1 Innate and Learned BehaviorIB BIOLOGY HL Option A.4 Innate and Learned Behavior

2 Innate Behavior Inherited from parentsDevelops independently of environment Spider web Wasp nests Simple birdsong Sucking in human infants Three-spined stickle-back fish mating behavior

3 Innate Behavior in InvertebratesTaxis- Direct response to a stimulus Move toward stimulus (+) Move away (-) Chemotaxis- response to chemicals Phototaxis- response to light Gravitaxis- response to gravity Rheotaxis- response to water current Thigmotaxis- response to touch

4 Planaria and Euglena Planaria- Flatworm lives in lakes and pondsNegatively phototaxic Positively chemotaxic to food it likes Euglena- Single celled protist Positively phototaxic (autotrophic) Moves with flagellum

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6 Kinesis Movement in response to non-directional stimulus Orthokinesis-Environment not suitable? Moves rapidly but with no direction Environment suitable? Slows movement down Orthokinesis- organism moves slowly or rapidly in response to a stimulus- no direction Klinokinesis- Organism turns slowly or rapidly- no direction

7 Reflexes Stimulus and response Pain of bee sting InvoluntaryControlled by autonomic nervous system Also controls blood pressure and digestion

8 Reflex Arc Composed of receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, & motor neuron Protective Pupil reflex protects eye from light Blink reflex-protects eye from damage Sneezing- clears nasal passages

9 Reflex Arc, cont. Pathway:Receptor cellsnerve impulse to sensory neuronspinal cordchemical message to relay neuronsynapses with motor neuronimpulse to effector for response

10 Reflex Conditioning Classical conditioning: Pavlov:Modification of reflex response UCS- unconditioned stimulus UCR- unconditioned response NS- neutral stimulus CS- conditioned stimulus CR- conditioned response Pavlov: Russian physiologist Used dogs for test subjects Salivation experiments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI

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12 Learned Behavior Not genetically programmed Result of experienceAcquisition of new knowledge that you did not originally possess Tying shoes, riding bikes Learning measured by performance A change in performance that is stored as memory Table Fill out on provided chart

13 Imprinting Konrad LorenzEthologist- studied animal behavior under natural conditions Worked with goslings Followed their mother everywhere in first stages of life Critical period; hours after hatching Rapid learning where a young animal develops an attraction and recognition of another moving object- usually the mother Animals can imprint on animate (mother) and inanimate(model train) objects https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihh1xBXwt_0

14 Operant Conditioning 1930s B.F. Skinner Skinner boxhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA

15 Learning Acquisition of skill or knowledge Memorization PhaseBirdsong Sing using syrinx: vocal organ at top of trachea Males are born with “crude template” of song, but must perfect it by being exposed to other male birds of same species Must hear own song in first 100 days Memorization Phase Crude template Template matched to song heard Exact template Motor Phase Song output hears own song Song matched to template Sings more or less accurate copy of song heard

16 Memory Encoding- Elaborative- Acoustic- Sensation- Semantic-Visual- Mental pictures Elaborative- Relating new info to old info Acoustic- Encoding of sound Sensation- Touch, smell and taste Semantic- Mnemonic devices- ROYGBIV

17 Storage of Memory Storage- Maintain knowledge for a period of timeNeuron level- an increase in number of signals leads to an increase of connection “practice makes perfect” Forgetting occurs because of weakness of connection

18 Accessing Memory Accessing- Retrieval of stored memories STM or LTMSTM-small amount of information, short period of time LTM- Memory held for long periods of time Actual physical change in neural network With repeated use- brain circuits are strengthened

19 Memory, cont. Methods for retrieving memory-Recognition- association of physical object with something already experienced Recall- remembering fact, object, or event not currently present More complicated Ex. Multiple choice tests vs. essay Recognition can be used to help Recall- essay tests more difficult, all info must be recalled from memory LTMSTMLTM gets stronger