1 Introducción a las Medidas No Arancelarias (MNA) Taller “Identificación de barreras al comercio de productos colombianos de Biocomercio y otros derivados de la biodiversidad” Bogotá, 22 y 23 de agosto 2016 Soledad Villanueva Dpto. de Acuerdos y Negociaciones Secretaría General de la ALADI [email protected]

2 1.¿Qué es MNA? Definición y clasificación 2. ¿Qué información sobre MNA tiene UNCTAD y ALADI? Recopilación de MNA 3. MNA relacionadas con el Biocomercio aplicadas en China, UE, Japón, Suiza, y EEUU 4. Información disponible sobre de MNA Temas

3 ¿Qué es una Medida No Arancelaria?

4 Las negociaciones bilaterales, regionales y multilaterales han reducido los aranceles aduaneros Las MNA han crecido en importancia. Seguimiento G20, OMC, UNCTAD, ASEAN, ALADI Hay una necesidad real de un mejor entendimiento y transparencia en la aplicación de MNA Las MNA son un aspecto esencial del comercio internacional

5 Tendencia: mientras los aranceles descienden, las MNA son cada vez más frecuentes

6 Menores aranceles → –MNA más visibles –MNA como sustitución de aranceles Proliferación –Más países utilizándolas y más formas de MNA Pueden tener efecto restrictivo o distorsionado en comercio, sin importar la intención –Costos escondidos –Afecta acceso a mercados –No transparentes Podrían afectar a los países en desarrollo de manera desproporcionada –Erosionar ventaja competitiva en cuanto a costos más eficientes o acceso preferencial arancelario ¿Por qué debemos prestarle atención?

7 Las MNA son medidas de gobierno, a excepción de los aranceles, que pueden tener consecuencias sobre el comercio internacional de bienes, al afectar las cantidades transadas, los precios, o ambos. MNA ≠ BNA No son "Obstáculos de Procedimiento" Definición MNA BNA Medida Obstáculo de Procedimiento -Discriminatorio -Arbitrariedad -Procedimientos costosos y largos -Políticas inconsistentes Falta de información o cambios en los procedimientos Complejidad: amplia variedad de cargas impositivas, amplia variedad de documentación No se abre juicio sobre si una medida constituye una barrera, o si tiene una intensión discriminatoria o proteccionista, (legitimidad), ni sobre su legalidad (principios de la OMC).

8 Objetivos manifiestos Instrumentos de política comercial –Regular mercados domésticos –Proteger empresas nacionales ej. cuotas, subsidios, medidas de defensa comercial, fijación de precios Objetivos no comerciales –Protección de sanidad, salud, medio ambiente, calidad, seguridad ej. medias técnicas, sanitarias Definición Acceso a mercados y oportunidades de mercado dependen cada vez más del cumplimiento de MNA, sobre todo de las medidas técnicas Fuente: UNCTAD 2013

9 Discutida y acordada por varios organismos internacionales –BM FAO, IMF, ITC, OCDE, UNCTAD, UNIDO, WTO. Adoptada cada vez por mayor número de instituciones –AfDB, ASEAN, ALADI, BM, ITC, OMC, UNCTAD Clasificación de MNA

10 Medidas de importación Medidas Técnicas Medidas no Técnicas Medidas de Exportación Medidas Técnicas Medidas no Técnicas MSF - OTC

11 Clasificación: capítulos (A-P) A MFS B OTC C Inspecciones pre-embarque y otras formalidades D Medidas de defensa/protección comercial E Licencias, cuotas, prohibiciones, y otras de cantidad F Control de precios, Cargos, tasas, y otras para-arance G Financieras H Anti-competitivas I Medidas de inversión relacionadas con el comercio P Medidas de exportación J Restricciones de distribución K Servicios post-venta L Subsidios M Compras de Gobierno N Propiedad Intelectual O Reglas de Origen Medidas técnicas Medidas de importación Medidas no técnicas Medidas exportac

12 Regulaciones técnicas –Prohibiciones –límites de tolerancia de residuos –etiquetado, envasado –requisitos de higiene, sanitarios o de o seguridad –requisitos de calidad –fumigado Evaluación de conformidad –Certificación, –pruebas de laboratorio, –Inspección Ejemplos de MNA Control de Precios –Precios mínimos, precios de referencia Control de cantidades. –Licencias, cuotas. Tasas, Impuestos y otras para- arancelarias. Tipos de cambio múltiples o control de cambios Medidas anti-competitivas. –Monopolio para ciertos productos, –seguro o transporte obligatorio con cierta compañía Contenido nacional mínimo

13 Recolección de datos ¿Qué datos? ¿De dónde salen? ¿Cómo se organizan en una base de datos?

14 En la práctica: Tres tipos de datos 1. " Medidas oficiales " Requerimientos establecidos por algún texto legal, promulgado oficialmente por un gobierno (notificaciones a OMC) 2. Datos de encuestas Quejas o problemas de exportadores compiladas en una base de datos. Podrían ser establecidas por sus gobiernos 3. Voluntarios Estándares privados o internacionales

15 El trabajo comenzó en los '80 La primer base de datos global (1990 a 2006) –1990 UNCTAD desarrolla taxonomía de medidas (Coding System of Trade Control Measures) –La base TRAINS/WITS (desde 2002 en internet) sigue siendo la base de datos más exhaustiva y global Socios regionales ALADI (1992), AfDB, ASEAN UNCTAD ha sido pionero en esta área

16 Reunión de Expertos 2005 –Metodología, Clasificación y Cuantificación e Impactos sobre el desarrollo de las BNA Constitución del Grupo de Personas Eminentes y –MAST (Multi-Agency Support Team) encargada del trabajo técnico (2005-2010) FAO, IMF, ITC, OECD, UNIDO, UNCTAD, WB y WTO Proyecto piloto (2007 - 2009). → Datos tipo 1 y 2 –Evaluar métodos de recolección de datos y validar la clasificación –Brasil, Chile, Filipinas, India, Tailandia, Túnez, Uganda Mayor cobertura geográfica (Asia, América Latina, África). Nuevos datos desde 2007

17 La transparencia debe fortalecerse: -Empodera al sector privado. -Facilita la cooperación entre los responsables de las políticas en los países. -Decisiones informadas a través del análisis seguro. Para complementar y reforzar las notificaciones a la OMC: -Los mecanismos de notificación de la OMC no se utilizan suficientemente... -... Y sólo informa sobre los cambios de política. - La recolección de datos de la UNCTAD suma la población total de MNA notificadas. - Notificaciones siguen siendo importantes: participación en la elaboración de nuevas leyes (nacional e internacional), trabajar con medidas antes de su implementación, etc. OBJETIVO Transparencia

18 MNA Etapa de Producción ProductoEtapa de posproducción Comercialización & administración Insumos & procesos Transporte & otros Regulaciones sobre la calidad o la seguridad de los insumos utilizados. Seguir ciertos procesos de seguridad en la producción. Autorización necesaria para producir o certificaciones para el productor (no para el producto). Registro. Requisitos de calidad o seguridad, pruebas, inspección, autorizaciones o certificaciones necesarias para el producto, etiquetado, información de trazabilidad. Impuestos, cuotas, limitación de precios, reglamento sobre el modo de pago y financiamiento. Envases, embalaje, transporte, tratamiento de residuos. Exportación & importación

19 Los textos legales oficiales son la fuente de información de base … para llegar acá Se parte de acá …

20 Obstáculos de procedimiento y MNA Regulación 1 Medida 1 Medida 2 Medida 3 Subjetivo Obstáculos de procedimiento Medida El modo como la medida es implementada (praxis). Atributos o operaciones de la medida Ej.: Retrasos administrativos, esperas, la aplicación discriminatoria de las normas, prácticas informales “Disposiciones oficiales" Requisitos promulgadas dentro de un texto legal o reglamento emitido oficialmente por un país. Ley, decreto, etc. EXCLUIDO DE LA BASE MNA

21 ¿Cómo se transforma una medida en dato? Regulación 1 Medida 1 Países afectados Productos afectados Objetivos mencionados Medida 2 Países afectados Productos afectados Objetivos mencionados Medida 3 Países afectados Productos afectados Objetivos mencionados Regulación Medida Ley, decreto, etc. promulgado oficialmente por un gobierno Una "regulación" puede contener más de una medida.

22 Regulaciones ( secciones 1-6): -Prohibiciones, límites de tolerancia, etiquetado, envases y embalajes, higiene y seguridad. Procedimientos de evaluación de la conformidad (sección 8): - certificación, prueba, inspección. Capítulos A y B (MSF – OTC): misma estructura Requerimientos Procesos de verificación

23 MEDIDAS MSF Garantizan inocuidad de los alimentos. Protegen la vida humana contra enfermedades propagadas por animales o vegetales. Protegen animales y vegetales de enfermedades o plagas. Ejemplos: –contaminación microbiológica –residuos de plaguicidas/ medicamentos veterinarios –Aditivos, toxinas y contaminantes MEDIDAS OTC Prevención de enfermedades humanas (excepto inocuidad de alimentos). Información nutricional. Embalaje y envases. Calidad de los alimentos. Ejemplos: –prescripciones de etiquetado (nutricional, calidad) –seguridad de vehículos, electrodomésticos –Emisiones CO2 Medidas técnicas: MFS o OTC?

24 MFS ejemplos: Inspección para evitar contaminación microbiológica de alimentos Tolerancia de residuos de pesticidas o drogas animales Lista de aditivos alimentarios autorizados Procedencia de alimentos restringida a ciertos países o áreas libres de pestes Certificación de inocuidad de alimentos Regulación de procesos de fabricación que afectan a la inocuidad alimentos OTC ejemplos: Envasado, su volumen, forma, apariencia Regulaciones de productos eléctricos (eficiencia energética) Pruebas de automóviles y sus partes SPS TBT Garantizar la inocuidad de los alimentos destinados al consumo humano. Evitar la propagación de plagas o enfermedades entre los animales y los vegetales Todo el resto

25 AMSFBOTC A1Prohibiciones/restriccionesB1Prohibiciones/restricciones A2Límites de tolerancia para residuos y uso restringido de sustancias B2Límites de tolerancia para residuos y uso restringido de sustancias A3Requisitos de etiquetado, marcado y empaquetado B3Requisitos de etiquetado, marcado y empaquetado A4Requisitos en materia de higiene A5Tratamiento sobre el producto final para la eliminación de pestes en plantas o animales, o de organismos causantes de enfermedades A6Otros requisitos referentes al procesos de producción o posproducción B4Requisitos de producción o posproducción B6Requisito para la identidad del producto B7Requisitos de Calidad o de funcionamiento A8Evaluación de conformidad MSFB8Evaluación de conformidad OTC Requisito de inscripción del producto Requisitos de prueba o examen Requisito de certificación Requisito de inspección Requisitos de información sobre trazabilidad Requisito de cuarentena Secciones 1 to 6 (Regulaciones) Sección 8

26 MSF OTC A1Prohibiciones/restriccionesB1Prohibiciones/restricciones A11Prohibiciones geográficas temporalesB11Prohibición por razones OTC A12Restricciones de elegibilidad según la ubicación geográfica A13Enfoque de sistemas (o abordaje por sistemas) A14Autorización especialB14Autorización especial A15Registro para importadoresB15Registro para importadores A2Límites de tolerancia para residuos y uso restringido de sustancias B2Límites de tolerancia para residuos y uso restringido de sustancias A21Límites de tolerancia para sustancias residuales o para la contaminación por ciertas sustancias B21Límites de tolerancia para sustancias residuales o para la contaminación por ciertas sustancias A22Uso restringido de ciertas sustanciasB22Uso restringido de ciertas sustancias A3Requisitos de Etiquetado, Marcado y Empaquetado B3Requisitos de Etiquetado, Marcado y Empaquetado A31Requisitos de etiquetadoB31Requisitos de etiquetado A32Requisitos de marcado para el transporteB32Requisitos de marcado para el transporte A33Requisitos de envasadoB33Requisitos de envasado

27 MSF OTC A4Requisitos en materia de higiene A41Criterios microbiológicos del producto final A42Prácticas en materia de higiene durante la producción A5Tratamiento sobre el producto final para la eliminación de pestes en plantas o animales, o de organismos causantes de enfermedades A51Tratamiento de frío o de calor A52Irradiación A53Fumigación A6Otros requisitos referentes al procesos de producción o posproducción B4Requisitos de producción o posproducción A61Sobre el proceso de crecimiento de las plantas B41Regulaciones OTC sobre procesos de producción A62Sobre los procesos para criar o atrapar animales A63Sobre el procesamiento de alimentos y alimentos de animales A64Sobre las condiciones de almacenaje y transporte B42Regulaciones OTC sobre condiciones de almacenaje y transporte B6Requisito para la identidad del producto B7Requisitos de Calidad o de funcionamiento

28 A8Evaluación de conformidad relacionada con MSF B8Evaluación de conformidad relacionada con OTC A81Requisito de inscripción del productoB81Requisito de inscripción del producto A82Requisitos de prueba o examenB82Requisitos de prueba o examen A83Requisito de certificaciónB83Requisito de certificación A84Requisito de inspecciónB84Requisito de inspección A85Requisitos de información sobre trazabilidad B85Requisitos de información sobre trazabilidad A86Cuarentena Evaluación de la conformidad (A8 – B8)

29 Inspección previa al embarque. Requisito de envío directo. Requisito de pasar a través de un puerto de aduanas especifico. Requisitos de monitoreo y vigilancia de importación y otras medidas de licencias automáticas. C. Inspección previa al embarque y otras formalidades

30 P1 Licencia de exportación, cupo, prohibición y otras restricciones cuantitativas P2 Empresas comerciales estatales, para exportación; y otros canales de exportación selectivos. P3 Medidas para el control de precios de las exportaciones P4 Medidas de Reexportación P5 Impuestos y gravámenes de exportación P6 Medidas técnicas de exportación P7 Subsidios de exportación P. Medidas relacionadas a la exportación

31 Información disponible

32 Objetivo: Llegar al 90% de las importaciones mundiales para 2016 Base MNA: cobertura

33 Objetivo: Llegar al 90% de las importaciones mundiales para 2015/2016 Base MNA: cobertura América Latina - ALADI América del Norta Europa y Asia Central Oriente Medio y Norte de África ÁfricaAsia del Sur Este Asiático y Pacífico ArgentinaUSE.U.EgyptBurkina FasoAfghanistanChina BoliviaCanada KazakhstanLebanonCote d’Ivoire(India)Japón Brazil (Russia)MoroccoGuineaNepalLao PDR Chile TajikistanTunisiaMadagascarPakistanAustralia Colombia MauritiusSri Lanka New Zealand Costa Rica Namibia Cuba Senegal ASEAN Ecuador Tanzania GuatemalaKenya Mexico Malawi Paraguay ECOWAS Peru Ethiopia Uruguay SADC Venezuela, Honduras Nicaragua, Panama EAC / COMESA Disponible en WITS/TRAINSEn progreso

34 MNA relacionadas con el Biocomercio aplicadas por China, UE, Japón, Suiza y EE.UU

35 Productos de interés para Colombia SA 2012 *De interés según lo expresado en las encuestas

36 Numero de medidas (en promedio) de tipo MSF y OTC que enfrentan los siguientes grupos de productos exportados por Colombia MNA relacionadas con Biocomercio aplicadas por China, UE, Japón, Suiza y EEUU Por ej., cada uno de los productos en el grupo de 'Vegetales comestibles' exportados por Colombia a CHE (Suiza) enfrentan en promedio 15 medidas sanitarias, y cerca de 10 medias OTC

37 N° de MNA (en promedio) de tipo no técnico, y las de registro o autorización discrecional que enfrentan los siguientes grupos de productos exportados por Colombia MNA relacionadas con Biocomercio aplicadas por China, UE, Japón, Suiza y EEUU

38 Extracto de datos Tenemos a su disposición los datos completos de todas MNA que afectan los grupos de productos señalados como de interés

39 Partida 0714 en Unión Europea ntmco de product code measuredescription partialcove rage affectedproductsdescription A1200714 Animals and animal products Council Directive 96/23/EC (OJ L-125 23/05/1996) (CELEX 31996L0023) outlines the procedure to evaluate whether when importing animals and animal products, the guarantees on residues of chemical substances presented b 0 Pesticide residues in plant and animal products intended for human consumption A1300714. General foodstuffs hygiene rules The relevant hygiene rules of food which need to be respected by food business operators in third countries are contained in Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council: Genera 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen A140 0714 Plants, plant products and their protection Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L-309 24/11/2009) (CELEX 32009R1107) lays down rules and procedures for active substances to be marketed in the EU 0 Pesticide residues in plant and animal products intended for human consumption A1500714 Special provisions on Genetically Modified (GM) food and novel food. On the basis of the opinion of EFSA, the Commission drafts a proposal for granting or refusing the authorisation, which must be approved by the Standing Committee on the Food 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen A1500714 Plant health control: The imports into the European Union (EU) of plants, plant products and any other material capable of harbouring plant pests (e.g. wooden products and containers, soil, etc) may be subject to the following protective measur 0 This measure is specifically related to dangerous harmful organisms, listed in Annex I;II; III; IV, Part A to Council Directive 200/29/EC. Plants, plant products and any other material capable of harbouring plant pests (e.g. wooden products and A1900714 Import bans Member States shall ban the introduction into their territory of: Certain particularly dangerous harmful organisms, which are listed in Annex I, Part A to Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Plants and plant products listed in Annex II, P 0 This measure is specifically related to dangerous harmful organisms, listed in Annex I;II; III; IV, Part A to Council Directive 200/29/EC. Plants, plant products and any other material capable of harbouring plant pests (e.g. wooden products and A2100714 In order to ensure a high level of consumer protection, imports into the European Union (EU) of foodstuffs should comply with EU legislation designed to ensure that food placed on the market is safe to eat and does not contain contaminants 0 Contaminants in foodstuffs. Section 1 – sets limits for nitrate in lettuce, spinach and baby foods. Section 2 – sets limits for various mycotoxins in, for example, groundnuts, nuts, dried fruit (including dried vine fruit) and products there A2100714 The competent authorities designated by the EU Member States (MSs) perform documental and/or physical inspections of the imported products in order to check their conformity with the following EU general marketing standards laid down in Annex I 0 This measure is related to fruits and vegetables which are intended to be sold fresh to the consumer A2100714 Control of pesticide residues in the EU: the maximum residue levels (MRLs) As from 1 September 2008, Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L-70 16/03/2005) (CELEX 32005R0396) defines a fully harmonised 0 Pesticide residues in plant and animal products intended for human consumption A2200714 General conditions concerning contaminants in food Contaminant substances may be present in food as a result of the various stages of its production and marketing or due to environmental pollution. Since they represent a real risk for food safe 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen A3100714 Food or feed, which is placed or is likely to be placed on the market in the EU, shall also be adequately labelled or identified to facilitate its traceability, through relevant documentation or information on the product particulars. Therefore 0Food and and feed products A3100714 There are two types of labelling provisions which are applicable to foodstuffs: General rules on food labelling: Name of the food ; List of ingredients; Net quantity; Minimum durability date; Minimum durability date; storage conditions or condi 0All foodstuffs marketed in the European Union (EU) A3100714 Specific provisions for certain groups of products and for foodstuffs for particular nutritional purposes. Companies that want to place a novel food on the EU market must submit their application to the competent body of a Member State for risk 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen A3300714 Materials intended to come into contact with foodstuffs Materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs must be manufactured so that they do not transfer their constituents to food in quantities which could endanger human h 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen A4100714 Microbiological criteria for certain products which are established in Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 (OJ L-338 22/12/2005) (CELEX 32005R2073); 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen A4200714 General foodstuffs hygiene rules: The relevant hygiene rules of food which need to be respected by food business operators in third countries are contained in Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council: General 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen A6300714 General hygiene provisions for primary production and detailed requirements for all stages of production, processing and distribution of food; Special provisions on Genetically Modified (GM) food and novel food In order to ensure the highest le 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen A8300714 If the goods conform to the marketing standards, the inspection bodies issue a certificate of conformity which must be presented at the point of importation in order to be released for circulation. 0 This measure is related to fruits and vegetables which are intended to be sold fresh to the consumer A8300714 Plant health control: The imports into the European Union (EU) of plants, plant products and any other material capable of harbouring plant pests (e.g. wooden products and containers, soil, etc) may be subject to the following protective measur 0 This measure is specifically related to dangerous harmful organisms, listed in Annex I;II; III; IV, Part A to Council Directive 200/29/EC. Plants, plant products and any other material capable of harbouring plant pests (e.g. wooden products and A8300714 Special provisions applicable to Genetically Modified (GM) plants and seeds The EU legislation requires that GM seed varieties have to be approved and authorised in the EU for cultivation under Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament an 0Seeds - Genitically Modified plants and seeds A8400714 Inspection of marketing standards According to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 (OJ L-347 20/12/2013) (CELEX 32013R1308) fruits and vegetables which are intended to be sold fresh to the consumer, may only be marketed if they 0Fresh fruit and vegetables A8400714 Customs inspection and plant health checks. In addition to the above mentioned certificates, the plants and plant products listed in Annex V, Part B to Council Directive 2000/29/EC shall, from the time of their entry in the EU, be subject to cu 0 This measure is specifically related to dangerous harmful organisms, listed in Annex I;II; III; IV, Part A to Council Directive 200/29/EC. Plants, plant products and any other material capable of harbouring plant pests (e.g. wooden products and A8500714 Traceability The EU Law defines traceability as the ability to trace and follow any food, feed, food-producing animal or substance that will be used for consumption, through all stages of production, processing and distribution. 0Food and and feed products A8510714 Novel foods (i.e. foods and food ingredients that have not been used for human consumption to a significant degree within the EU before 15 May 1997) must also undergo a safety assessment before being placed on the EU market. Companies that want 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen A8520714 General foodstuffs hygiene rules The relevant hygiene rules of food which need to be respected by food business operators in third countries are contained in Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council: General 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen A8530714 General foodstuffs hygiene rules: The relevant hygiene rules of food which need to be respected by food business operators in third countries are contained in Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council: General h 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen B1400714 Country authorisation: In order to ascertain that goods have been obtained according to production rules equivalent to those laid down in the Community, the European Commission makes a thorough investigation into the arrangements in the country 0 Products from organic production, live or unprocessed agricultural products, processed agricultural products for use as food, animal feed, seeds and vegetative propagating material, bearing a reference to organic production methods B3100714 Specific provisions for certain groups of products and for foodstuffs for particular nutritional purposes. Companies that want to place a novel food on the EU market must submit their application to the competent body of a Member State for risk 0 Foodstuffs of non-animal origin. Imports of foodstuffs of non- animal origin into the European Union (EU) must comply with general conditions and specific provisions designed to prevent risk to public health and protect consumers' interests. Hen B3100714 There are two types of labelling provisions which are applicable to foodstuffs: General rules on food labelling: Name of the food ; List of ingredients; Net quantity; Minimum durability date; Minimum durability date; storage conditions or condi 0All foodstuffs marketed in the European Union (EU) B3100714 Organic products from third countries may only be placed on the EU market when they are labelled as products with indications referring to organic production, if they have been produced in accordance with production rules and subject to inspect 0 Products from organic production, live or unprocessed agricultural products, processed agricultural products for use as food, animal feed, seeds and vegetative propagating material, bearing a reference to organic production methods B3200714Marking requirement refers to the country of origin0 This measure is related to fruits and vegetables which are intended to be sold fresh to the consumer B7000714 Imports into the European Union (EU) of these products must comply with the EU-harmonised marketing standards 0 This measure is related to fruits and vegetables which are intended to be sold fresh to the consumer B7000714 Specific marketing conditions for certain groups of seeds and plant propagating material Special provisions applicable to Genetically Modified (GM) plants and seeds. Specific marketing conditions for certain groups of seeds and plant propagatin 0 Seeds and plant propagating material - Certain groups of seeds and plant propagating material B8400714 Inspection of marketing standards According to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 (OJ L-347 20/12/2013) (CELEX 32013R1308) fruits and vegetables which are intended to be sold fresh to the consumer, may only be marketed if they 0Fresh fruit and vegetables E1000714,Import licence (called import certificate): Import certificates are issued by the competent authorities of the Member State prior to clearance for free circulation 0 G1100714 The importer shall deposit a security, which is returned once the importation takes place within the established period. 2.deposit of an adequate security, which amount is set in the Common Organisation of the Market for each agricultural secto 0Agricultural products.

40 Partida 0714 en Japón ntmco de product code measuredescription Partialc overage affectedproductsdescription A120 0714 Article 7 Paragraph 1 of the Law stipulates that any person shall not import (i) Plants that are sent from areas provided for in Annexed Table 2 (list of the import prohibited plants) of the Ministerial Ordinance for Enforcement of the Plant 1 Affected products: - Plants that are sent from areas provided for in Row 1 of Annexed Table 2 of the Ministerial Ordinance; - Containers or packages of goods listed in each of the foregoing items. * The latest version of the Annexed Table 2 is A120 0714 Article 7 Paragraph 1 of the Law stipulates that any person shall not import (i) Plants that are sent from areas provided for in Annexed Table 2 (list of the import prohibited plants) of the Ministerial Ordinance for Enforcement of the Plant 1 Affected products: - Plants that are sent from areas provided for in Row 1 of Annexed Table 2 of the Ministerial Ordinance; - Containers or packages of goods listed in each of the foregoing items. * The latest version of the Annexed Table 2 is A190 0714 Article 7 Paragraph 1 of the Law stipulates that any person shall not import (i) Plants that are sent from areas provided for in Annexed Table 2 (list of the import prohibited plants) of the Ministerial Ordinance for Enforcement of the Plant 1 Affected products: - Quarantine pests that are listed in Annexed Table 1 of the Ministerial Ordinance; - Soil or plants to which soil is attached; and - Containers or packages of goods listed in each of the foregoing items. Details of the affec A210 0714 Food in which substances that are the ingredients of agricultural chemicals (prescribed in Article 1-2, paragraph (1) of the Agricultural Chemicals Control Act No. 82 of 1948), substances that are added, mixed or infiltrated into feed (meaning 0 (i) All food and drink (excluding pharmaceutical products or quasi-pharmaceutical products specified in the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act No. 145 of 1960), A210 0714 The following food and additives shall not be sold (including cases of being delivered but not being sold to many and unspecified persons; the same shall apply hereinafter), or collected, produced, imported, processed, used, cooked, stored, or 0 (i) All food and drink (excluding pharmaceutical products or quasi-pharmaceutical products specified in the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act No. 145 of 1960), (ii) additives (substances used by being added, mixed or infiltrated into food or by other A310 0714 Pursuant to Chapter 3 of the Standards, perishable foods must bear a labelling on name, preserving method, consumption date, etc. 0 A330 0714 The labeling specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare under Article 25, paragraph (1) of the Act shall be made by sealing the containers and packaging of the products with certificates according to form 1. 0 (i) food and drinks for which standards have been established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, (ii) additives specified by cabinet order: tar colourant/ pigment, for which standards have been established A410 0714 The following food and additives shall not be sold (including cases of being delivered but not being sold to many and unspecified persons; the same shall apply hereinafter), or collected, produced, imported, processed, used, cooked, stored, or 0 (i) All food and drink (excluding pharmaceutical products or quasi-pharmaceutical products specified in the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act No. 145 of 1960), (ii) additives (substances used by being added, mixed or infiltrated into food or by other

41 Partida 0714 en EE.UU ntmcodemeasuredescriptionaffectedproductsdescription A120 (a) Determination by the Administrator. The Administrator has determined that the application of one or more of the designated phytosanitary measures cited in paragraph (b) of this section to certain imported fruits and vegetables mitigates the Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) (Whole plant) A140 (a) Each person who imports: (1) Avocados, grapefruit, kiwifruit, limes, olives, oranges, and prune variety plums (fresh prunes) for consumption by charitable institutions or distribution by relief agencies; (2) Avocados, grapefruit, kiwifruit (2) Avocados, grapefruit, kiwifruit, oranges, prune variety plums (fresh prunes), and table grapes for processing; (3) Olives for processing into oil; (4) Grapefruit for animal feed; or (5) Avocados for seed A140 § 319.41-2: (a) Persons contemplating the importation of any of the articles specified in § 319.41-1(b), shall first make application to the Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs for a permit, stating in the application the name and address Corn on the cob, green or mature A140 Persons contemplating the importation of corn into the United States shall, before shipping the corn, make application for a permit, on forms provided for that purpose, to the Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Departmen Indian corn or Maize A140 (b) Except as otherwise provided in this subpart, the importation into the United States of raw or unmanufactured corn seed and all other portions of Indian corn or maize and related plants, including all species of teosinte (Euchlaena), jobs-t Raw or unmanufactured corn seed and all other portions of Indian corn or maize and related plants, including all species of teosinte (Euchlaena), jobs-tears (Coix), Polytoca, Chionachne, and Sclerachne A150 (a) You must register your facility under this subpart if you are the owner, operator, or agent in charge of either a domestic or foreign facility, as defined in this subpart, and your facility is engaged in the manufacturing/processing, packin Food (food means (1) articles used for food or drink for man or other animals, (2) chewing gum, and (3) articles used for components of any such article) A190 Prior notice should be submitted when: (a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, you must submit the prior notice to FDA and the prior notice submission must be confirmed by FDA for review as follows: (1) If the article of food i Food products A210Residue tolerance limits cattle meat, cattle meat byproducts, cattle fat, catfish, salmonids, reindeer, Americal bison, sheep, poultry, cattle, calves, swine, goat, chicken, turkey, edible tissues of quail, edible tissues of swine, edible tissues of cattle, edible tis A220The restrcition on the use of some color additivesFood A220Tolerance limits for different food additives in FoodFood A220 The requirements on the use of some color additives in foods: Lakes (FD&C). FD&C Blue No. 1. FD&C Blue No. 2. FD&C Green No. 3. FD&C Red No. 4. FD&C Yellow No. 5. FD&C Yellow No. 6. Food products A220 (f) Under section 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, intrinsic factor and intrinsic factor concentrate are regarded as food additives. No food additive regulation nor existing extension of the effective date of section 409 of the Food A220 (a) Heretofore, the Food and Drug Administration has expressed the opinion in trade correspondence that glycine is generally recognized as safe for certain technical effects in human food when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice Human food A220 The Commissioner of Food and Drugs has concluded that it is in the interest of the public health to limit the addition of fluorine compounds to foods (a) to that resulting from the fluoridation of public water supplies, (b) to that resulting fr Food A220 Requirements related to use of color additives in food and feed products. Conditions regarding the use of following color additives in food products: FD&C Blue No. 1. FD&C Blue No. 2. FD&C Green No. 3. Orange B. Citrus Red Food products A220 Requirements related to use of color additives in food and feed products:Conditions regarding the use of following color additives in food products: Annatto extract. Astaxanthin. Astaxanthin dimethyldisuccinate. Dehydrated beets ( Food products A310Food labeling requirements concerning the safety of consumersFood A310 (a) The common or usual name of a food, which may be a coined term, shall accurately identify or describe, in as simple and direct terms as possible, the basic nature of the food or its characterizing properties or ingredients. The name shall b Food A310 (a) Any standardized food that contains a sulfiting agent or combination of sulfiting agents that is functional and provided for in the applicable standard or that is present in the finished food at a detectable level is misbranded unless the p Standardized food A310 (d) The name of each canned vegetable for which a definition and standard of identity is prescribed by this section is the name or any synonym thereof whereby such vegetable is designated in column I of the table in paragraph (b) of this sectio Okra A320 Every bag or other container of corn offered for entry shall be plainly marked with such numbers or marks as will make it easily possible to associate the bags or containers with a particular importation. Indian corn or Maize A330Restrictions on the materials to be used for packaging, coating of foodFood A330 Tolerances for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's):10 parts per million in paper food-packaging material intended for or used with human food, finished animal feed and any components intended for animal feeds. The tolerance shall not apply to pap Food A330Requirements on Packaging, contact materials on foodFood A330 To the vegetable ingredient additional ingredients as required or permitted by paragraph (c) of this section are added, and the food is sealed in a container and so processed by heat as to prevent spoilage Okra A410 (a) Raw materials and other ingredients. (1) Raw materials and other ingredients shall be inspected and segregated or otherwise handled as necessary to ascertain that they are clean and suitable for processing into food and shall be stored unde Food A420Requirements on personnel, plant and ground, operations etc.Food A500 Okra from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, and the West Indies may be imported into the United States in accordance with this section and all other applicable provisions of this subpart. (a) Importations int Okra A510Heat treatmentsorptive materials. A510Cold or hot treatmentsPapaya, Pecans and hickory nuts, Zucchini A510 To the vegetable ingredient additional ingredients as required or permitted by paragraph (c) of this section are added, and the food is sealed in a container and so processed by heat as to prevent spoilage Okra A530Methyl bromide treatment requiredAsparagus, Bean (pod or shelled), Blueberry,Okra (pod) A530Methyl bromide treatment required All imported fruits and vegetables approved for treatment with methyl bromide under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Acorns, chestnuts (see § 319.56–11 of this chapter). Banana................................... Beet.. A530Mancozeb treatement and Captan treatment required Corn (small lots for propagation but not for food, feed, or oil purposes) A630Conditions and limitations on the use of adjuvants, production aids and sanitizersFood A630Sanitary facilities and controls, equipment and utensilsFood A690 § 319.41-1: Except as restricted from certain countries and localities by special quarantines and other orders now in force, 2 and by such as may hereafter be promulgated, the following articles may be imported: Footnote(s): Seed of Indian corn or maize (Zea mays L.) that is free from the cob and from all other parts of corn A820 The level of sulfite in the finished food will be determined using sections 20.123 through 20.125, “Sulfurous Acid (Total) in Food Modified Monier-Williams Method Final Action” in “Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Ana Standardized food A840 (a) Inspection of foreign arrivals. In order to prevent the dissemination into the United States of plant pests and for the purpose of carrying out the regulations in this part, all plant pests; means of conveyance and their stores; baggage; ma All plant pests; means of conveyance and their stores; baggage; mail; plants; plant products; soil; stone and quarry products; garbage; and any other product or article of any character whatsoever which an inspector considers may be infested or A840 § 319.41-1: Except as restricted from certain countries and localities by special quarantines and other orders now in force, 2 and by such as may hereafter be promulgated, the following articles may be imported: Footnote(s): Seed of Indian corn or maize (Zea mays L.) that is free from the cob and from all other parts of corn A850 Requirement to establish, keep and make available the records. What information must nontransporters establish and maintain to identify the nontransporter and transporter immediate subsequent recipients of food? (a) If you are a nontransporter, Food products A860 The corn shall not be removed from the port of entry, nor shall any bag or other container thereof be broken or opened, except for the purpose of sterilization, until a written notice is given to the United States Collector of Customs, or, in t Indian corn or Maize B210 § 174.500 Scope and purpose. This subpart lists the tolerances and exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance for residues of plant-incorporated protectants in or on food commodities. 174.501 Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa protein in corn an Food commodities B210 § 180.3 Tolerances for related pesticide chemicals. (a) Pesticide chemicals that cause related pharmacological effects will be regarded, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, as having an additive deleterious action. (For example, many pe Food commodities, including raw agricultural commodities B210 (a) For each edible tissue, the sponsor shall measure the depletion of the residue of carcinogenic concern until its concentration is at or below Sm. (b) In one or more edible tissues, the sponsor shall also measure the depletion of one New drug or food additive or color additive proposed for use, or used, in food-producing animals or in their feed. B310Food; name and place of business of manufacturer, packer, or distributor; Nutrition labeling of food..Food B310 (a) The common or usual name of a packaged food which is represented on the principal display panel by word or vignette to be used in the preparation of a “main dish”, “dinner”, or other such food serving, and to which some other important char Foods packaged for use in the preparation of “main dishes” or “dinners.” B310 (a) The common or usual name of a food, which may be a coined term, shall accurately identify or describe, in as simple and direct terms as possible, the basic nature of the food or its characterizing properties or ingredients. The name shall b Food B310 (d) The name of each canned vegetable for which a definition and standard of identity is prescribed by this section is the name or any synonym thereof whereby such vegetable is designated in column I of the table in paragraph (b) of this sectio Okra B330 In accordance with section 403(d) of the act, a food shall be deemed to be misbranded if its container is so made, formed, or filled as to be misleading. (a) A container that does not allow the consumer to fully view its contents shall be consi Food B600 § 725.12 Identification of microorganisms for Inventory and other listing purposes. To identify and list microorganisms on the Inventory, both taxonomic designations and supplemental information will be used. The supplemental information requir Microorganism, including new microorganism B600 (a) The canned vegetables for which definitions and standards of identity are prescribed by this section are those named in column I of the table set forth in paragraph (b) of this section. The vegetable ingredient in each such canned vegetable Okra B700 (a) Some foods, even when produced under current good manufacturing practice, contain natural or unavoidable defects that at low levels are not hazardous to health. The Food and Drug Administration establishes maximum levels for these defects i Food B800 (a) On the basis of the results of the chronic bioassays and other information, FDA will determine whether any of the substances tested are carcinogenic. (b) If FDA concludes that the results of the bioassays do not establish carcinogenicity, t New drug or food additive or color additive proposed for use, or used, in food-producing animals or in their feed. B820 (a) Standard for residues. No residues of n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone may be found in the uncooked edible tissues of cattle as determined by a method entitled “Method of Analysis: N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,” September 26, 2011, Center for Veterinary Me New drug or food additive or color additive proposed for use, or used, in food-producing animals or in their feed. B820 Submission of health and environmental effects data. (a) Test data on the new microorganism in the possession or control of the submitter. (1) Except as provided in § 725.25(h), and in addition to the information required by § 725.155(d)(3), ea Microorganism, including new microorganism B830 (b) Imports. Persons who import a substance identified in a specific section in subpart M of this part are subject to the import certification requirements under section 13 of the Act, which are codified at 19 CFR §§ 12.118 through 12.127 and 1 Microorganism, including new microorganism B850 § 725.1 Scope and purpose. (a) This part establishes all reporting requirements under section 5 of TSCA for manufacturers, importers, and processors of microorganisms subject to TSCA jurisdiction for commercial purposes, including research and Microorganism, including new microorganism F610The measure details the fees for each circumstances and means of transportationAnimal and animal products, and plant and plant products P690 Recordkeeping requirements for human drugs, biological products, devices, animal drugs, foods, cosmetics, and tobacco products exported under or subject to section 801(e)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Persons exporting an arti human drugs, biological products, devices, animal drugs, foods, cosmetics, and tobacco products P690 § 725.8 Coverage of this part. (c) Microorganisms not subject to this part. The following microorganisms are not subject to this part, either because they are not subject to jurisdiction under the Act or are not subject to reporting under secti Microorganism, including new microorganism P700The regulation lists the supporting export programs for agricultural commoditiesAgricultural commodities and products

42 Reporter name ntmcodemeasuredescription partialcov erage affectedproductsdescriptionregulation_url JapanA310 Pursuant to Chapter 2 of the Standards, processed foods must bear a labelling on name, preserving method, consumption date, etc. 0 Processed food : Manufactured or processed food that are prescribed in the Attached Table 1 of the Act. Table 1 http://law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi- bin/idxselect.cgi?IDX_OPT=4&H_NAME=&H_NAME _YOMI=%82%a0&H_NO_GENGO=H&H_NO_YEAR =&H_NO_TYPE=2&H_NO_NO=&H_FILE_NAME=H 27F10001000010&H_RYAKU=1&H_CTG=46&H_YO MI_GUN=1&H_CTG_GUN=1 JapanA330 The labeling specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare under Article 25, paragraph (1) of the Act shall be made by sealing the containers and packaging of the products with certificates according to form 1. 0 (i) food and drinks for which standards have been established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, (ii) additives specified by cabinet order: tar colourant/ pigment, for which standards have been established http://law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi- bin/idxselect.cgi?IDX_OPT=4&H_NAME=&H_NAME _YOMI=%82%a0&H_NO_GENGO=H&H_NO_YEAR =&H_NO_TYPE=2&H_NO_NO=&H_FILE_NAME=S2 3F03601000023&H_RYAKU=1&H_CTG=46&H_YOM I_GUN=1&H_CTG_GUN=1 United States A120 (a) Determination by the Administrator. The Administrator has determined that the application of one or more of the designated phytosanitary measures cited in paragraph (b) of this section to certain imported fruits and vegetables mitigates the 1Turmeric (Curcuma longa) (Leaf and Stem only) https://epermits.aphis.usda.gov/manual/index.cfm?NE W=1&COMMOD_ID=308&ACTION=commSummCou ntryP United States A220 The requirements on the use of some color additives in foods: Lakes (FD&C). FD&C Blue No. 1. FD&C Blue No. 2. FD&C Green No. 3. FD&C Red No. 4. FD&C Yellow No. 5. FD&C Yellow No. 6. 0Food products http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21- vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol1-part74.pdf United States A220 (a) Heretofore, the Food and Drug Administration has expressed the opinion in trade correspondence that glycine is generally recognized as safe for certain technical effects in human food when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice 0Human food Title 21 - Food and Drugs; PART 170—FOOD ADDITIVES United States A220 Requirement on what substances may the color additive contain and in what amount 1 Annatto extract. Astaxanthin. Astaxanthin dimethyldisuccinate. Dehydrated beets (beet powder). Ultramarine blue. Canthaxanthin. Caramel. ß-Apo-8'-carotenal. ß-Carotene. Cochineal ext Title 21 - Food and Drugs; PART 73 - LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION United States A220The restrcition on the use of some color additives0Food Title 21 - Food and Drugs; PART 81 - GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS AND GENERAL RESTRICTIONS FOR PROVISIONAL COLOR ADDITIVES FOR USE IN FOODS, DRUGS, AND COSMETICS United States A310 (g) A flavor shall be labeled in the following way when shipped to a food manufacturer or processor (but not a consumer) for use in the manufacture of a fabricated food, unless it is a flavor for which a standard of identity has been promulgate 0Flavor Title 21 - Food and Drugs; PART 101 - FOOD LABELING United States A510Heat treatment1sorptive materials. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manu als/index.shtml United States B330 Various specifications regarding packaging of fruits, vegetables and other dry commodities, and for cranberries in barrels are listed 1 Fruits, vegetables, and other dry commodities, and cranberries - in barrels Title 15 - Commerce and Foreign Trade; Part 241 - BARRELS FOR FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND OTHER DRY COMMODITIES, AND FOR CRANBERRIES United States B330 Straight colors shall be packaged in containers which prevent changes in composition. Packages shall be sealed so that they cannot be opened without breaking the seal. An unavoidable change in moisture content caused by the ordinary and customa 1Straight colors (except hair dyes) Title 21 - Food and Drugs; PART 70 - COLOR ADDITIVES United States F610 The measure details the fees for each circumstances and means of transportation 0 Animal and animal products, and plant and plant products Title 7 - Agriculture. Subtitle B - Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued). CHAPTER III - ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PART 354—OVERTIME SERVICES RELATING TO IMPORTS AND EXPORTS; AND U Cúrcuma (091030) en EE.UU y Japón

43 Información disponible sobre de MNA

44 Base de datos de MNA WITS/TRAINS https://wits.worldbank.org/WITS/WITS/Restricted/Login.aspx Análisis de condiciones de acceso de mercado (aranceles y MNA) Estadísticas de comercio internacional de bienes Herramientas de análisis para negociaciones comerciales Investigación económica sobre políticas de comercio

45 Proyecto TNT (Transparency in Trade) http://wits.worldbank.org/

46 Base de datos de MNA i-Tips http://asean.i-tip.org/ Análisis de condiciones de acceso al mercado (MNA). 10 ASEAN: Brunei Darussalam, Camboya, Indonesia, Laos, Malasia, Myanmar, Filipinas, Singapur, Tailandia, Vietnam.

47 i-Tips - ASEAN

48 Base de datos de MNA Base de normas reguladoras del comercio – ALADI http://consultawebv2.aladi.org/sicoexV2/jsf/home.seam Estadísticas de comercio internacional de bienes (SICOEX). Condiciones de acceso al mercado (aranceles y MNA) para países ALADI. MNA para países ALADI + Centro América (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala y Honduras) a nivel de ítem arancelario. Base de medidas medioambientales – ALADI http://www.aladi.org/sitioAladi/medidasMedioAmbientales.html Condiciones de acceso al mercado de EEUU, UE, Japón, China, India, Suiza y Canadá

49 Base de Normas Reguladoras del Comercio – ALADI (SICOEX)

50 Base de Medidas Medioambientales – ALADI

51 Algunas publicaciones sobre MNA

52 Non-Tariff Measures to Trade: Economic and Policy Issues for Developing Countries, UNCTAD, 2013 Streamlining Non-Tariff Measures: A Toolkit for Policy Makers, World Bank, 2012 Classification of Non-Tariff Measures, UNCTAD 2012 World Trade Report, Trade and public policies: A closer look at non-tariff measures in the 21st century, WTO 2012 Non-Tariff Measures: Evidence from Selected Developing Countries and Future Research Agenda, UNCTAD, 2010 Non-Tariff Measures: Impact, Regulation, and Trade Facilitation, O. Cadot, 2010

53 A preliminary analysis on newly collected data on non-tariff measures, policy issues in international trade and commodities study series No. 53, Alessandro Nicita, Julien Gourdon, 2013 Sand in the wheels: non-tariff measures and regional integration in SADC, David Vanzetti, Ralf Peters, Christian Knebel, 2014 Non-tariff barriers in CGE models: How useful for policy?, Journal of Policy Modeling, Marco Fugazza, Jean-Christophe Maur Study of average effects of non-tariff measures on trade imports, policy issues in international trade and commodities research study series No. 66, Denise Penello Rial, 2014

54 Algunas conclusiones… Utilización creciente de los OTC y las MSF (inocuidad de los alimentos y de protección a la salud, medio ambiente, sanidad animal y vegetal). PERO: – Las medidas OTC y MSF garantizan al cliente la calidad y comunican claramente los valores añadidos de BIO, biodiversidad, valor cultural, que pueden tener demanda específica. Los avances económicos, sociales y tecnológicos han dado por resultado mayor demanda de productos de calidad. Además de las MNA se plantean obstáculos en los procedimientos de aplicación (ej. Lic. No automáticas). Necesidad de mitigar efectos negativos en el comercio mediante el acceso a la información (actualizada), la transparencia en la normativa y en los procedimientos de aplicación. Asegurar mecanismos de armonización, equivalencia, acuerdos de reconocimiento mutuo y cooperación en la evaluación de la conformidad.

55 Preguntas y respuestas Mayor información en: www.biotrade.org Muchas gracias por su atención