in the crown.”

75 “The Jewel in the Crown”…Of the British EmpireIndia “The Jewel in the Crown”…Of the British Empire The Suez Canal had been built under the direction of Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps using Egyptian laborers. De Lesseps’ Suez Canal Company sold many of its shares to French investors; the Khedive of Egypt (the country’s leader) also held a substantial number of shares. The main construction was completed in 1867, and the canal finally became operational in After Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister of Britain in 1874, the British government wanted to buy a portion of this vital waterway, which provided a shorter route to India. By this time, the Khedive, who had borrowed heavily from European bankers to modernize his country’s infrastructure, was in deep financial straits. Though the French wanted to buy his shares, Disraeli outmaneuvered them and bought out the Khedive’s holdings. Though the influx of cash from this sale helped, it only staved off an Egyptian financial crisis for a year or so. In 1876, the Khedive asked the British government to help him institute fiscal reform. Britain and other European countries that had loaned Egypt money used this as an opportunity to exercise increasing control over Egypt’s finances. The Khedive acceded to much of this control, and discontent and anti-European sentiments began to arise among many Egyptians. In 1881, Egyptian army officers rebelled, and in 1882, fierce anti-European riots broke out in Alexandria. Britain, worried about protecting its investment in the Suez Canal, sent its navy to bombard Alexandria and landed an army of 20,000 soldiers who destroyed the rebel forces. For the next 72 years, Britain stationed troops in Egypt and effectively controlled the Egyptian government, making the country into a virtual colony.

76 When the Sepoy learned that the British were disrespecting their religious beliefs, they revolted.Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

77 French Indochina “French Indochina” encompassed a number of self-governing regions in Southeast Asia, including modern-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. In 1858, French- and Spanish-led forces entered Vietnam following the death of several Christian missionaries there. Within a decade, France had conquered all of southern Vietnam; they referred to this new imperial possession as “Cochinchina.” In 1882, the French seized the northern Vietnamese city of Hanoi, which provoked a war with China. France emerged victorious from the conflict and soon gained supremacy in the region, securing Tonkin (northern Vietnam), Cambodia, and Laos. Thailand was the only Southeast Asian country that avoided coming under European control. Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina. The French controlled the region from approximately 1887 until 1954; during that period, they installed a number of puppet emperors.

78 The French Imperial System in IndochinaThe French improved public services in Indochina, but only to the degree that such improvements would benefit colonial control. Economically, Vietnam provided France with tin, pepper, coal, cotton, and rice. Saigon harbor, circa 1887

79 Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning queen of HawaiiIndependent kingdom in the Pacific Ocean Became a republic in 1894 Annexed by the United States in 1898 Hawaii was an independent kingdom in the Pacific Ocean. In the 1800s, American missionaries arrived, followed by those seeking economic opportunities. Among the first and most successful American companies in Hawaii was the Dole Pineapple Company. With the aid of a wealthy American businessman, a coup overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1894, and Hawaii became a republic. Sanford Dole was “elected” president; in 1898, Sanford Dole gave the U.S. permission to annex the nation. Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning queen of Hawaii