1 Internet Business Foundations© 2007 Prosoft Learning Corporation All rights reserved

2 Lesson 1: Information Technology and the Internet

3 Objectives Define Information Technology (IT) job rolesDefine networks Define the Internet Identify Internet connection methods Define Internet protocols Define the Domain Name System (DNS)

4 Information Technology (IT)Information Technology (IT) – refers to all aspects of managing and processing information Computer departments in most businesses are referred to as IT departments IT departments deal with: Computer technologies and services Telecommunication technologies and services Networking technologies and services

5 IT Job Roles Web site designer – determines the “look and feel” of a Web site Web application developer – develops primarily server-side Web applications Web architect – manages the “big picture” of a Web site’s development Web site analyst – analyzes Web site statistics to determine a site’s effectiveness Web site manager – manages a Web development team Database administrator – maintains an organization’s database resources and data

6 IT Job Roles (cont’d) Server administrator – manages and maintains network servers Network engineer – manages and maintains network infrastructure Security manager – manages the security measures used to protect electronic data Security analyst/consultant – determines the infrastructure required for an organization’s security PC repair technician – installs, modifies and repairs personal computer (PC) hardware components Help desk technician – diagnoses and resolves users’ technical hardware and software problems

7 Overview of Networks Network – two or more computers linked together so they can communicate, share resources and exchange information Networks allow users to: Access shared programs and data Transfer data from one computer to another Share peripheral devices such as printers Share storage devices to store data for backup Use to communicate with one another Access the Internet

8 The Client/Server ModelClient/server model – a network structure in which individual computers and devices interact with one another through a central server, to which they are all connected Client – an individual computer connected to a network Server – a computer that manages network resources Node – an individual computer or other device connected to a network

9 LANs and WANs Local area network (LAN) – a group of computers connected within a confined geographic area The organization owns all network components Wide area network (WAN) – two or more connected LANs that span a wide geographic area The organization typically leases some of the components needed to transmit data, such as high-speed telephone lines or wireless transmission equipment

10 Overview of the InternetInternet – a vast network of LANs and WANs that electronically connects millions of people worldwide The Internet was formed in 1969 by ARPA, whose network, ARPANET, featured multiple servers and connections

11 The World Wide Web World Wide Web – a set of software programs that enables users to access resources on the Internet via hypertext documents, or Web pages Web page – a document created in HTML containing hypertext links that, when clicked, enable users to access a different location or document Web site – a collection of related Web pages Web browser – a software application that enables users to easily access, view and navigate Web pages on the Internet

12 How the Internet Works Network protocols and packets:Protocol – an agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices Packet – a fixed piece of information sent across a network Every computer connected to the Internet uses Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) TCP/IP – software that makes Internet communication possible

13 How the Internet Works (cont’d)Computers access information from the Internet as follows: You request data from an Internet server The request is divided into packets The packets are routed from your LAN to the Internet backbone The packets are routed from the Internet backbone to the destination server The destination server sends the requested information using the same process

14 Connecting to the InternetSix elements are required to connect to the Internet: Computer Operating system TCP/IP Client software Internet connection (dial-up or direct through an ISP) Internet address

15 Internet Service Providers (ISPs)Internet Service Provider (ISP) – an organization that provides access to the Internet Most ISPs charge a flat monthly rate There are some basic-service ISPs that offer Internet connectivity for free ISPs offer dial-up or direct Internet connections

16 Dial-up and Direct Internet ConnectionsDial-up Internet connections: Standard telephone lines and analog modem Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) line and an ISDN modem Direct Internet connections: High-speed data links (for example, fiber-optic cable, wireless media) Wireless connections T1/E1 and T3/E3 carriers (also fractional T and E lines) LAN connections Cable modems Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

17 Internet Protocols Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) – supports 32-bit dotted quad IP address format Most widely used version of IP Approximately 4 billion possible IP addresses Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) – supports 128-bit hexadecimal address format Also known as Internet Protocol Next Generation (IPng) Will replace IPv4 in the future Approximately 4 trillion possible IP addresses

18 Internet Protocols (cont’d)Remote access protocols: Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) – allows a computer to connect to the Internet over a phone line Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) – implements PPP over Ethernet (Ethernet is a LAN network standard that allows computers in a network to communicate) PPPoE connects an entire network to the Internet

19 Internet Protocols (cont’d)Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – used to transfer Web pages from a Web server to a Web client (Web browser) Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) – used to access a secure Web server File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – used to transfer files between computers on the Internet

20 Internet Protocols (cont’d)Electronic mail ( ) protocols: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) – used to transfer messages to others with an outgoing mail server Post Office Protocol (POP) – used to receive from an incoming mail server Forces you to download messages before reading and managing them Current version is POP3 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) - used to receive from an incoming mail server Allows you to manage messages while they reside on the server Current version is IMAP4

21 Internet Protocols (cont’d)Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) – used by news servers to exchange newsgroup articles Newsgroup – a group of messages about a particular subject that is posted to a central Internet site (news server) and redistributed through Usenet Usenet – a public-access worldwide network

22 Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS) – resolves IP addresses into easily recognizable names For example: = Domain name and IP address refer to the same Web server

23 Typical Domain Name www.CIW-certified.com Server (host) nameRegistered company domain name Domain category (top-level domain)

24 Domain Name Syntax Domain names are read right to left, signifying general then specific locations For example, can be interpreted as follows: com — commercial site CIW-certified — registered company domain name www — Web server name at company

25 Top-Level Domains com — commercial or company sitesedu — educational institutions, typically universities org — organizations; originally clubs, associations and nonprofit groups; currently, various types of organizations mil — U.S. military gov — U.S. civilian government net — network sites, including ISPs int — international organizations (rarely used)

26 Domain Name Servers and Virtual and Shared DomainsDomain name server – a server on the Internet that resolves domain names into IP addresses Reverse DNS – the process of resolving IP addresses into domain names Virtual domain – a hosting service that allows a company to host its domain name on a third-party ISP server Shared domain – a hosting service that allows multiple entities to share portions of the same domain name

27 Lesson 2: Web Browsing

28 Objectives Identify the basic functions of Web browsersInstall a Web browser Identify the components of Web addresses Use browsers to authenticate and encrypt Identify considerations in selecting a browser Identify and locate resources for technical data Identify how businesses use browsers Use various browsing techniques Configure Web browser preferences Define and use cookies Configure browser security settings Identify the function of proxy servers Troubleshoot common Internet client problems

29 Basic Functions of Web BrowsersProvide a way for users to access and navigate Web pages Display Web pages properly Provide technology to enable multimedia features Provide access to Internet services (such as FTP, Telnet, news servers and ) Perform authentication and encryption functions

30 Installing a Web BrowserMicrosoft Internet Explorer 6.0 is packaged with Windows XP Most browser software is available on the Web or through a vendor CD ISPs provide browser software on installation CD-ROMs You should install the latest version of a browser because it will have the most recent security features Look for and install browser updates as they become available

31 Web Addresses Every Web page has a unique address called a URLURLs typically include the protocol, the Internet resource (server or host name) and the domain name You enter absolute URLs into your browser’s Address or Location box Relative URLs can be used for coding Web sites

32 How Browsers Work You enter a URL into the browserBrowser breaks the URL into three parts: protocol, server and domain name, and file name Browser contacts a domain name server to translate server name into an IP address Browser uses IP address to connect to server Browser uses HTTP to request a page from the server Some level of authentication takes place Server sends the requested page (coded in HTML) to the browser Browser reads and interprets the HTML and displays the Web page

33 Authentication Authentication – the process of verifying the identity of a user who logs on to a system, or the integrity of transmitted data General authentication types: Anonymous logon – no user name or password is required and authentication is handled transparently by the browser and server Basic authentication – a user name and password are required, and that information is sent as plain text Secure authentication – a user name and password are required, and they are encrypted before being sent across the Internet Digital certificates – you must have the proper digital certificate to gain access

34 Encryption Encryption – the process of converting data into an unreadable form of text Decryption – the process of converting the encrypted data back to its original form Encryption and decryption are performed using keys Key – a mathematical algorithm The more complex the encryption algorithm, the harder it is to decipher the encrypted message without access to the key

35 Authentication protocolsPassword Authentication Protocol (PAP) – used to authenticate dial-up sessions for remote users Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) – authenticates through a server sending a challenge phrase to a client and comparing the client response (generated through a one-way hash function) with its own calculation of the expected hash value Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (MS-CHAP) – a proprietary version of CHAP used by servers running IIS

36 SSL and TLS Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) – a protocol for secure exchanges authenticates using digital certificates provides for data encryption Transport Layer Security (TLS) – successor to SSL becoming more common based on SSL 3.0 provides for encryption and authentication

37 Secure Protocols Various protocols in the TCP/IP suite can be made secure by running them over SSL/TLS, including: HTTPS S/FTP IMAP/S POP3S

38 Browser Choices Most popular browsers in use today are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox Alternative browsers include: Netscape Browser Opera Konqueror Lynx Arachne

39 Resources for Technical DataThe following Web sites are among the many you can visit for technical data:

40 Business Uses of Browsersintranet – an internal or in-house Web site used only by employees within a company extranet – an internal network designed to provide access to selected external users; is not available to the Internet public Webinars and Web conferences – online training or conference sessions that utilize Internet technology to provide interactive and presentation elements to users

41 Browsing Techniques Techniques available to make your browsing sessions more efficient: Using Bookmarks and Favorites Using multiple tabs Following links

42 Configuring Browser PreferencesBrowser preferences you can configure to suit your working style include: Browser fonts Home page History folder Controlling pop-up and pop-under windows Browser cache settings Image loading Cookie handling Cookie warnings

43 Configuring Browser SecurityYou can configure your browser’s security settings to accept, reject or prompt before accepting: ActiveX controls Java applets To restrict these items in Internet Explorer, set safety levels accordingly

44 Proxy Servers Proxy servers come between corporate networks and the Internet Proxy servers can provide the following services: Web document caching Corporate firewall access Browsers must be properly configured to work with proxy servers Mozilla Firefox can be manually configured to work with a proxy server, or can use a proxy server’s URL to automatically configure itself Internet Explorer can automatically scan the network for a proxy server; it can also use a configuration script; or you can configure it manually

45 Troubleshooting Internet Client ProblemsBy adjusting browser functions and settings, you can troubleshoot the following client problems: Poor rendering Slow connection No connection Inability to render images Slow browser and other system functions

46 Lesson 3: Multimedia on the Web

47 Objectives Define objects and their relationships to multimediaExplain the fundamentals of C, C++, Java, JavaScript, ActiveX, JScript and VBScript Define the purpose of plug-ins Identify plug-ins and viewers Listen to and view multimedia objects within your browser Identify various file formats Download files and store them on your computer

48 Objects, Active Content and LanguagesWeb authors use the following languages to create active content: C: a programming language used to create operating systems and applications C++: a superset of the C language that uses object-oriented programming Java: an object-oriented programming language (based on C) that concentrates on distributed objects over a network Java applets: programs written in Java that are designed to run within a Web browser when accessed

49 Objects, Active Content and Languages (cont’d)JavaScript: an event-driven scripting language designed to react whenever events occur JScript: a Microsoft version of JavaScript ActiveX: an open set of technologies for integrating components on the Internet and within Microsoft applications VBScript: an object-oriented scripting language that Microsoft derived from the Visual Basic programming language

50 Plug-ins Plug-ins are programs designed to extend basic browser functionality Plug-ins are associated with a specific platform (Windows or Macintosh) and sometimes with a specific browser Plug-ins provide efficient integration of multimedia formats with the browser and computer Browsers launch plug-ins to play multimedia files

51 Data Compression and DecompressionCompression is the reduction in size of data files Audio and video files are compressed before they are transferred across the Internet Compressed files must be decompressed so that they can be played Compression can be either lossy or lossless Plug-ins use standard compression/ decompression algorithms called codecs to decompress and play streaming media

52 Popular Plug-ins Adobe Shockwave and Flash playersRealNetworks RealPlayer Apple QuickTime Windows Media Player Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer Adobe Reader

53 Video File Formats File Name Extension Description .aviStandard video files for Windows .mov .qt Standard formats for QuickTime movies .mpg .mpeg Standard format for movies on the Internet .ram Video file formatted for RealPlayer streaming video

54 Audio File Formats File Name Extension Description .auAudio format used by UNIX servers .aiff A high-quality audio format developed by Apple Computer .mp3 A format for compressing audio files that uses the MPEG-1 standard .ogg A free alternative to MP3 format .ra A proprietary streaming audio format for RealPlayer .wav The native sound format for Windows

55 Graphics File Formats File Name Extension Description .gifA bitmap format that uses lossless compression and supports various resolutions, but is limited to 256 colors and is used most effectively for drawings or illustrations .jpg .jpeg .jfif A format that supports 16 million colors, uses lossy compression and is widely used for photographs and complex graphics .tif .tiff A popular customizable format that supports grayscale, 8-bit and 24-bit color, and monochrome; commonly used for medical imaging and desktop publishing

56 Document File Formats File Name Extension Description .txtPlain (ASCII) text file. Does not support formatting or images. .pdf Format that supports formatting and images that can be read on any computer regardless of operating system. Requires Adobe Reader for viewing the documents. .doc Format for files created with Microsoft Word or WordPerfect. .ps Format designed for printing on postscript printers. .eps Format used to import and export graphics files between operating systems and applications. .rtf Supports images and formatting and is compatible with many operating systems.

57 Downloading Files with a BrowserYou can use a browser to: Save an entire Web page Save elements of a Web page Download executable files or other types of files from the Internet to a specific location on your hard drive Copy selections to the Clipboard

58 Lesson 4: Databases and Web Search Engines

59 Objectives Define databases and database componentsExplain relational database concepts Define Web search engines and explain Web search types Register a Web site with a search engine Conduct basic and advanced Web searches Define Boolean operators Use Web searches to perform job tasks Explain Web search strategies and unexpected Web search results Identify Web search relevancy Evaluate Web site information and cite copyrighted Web site information as a resource

60 Overview of Databases Database – an organized collection of information that pertains to a particular subject or purpose Table – a collection of data about a specific topic, organized into columns and rows Field – a category of information in a table (column) Record – a collection of information consisting of one or more related fields about a specific entity (row)

61 Relational Databases Relational database – a database that contains multiple tables related through common fields Common field – a field, contained in two or more tables, that forms a relationship between the tables Relationship – a connection between two or more tables based on a common field Relating tables eliminates the duplication of data

62 Relational Databases (cont’d)Tables are related through their common fields The common field is the primary key in one table and the foreign key in another table Primary key – a field containing a value that uniquely identifies each record in a table Foreign key – a field in a related table that refers to the primary key in another table

63 Relating Database TablesOne-to-one relationship – each record in Table A can have only one matching record in Table B One-to-many relationship – a record in Table A can have many matching records in Table B, but a record in Table B has only one matching record in Table A (the most common table relationship) Many-to-many relationship – one record in either Table A or B can relate to many matching records in the other table Established by creating multiple one-to-many relationships with a third table (junction table)

64 Relating Database Tables (cont’d)One-to-many relationship Many-to-many relationship

65 Querying Databases Using SQLQuery databases using: Menu queries Query by example Query languages, such as SQL SQL – the standard interactive and programming language for accessing information from and updating information in relational databases

66 Introduction to Web Search EnginesSearch engine – a powerful software program that makes it easy to find information on the Internet Use keywords to find information about any subject you want to investigate Many engines use “robots” or “spiders” to automatically search the Web and index Web sites

67 Registering a Web Site with a Search EngineAdd your Web site to search engines to make it available to Web users Register your site by completing an online form and entering the URL of your site Robots search your site for relevant keywords found in the tag Search engines that scan Web pages for tags are called meta search engines

68 Search Engines vs. Information PortalsThe term search engine is used loosely to refer to search engines and information portals A search engine uses a robot or spider program to browse the Web following hyperlinks, and index the content that it finds An information portal will only find Web sites based on manual submissions Information portals are more likely to contain high-quality content matches to any given query

69 Types of Web Searches Directory search – search engine displays a list of categories and subcategories that you can browse to find information Keyword search – you enter keywords in a search engine to query an index

70 Popular Search EnginesYahoo! One of the oldest and most basic information portals Yahoo was not intended to be a search engine; it was intended to provide multiple links relating to each topic AltaVista Originally designed to index the entire Internet Two search options are offered: general and advanced Ranks relevance to a site based on keywords entered by the user

71 Popular Search Engines (cont’d)Google Ranks relevance to a site based on keywords entered by the user Also determines relevance based upon how many hyperlinks are made to a particular site Lycos One of the largest and most complete databases on the Internet Offers both directory and keyword searches

72 Popular Search Engines (cont’d)WebCrawler A much smaller database than Lycos It is fast, simple and reliable Good for general searches Excite Allows keyword searches Also contains cross-referencing fields for conceptual searches

73 Basic Web Searching TechniquesClick hyperlinks in an information portal to access categories and subcategories to reach the desired information (e.g., Yahoo!) Enter a single keyword to find Web pages containing the keyword Enter multiple keywords to find Web pages containing all keywords Enter multiple keywords within quotation marks to find Web pages in which the keywords must appear together in order

74 Boolean Operators Boolean operators – symbols or words used to narrow Internet search results by including or excluding certain words or phrases from the results Common operators: AND, OR, NOT, NEAR, FAR, BEFORE, ADJ (adjacent) Plus sign ( + ) Minus sign ( - ) Brackets ( [ ] ) Quotation marks ( “ ” ) Asterisk ( * ) Period ( . )

75 Advanced Web Searching TechniquesUse Boolean operators to narrow the focus of your search Examples: keyword1 AND keyword2 (results must include both keywords) keyword1 OR keyword2 (results must include at least one of the keywords) keyword1 NOT keyword2 (results must exclude keyword2) keyword1 + keyword2 (results must include both keywords) keyword1 - keyword2 (results must exclude keyword2)

76 Using Web Searches to Perform Job TasksUse search engines to search the Internet for information you need to complete a job task Use the Internet to perform research about a topic you need to learn more about in order to complete a project Gain instant access to maps, travel services, couriers, supply ordering and delivery, and so forth

77 Unexpected Web Search ResultsSearch engines may sometimes yield an error page, alternate search engine or advertisement instead of the topic for which you were searching Error pages occur if you: Enter erroneous search criteria Click a dead link Try to access a busy server Unrelated Web pages may display because they may have been added to a search engine’s database by its spider program

78 Web Search Strategies Check the default settings for each search engine (some default to Boolean AND; others to OR) Use keywords that are specific, and try to use nouns rather than verbs Combine keywords into phrases by using quotation marks to indicate exact wording Use all uppercase letters when typing Boolean operators Use all lowercase letters when typing keywords

79 Web Search Relevancy Each search engine uses its own scoring system to determine search results relevancy The more frequently your specified keywords are found in a particular document, the higher the relevancy score that document receives The more powerful search engines use both the words you enter and their synonyms to perform a search; these engines yield more relevant Web pages

80 Evaluating Web Site InformationFactors to consider when evaluating a Web site’s accuracy and value: Who hosts the Web site? Who created the Web site? When was the Web site last updated? Whose links can be found on the site? How does the information found on the site compare with information found in print? How was the Web site’s rank determined?

81 Citing Copyrighted Web Site ReferencesCite information that you obtain from an Internet search Examples of references you can use to determine accepted citation standards: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Chicago Manual of Style

82 Lesson 5: E-Mail and Personal Information Management

83 Objectives Explain the way that electronic mail (e-mail) worksConfigure an client Identify components Create and send messages Receive and view messages Identify ways to use effectively in the workplace Identify problems and solutions Identify the functions of personal information management (PIM) software

84 How Works To send and receive you need a unique IP address, an account name and a password Your service provider

85 E-Mail Services and Programsclient Browser Online service Web-based

86 E-Mail Configuration Requirementsaddress Name of the outgoing (SMTP) mail server Name of the incoming (POP3) mail server POP3 account name (user name) POP3 account password

87 E-Mail Message Componentsmessage header To field Cc field Bcc field Subject field Attachment field Message (body of the message) Signature (lines of text at the end of the message)

88 Creating and Sending MessagesClick the command to create a new message Enter at least one address in the To field Enter additional addresses in the Cc and/or Bcc field (optional) Enter a subject in the Subject field Type the message Attach any necessary files (optional) Click the command to send the message

89 Signatures An signature displays at the bottom of an message An signature usually identifies the sender and provides contact information Some companies require that signatures follow specific guideline for content and structure Signatures can be added automatically to outgoing messages You may create several signatures, but only one can be the default signature at any given time

90 Address Books Address books store names and contact information for your contacts Most clients allow you to import address books from other applications Using an address book to insert addresses is fast, convenient and accurate Most company systems include a global address book that contains the addressees of all company employees

91 Attachments You can attach almost any kind of file to an message The ability to send attachments makes a powerful tool for sharing files and documents clients use MIME to identify attached files by their file type Most company servers scan attachments Some company servers may block certain types of attachments, or all attachments, depending on the company security policy

92 Receiving and Viewing E-Mail MessagesThe Outlook Express window is divided into five major sections: Toolbar Folders pane Contacts pane Message list Preview pane

93 Viewing E-Mail MessagesToolbar Message list Folders pane Preview pane Contacts pane

94 E-Mail in the WorkplaceResponse commands Reply Reply All Forward Professional communication Use proper grammar Check spelling Keep messages clear and concise is permanent threads Reply vs. Reply All Is private? Out-of-office messages

95 E-Mail Problems and SolutionsSexual harassment Offensive language Disclosure of confidential information Live communication better in some situations Spam Spam filters Storing messages Make local copies Remove messages from the server

96 Personal Information Management (PIM)Keep track of appointments Store contact information Provide capabilities (some programs) Provide a centralized electronic calendar (some programs) Set reminders and alarms Many packages available for PDAs Synchronize data between PDA and desktop computer

97 Lesson 6: Internet Services and Tools

98 Objectives Use a news client Use Telnet Use FTPManage downloaded files Use Virtual Network Computing (VNC) and Microsoft Terminal Services Use instant messaging applications Identify the functions of peer-to-peer networks Identify the functions of LDAP Identify the functions of Concurrent Versions System (CVS) Troubleshoot Internet problems using TCP/IP tools

99 Newsgroups Purpose of newsgroups Newsgroup postingsHow to find newsgroups Newsgroup categories Newsgroup structure Configuring a news client

100 Telnet Telnet is a remote host connectionYou log on to a server and access information as if you were sitting in front of the server Telnet provides a login shell (an environment that allows you to issue commands) Requires an account and password on the host computer A generic user name and password allow access to public servers SSH (Secure Shell) is a secure form of Telnet

101 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)Used to transfer files between two computers Public FTP servers generally allow anonymous logon and allow downloading of files only Files are downloaded via the FTP “get” command Corporate FTP servers usually require a user name and password (you may upload files if you have permission) Files are uploaded via the FTP “put” command You can use command-line FTP, a browser’s built-in FTP client, or a specialized FTP client Secure versions of FTP include: Secure Copy (SCP) SSH File Transfer Protocol (S/FTP) SSL/TLS-enabled FTP (FTPS)

102 Managing Download FilesYou may need to define MIME types for files that you download Many files downloaded from FTP servers are compressed (using a compression utility) and must be decompressed before you can use them Common compression utilities include: Zip/unzip Bzip2/bunzip2 Bzip/bunzip Gzip/gunzip Compress/uncompress RAR/WinRAR

103 Virtual Network Computing (VNC)VNC allows you to control a computer at a remote location as if you were sitting in front of it VNC consists of two components: the server and the viewer VNC provides a fill GUI display and allows authenticated users to log on and see the same display they would see if they were sitting in front of the (server) computer The viewer and server do not need to be running the same operating system

104 Instant Messaging (IM)Computer-based method of communication in which users can type and view messages sent to one or more recipients and view the responses immediately Contacts must be online to receive messages Can also be used to send files, view photos, send Web links and talk to contacts Becoming very popular in the workplace Requires an instant messaging client and an account for instant messaging service There are several IM services, clients and servers in widespread use

105 Peer-to-Peer NetworksIn a peer-to-per network, each computer has both client and server capabilities On the Internet, a P2P network allows a group of users to connect with each other and directly share files among their hard drives P2P networks are inexpensive and allow users to share bandwidth

106 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)LDAP directories contain contact information (name, address, address, public keys, etc.) Simplified version of X.500 Supports TCP/IP Makes global directory service available to everyone Modern clients are capable of searching an LDAP directory

107 Concurrent Versions System (CVS)Development tools for programmers Used on Linux or other UNIX-based systems Controls different versions of the pieces of a program as those pieces are developed Allows programmers to use the latest (debugged) versions of their co-workers’ code while developing their own portions Allows a large program to be developed in a much shorter time frame

108 Communicating Effectively over the InternetNetiquette Internet ethics Avoiding harassment Creating effective messages Blogging

109 Troubleshooting Using TCP/IP ToolsUse ipconfig to display your system’s IP configurations Use ping to test connectivity between a source system and a destination system Use tracert to determine the path between a source system and a destination system

110 Lesson 7: Internet Security

111 Objectives Identify the three types of encryptionIdentify ways that authentication provides Web security Identify ways that firewalls provide Web security Identify malware (malicious software) Identify ways to detect and prevent virus attacks Define spyware Define patches and updates Identify ways that screen savers provide workstation security Define list servers and listserve groups Identify security-related ethical and legal issues faced by IT professionals

112 Encryption Encryption – encoding or scrambling information using specific algorithms Three types of encryption: Symmetric-key (secret-key) encryption – the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt messages Asymmetric-key (public-key) encryption – two keys are used to encrypt and decrypt messages: a public key and a private key Hash (one-way) encryption – uses hashes to verify the integrity of transmitted messages

113 Authentication User names and passwords – use to log on to private and public networks, including the Internet Digital certificates – attachments to electronic transmissions that supply a verifiable signature Digital signatures – electronic signatures that verify the identity of the message sender Non-repudiation – digital signatures prove that a transaction or transmission took place; neither the sender nor the receiver can later deny the action

114 Firewalls Firewall – a collection of hardware, software and corporate policies that prevents unauthorized access to or from private networks Use firewalls to: Prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks Retain control of proprietary information Prevent unauthorized export of proprietary information Firewalls may prevent access to external providers or external servers

115 Malware (Malicious Software)Virus – damages computers and networks, often alters files to damage or destroy data Worm – resides in active memory and replicates itself until an entire disk is full Trojan horse – appears to be harmless (such as a computer game) but produces harmful results Illicit server – installs hidden services on systems Client code – allows remote access to a computer by an attacker Server code – infects destination computer and enables the attacker to control it

116 Virus Detection and PreventionCorporate IT departments are often the first line of defense against viruses Common ways to contract viruses: Receive infected disk from colleague or friend Download infected file Download illicit server attachment Copy to your hard disk a document infected with a macro virus

117 Virus Detection and Prevention (cont’d)Common ways to protect against viruses: Do not open or attachments from unknown senders Configure browser and security to highest levels Use antivirus software Keep antivirus software current Stay informed about the latest virus threats Make backup copies of important files

118 Virus Detection and Prevention (cont’d)If you receive an attachment you do not recognize: Do not open the attachment Contact the sender to determine whether the attachment is legitimate If you cannot contact the sender, delete the attachment from the message Delete the attachment from the Deleted Items folder

119 Virus Detection and Prevention (cont’d)If you suspect a virus attack: Use antivirus software to remove the virus If you cannot launch antivirus software, reboot from a known clean system disk, then launch the antivirus software Remove virus from all disks, files and programs If damage is too extensive, reformat hard disk, restore data and reinstall programs (last resort only)

120 Spyware Spyware – an application secretly placed on a user’s system to covertly gather information and relay it to outside parties, usually for advertising purposes Also known as adware Cookies are not spyware because: The user is aware of their presence The user has the option to disable outside access to cookie information Use spyware detection applications to detect and eliminate spyware

121 Updates and Patches Update – a software upgrade that permanently fixes known bugs and improves software performance Patch – a temporary bug fix Virus update – files of virus signature profiles you use to keep your antivirus software current

122 Screen Savers Screen saver – a utility program that displays images or animation on your monitor when your computer is idle Use to hide your work while you are away from your desk Specify screen saver and amount of time computer is idle before screen saver displays

123 List Servers and Listserve GroupsList server – collects and distributes information to and from listserve groups List servers: LISTSERV (www.lsoft.com) Majordomo (www.greatcircle.com/majordomo) Lyris (www.lyris.com) Listserve group – Participants who subscribe to a mailing list through a list server Mailing list Web sites (not list servers): Topica (lists.topica.com) Yahoo! Groups (groups.yahoo.com)

124 Security-Related Ethical and Legal IssuesPrivacy concerns: Your computer activities are no longer private You may receive malware and spam Organizations may monitor employee and restrict access to Internet sites Network administrators may audit the contents of employee hard drives Use home computer for personal communications and Internet searches

125 Security-Related Ethical and Legal Issues (cont’d)Copyright issues: Copyright laws extend to works of authorship on the Internet There is no international copyright You must obtain copyrights from the appropriate agency in your home country Court cases have set precedents that copyright-protected material cannot be used or distributed on the Internet without permission

126 Security-Related Ethical and Legal Issues (cont’d)Licensing: To license copyright-protected material, you must obtain permission from the author Trademarks: To register a trademark, you must contact the appropriate agency in your home country Encryption policies: Determine the risk of transmitting or ing unencrypted proprietary or sensitive data

127 Lesson 8: IT Project Management

128 Objectives Identify project management fundamentalsIdentify project management skills Identify the five project management phases Define the project triangle Identify the value of project management software Create a project schedule Identify the value of documenting projects Identify the value of planning and scheduling meetings Identify the value of reviewing projects Identify quality assurance techniques Identify the business implications of IT decisions Identify project management certifications and resources

129 Project Management FundamentalsProject management – applying knowledge, skills and processes to specific activities in order to meet deadlines and achieve a desired result Project – a sequence of tasks that must be accomplished within a certain time frame to achieve a desired result Task – a unit of work during a project Resource – a person, department or device needed to accomplish a task Assignment – the appointment of a specific resource to a specific task

130 Scope and Scope Creep Scope – the goals and tasks of a project and the work required to complete them Scope creep – gradual increases in project scope that occur in small increments over time A common problem in most projects because not all factors are accounted for at the beginning of a project

131 Project Management SkillsPlanning skills Identify project stakeholders Acquire the right staff for the project Develop and manage project teams Organizational skills Communication skills Problem-solving skills

132 Project Management PhasesInitiating phase Conduct needs analysis Determine objectives, assumptions and constraints Create Statement Of Work (SOW) Planning phase Develop project schedule Assemble project team

133 Project Management Phases (cont’d)Executing phase Perform project tasks Controlling phase (concurrent with executing phase) Monitor progress and take corrective action as needed Closing phase Evaluate schedule, budget, scope, resources and assignments Formal acceptance of project deliverable

134 Conflicts of Interest During the controlling phase, conflicts of interest may occur when the project team consists of cross-departmental members whose reporting structures differ

135 The Project Triangle Factors that affect every project: Time MoneyScope You must determine how adjusting one factor will affect the other two, and how quality will be affected overall

136 Project Management SoftwareProject schedules are stored in databases Schedule information includes: A project start date A project calendar Tasks and task durations Project resources and their costs Use software to: Track project progress and status Save plans of successful projects

137 Creating Project SchedulesGantt chart – a horizontal bar chart that graphically displays project tasks and durations Task list Gantt chart

138 Documenting Projects Paper trailDocument which team members worked on what task, and when they started and completed them Issues log Document and monitor problems that need to be escalated to managers or executives outside the project team for resolution

139 Planning and Scheduling MeetingsDuring the executing and controlling phases: Schedule meetings with team members to monitor progress Schedule meetings with stakeholders and management around milestones to review project status Avoid scope creep by managing requests and changes at regular intervals

140 Reviewing Projects During the closing phase: Test the productClient evaluates and accepts/rejects project deliverable Evaluate performances Review performances of team members Document lessons learned Review what went well, what did not and what could be done differently to improve team performance

141 Quality Assurance Two techniques to ensure quality:Separation of duties – project teamwork in which team members review the work of another team member and vice versa ISO 9000 standards – international benchmark set by 148 countries for systemizing processes to help organizations produce products and services that meet government regulations and the quality standards set by customers

142 IT Business ImplicationsOrganizational rules and policies – IT projects are bound by the rules and policies that govern the organization IT professionals have the right to: Acquire the necessary tools to accomplish their tasks Receive clear, detailed objectives and instructions so they can produce the proper deliverables IT professionals have the responsibility to: Provide services in a timely, cost-effective, secure manner Keep workflow interruptions and system downtime to a minimum

143 IT Business Implications (cont’d)Effects of IT projects on productivity IT projects and decisions impact employee productivity because they affect systems employees use to do their jobs IT project Return On Investment (ROI) IT project managers must determine the risk and value of each project to justify which projects to preserve and which projects to eliminate

144 Project Management Institute (PMI)Nonprofit member organization that publishes standards and offers education regarding the project management profession Project Management Professional (PMP) – certification for project managers Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) – nine topic areas that define project management

145 PMBOK Project integration management Project scope managementProject time management Project cost management Project quality management Project human resource management Project communication management Project risk management Project procurement management