1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering“Why You Should Study Geotechnical Engineering” or “Who Needs a Foundation Engineer Anyway???” Dr. Syed Mohamed Ibrahim PROFESSOR and Director Department of Civil Engineering Mohamed Sathak AJ College of Engineering

2 What is Geotechnical Engineering?Application of civil engineering to earthen materials Soil Rock Groundwater

3 What is the difference between soil and dirt?If you can grow food in it, get paid to analyze it, or get college credit for playing with it, it’s soil; otherwise it’s dirt.

4 Branches of Geotechnical EngineeringSoil Mechanics Rock Mechanics Foundation Engineering Geoenvironmental Engineering Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Geologic Engineering

5 Soil Behavior Introduction“Concrete and Steel are textbook materials; Soil is not.”

6 Soil is heterogeneous Homogeneous Heterogeneous

7 Soil is anisotropic Anisotropic Isotropic

8 Soil is nonconservativeBefore After Conservative Before After Nonconservative (but that doesn’t mean it’s liberal)

9 Soil is nonlinear Stress Strain Linear Stress Strain Nonlinear

10 Examples of Geotechnical Projects Panama CanalLocation: Panama Completion Date: 1914 Length: 47.8 miles Cost: $375 Million Capacity: 14,000 vessels/yr. Type: Lock canal Materials: Rock, clay, concrete

11 Panama Canal

12 Panama Canal Culebra Cut

13 Panama Canal Culebra CutThe excavation of the cut was one of the greatest areas of uncertainty in the creation of the canal, due to the unpredicted large landslides. •The Americans had lowered the summit of the cut from 59 meters (193 feet) to 12 metres (40 feet) above sea level, at the same time widening it considerably, and had excavated over 76 million cubic meters m³ (100 M cubic yards). Some 23 M m³ (30 M cubic yards) of this material was additional to the planned excavation, having been brought into the cut by the landslides.

14 Examples of Geotechnical Projects Aswan DamLocation: Aswan, Egypt Completion Date: Cost: $1 billion Capacity: 5.97 trillion ft3 Type: Embankment Materials: Rock, clay

15 How do you keep the water out?Aswan Dam How do you keep the water out?

16 Aswan Dam What about the core?

17 Aswan Dam What is a grout curtain?

18 Examples of Geotechnical Projects ChunnelLocation: Folkestone, England Sangatte, France Completion Date: Cost: $21 billion Length: 163,680 feet (31 miles) Purpose: Railway Setting: Underwater

19 Tunnels Old Way New Way Graduate Students Undergraduate studentsProfessors

20 Examples of Geotechnical Projects Golden Gate Bridge FoundationsLocation: San Francisco and Sausalito, California, USA Completion Date: Cost: $27 million Length: 8,981 feet Type: Suspension

21 Golden Gate Bridge (Marin Pier)Start rock dike (Coffer) Construct crib dike for the part that is in water (timber box filled w/ rock and set in place). Install sheet piling. Pump area dry. Construct foundation on rock surface exposed below water level.

22 Examples of Geotechnical “Structures” Petronas Towers FoundationsLocation: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Completion Date: Cost: $1.6 billion Height: 1,483 feet Stories: 88

23 Petronas Towers FoundationsConcrete mat Pile Foundation

24 “Driven” Pile Foundations

25 Offshore Pile Foundations

26 Ground Improvement Geopier® Rammed Aggregate Piers

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38 Ground Improvement (cont)Dynamic Compaction

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44 Thistle Slide – Spanish Fork CanyonLandslides Thistle Slide – Spanish Fork Canyon

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48 Debris Flow (Mudslide with Boulders)

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50 Sinkhole in Guatemala – February 2007

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52 Geoenvironmental Engineering Compacted Clay Cap for Refinery Site

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56 Earthquake Hazards (San Andres Fault )

57 Wasatch Fault (Its your Fault!)Wasatch Fault – Little Cottonwood Canyon

58 Wasatch Fault (Is your house safe?)

59 Fault Rupture 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan Earthquake

60 Fault Rupture 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan Earthquake

61 Strong Ground Motion

62 Strong Ground Motion Building Collapse (Turkey)

63 Liquefaction Damage

64 Liquefaction Damage

65 Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure