1 Introduction to Information Systems1 Introduction to Information Systems
2 Why Should I Study Information Systems?Overview of Computer-Based Information Systems How Does IT Impact Organizations資訊科技對組織的影響? Importance of Information Systems to Society
3 Identify the reasons why being an informed user知情用戶of information systems is important in today’s world. Describe the various types各種類型of computer-based information systems信息系統in an organization. Discuss ways in何種方式信息技術which information technology can affect managers and non-managerial workers.
4 Identify positive and negative societal effects社會影響of the increased use增加使用of information technology.
5 Why Should I Study Information Systems1.1 Why Should I Study Information Systems The Informed User知情用戶– You! IT Offers Career Opportunities職業機會 Managing管理 Information Resources Information Technology (IT): any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and to support the information and information-processing needs of an organization. Information System (IS): collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose. Informed User: A person knowledgeable about information systems and information technology Information Technology (IT): any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and to support the information and information-processing needs of an organization. Information System (IS): collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose.
6 Reasons Why You Should Be An Informed User…You will benefit more from your organization’s IT applications because you will understand what is “behind” those applications. Your input您的意見can enhance your organization’s IT applications. As you enter the workforce加入工作行列you can assist in selecting the IT applications your organization will use.
7 Understand what is “behind” an application
8 Reasons Why You Should Be An Informed User (con’t)…You will aware of both new information technologies and rapid developments in existing現有的發展technologies. You will understand how using IT can improve your organization’s performance表現. If you are entrepreneurial minded, you can use IT to start your own business.
9 Understand how using IT can improve your organization’s performance- Source:
10 Source - https://goo.gl/
11 IT Offers Career OpportunitiesChief Information Officer (CIO)資訊科技官員 Substantial Demand需求for IT Staff Programmers Business Analysts業務分析師 System Analysts Designers設計師 $115,000 is the median salary工資中位數for IS Managers (US Dept of Labor) CIO: The executive who is in charge of the IS function
12 Source - http://ibit.temple.edu/isjobindex/
13 Source: http://www. bls
14 Managing Information Resources – (1)Managing information systems (IS) is difficult and complex Contributing Factors: Strategic value策略性價值of IS’s Acquiring, operating, and maintaining IS’s is very expensive Evolution演變of the IS Function Evolution of the IS Function…. Traditional Functions of the MIS Department: • Managing systems development and systems project management • Managing computer operations, including the computer center • Staffing, training, and developing IS skills • Providing technical services • Infrastructure planning, development, and control New (Consultative) Functions of the MIS Department • Initiating and designing specific strategic information systems • Incorporating the Internet and electronic commerce into the business • Managing system integration including the Internet, intranets, and extranets • Educating the non-MIS managers about IT • Educating the MIS staff about the business • Partnering with business-unit executives • Managing outsourcing • Proactively using business and technical knowledge to seed innovative ideas about IT • Creating business alliances with business partners
15 Managing Information Resources – (2)Traditional Functions of the MIS Department: • Managing systems development and systems project management • Managing computer operations, including the computer center • Staffing, training, and developing IS skills • Providing technical services技術服務 • Infrastructure基礎設施planning, development, and control
16 Managing Information Resources – (3)New (Consultative) Functions of the MIS Department • Initiating and designing specific strategic information systems • Incorporating the Internet and electronic commerce into the business • Managing system integration including the Internet, intranets, and extranets • Educating the non-MIS managers about IT • Educating the MIS staff about the business • Partnering with business-unit executives • Managing outsourcing • Proactively using business and technical knowledge to seed innovative ideas about IT • Creating business alliances企業聯盟with business partners
17 Overview of Computer-Based IS’s1.2 Overview of Computer-Based IS’s Data – Information – Knowledge Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) An information system that uses computer technology計算機技術to perform some or all of the its intended tasks預期工作 Types of Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS) Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS): an information system that uses computer technology to perform some or all of the its intended tasks.
18 Data – Information – KnowledgeData Items: an elementary description基本介紹of things, events, activities, and transactions that are recorded, classified, and stored but are not organized未經組織to convey any specific meaning. Information: refers to data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the recipient. Knowledge: consists of data and/or information that have been organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning學習積累, and expertise專業知識as they apply to a current business problem.
19 Data versus Information versus KnowledgeData Items: an elementary description of things, events, activities, and transactions that are recorded, classified, and stored but are not organized to convey any specific meaning. Information: refers to data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the recipient. Knowledge: consists of data and/or information that have been organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning, and expertise as they apply to a current business problem.
20 Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)IT Components: Hardware, Software, a database, a network, procedures, and people. IT Services: IT Personnel use IT Components to develop IS’s, oversee security & risk, and manage data. IT Infrastructure: The IT components and IT services. Application: A program designed to support a specific task or business process. Functional Area Information Systems (FAIS) : a collection of application programs in a single department or functional area.
21 Components of a CBIS Hardware Software Database Network ProceduresPeople Hardware: consists of devices such as the processor, monitor, keyboard, and printer. Software: a program or collection of programs that enable the hardware to process data. Database: a collection of related fi les or tables containing data. Network: a connecting system (wireline or wireless) that permits different computers to share resources. Procedures: are the instructions for combining the above components to process information and generate the desired output. People: individuals who use the hardware and software, interface with it, or utilize its output.
22 Types of Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS)Breadth of Support for Information Systems (IS) 信息系統支援的廣度 Support for Organizational Employees
23 Breadth of Support for Information Systems (IS) – (1)Functional Area Information Systems (FAIS) A collection of application programs in a single department or functional area功能領域. Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) Systems are designed to correct a lack of communication among the functional area IS. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) systems that support the monitoring, collection, storage, and processing of data from the organization’s basic business transactions基本的業務交易, each of which generates data Functional Area Information Systems (FAIS) : a collection of application programs in a single department or functional area. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): systems are designed to correct a lack of communication among the functional area IS. Transaction Processing System (TPS): systems that support the monitoring, collection, storage, and processing of data from the organization’s basic business transactions, each of which generates data. Interorganizational Information systems (IOSs): Information systems that connect two or more organizations. Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) Systems: an interorganizational information system that enable organizations to conduct transactions, called business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce, and customers to conduct transactions with businesses, called business-to-consumer (B2C) electronic commerce.
24 Breadth of Support for Information Systems (IS) – (2)Interorganizational Information Systems (IOS) Information systems that connect two or more organizations E-Commerce Systems An interorganizational跨組織information system that enable organizations to conduct transactions, called business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce, and customers to conduct transactions with businesses, called business-to-consumer (B2C) electronic commerce
25 Figure 1.5: IS that function among multiple organizations
26 Support for Organizational Employees – (1)Knowledge Workers知識員工 Experts in a particular subject area主題領域(e.g., financial and marketing analysts, engineers, lawyers, and accountants Office Automation Systems辦公自動化系統(OASs) typically support the clerical staff, lower and middle managers, and knowledge workers (e.g., word processing and desktop publishing software排版軟件). Business Intelligence商業情報(BI) Systems systems that provide computer-based support for complex, nonroutine decisions非常規決策, primarily for middle managers and knowledge workers Knowledge Workers: professional employees that are experts in a particular subject area (e.g., financial and marketing analysts, engineers, lawyers, and accountants.). Office Automation Systems (OASs): typically support the clerical staff, lower and middle managers, and knowledge workers (e.g., word processing and desktop publishing software). Business Intelligence (BI) Systems: systems that provide computer-based support for complex, nonroutine decisions, primarily for middle managers and knowledge workers. Expert Systems (ES): systems that attempt to duplicate the work of human experts by applying reasoning capabilities, knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain. Dashboards: a special form of IS that support all managers of the organization by providing rapid access to timely information and direct access to structured information in the form of reports.
27 Support for Organizational Employees – (2)Expert Systems (ES) systems that attempt to duplicate the work of human experts人類專家by applying reasoning capabilities推理能力, knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain Dashboards儀表板 a special form of IS that support all managers of the organization by providing rapid access to timely information and direct access to structured information結構化信息 in the form of reports在報告的形式
28 Support for Organizational Employees – (3)Source:
29 How Does IT Impact Organizations?1.3 How Does IT Impact Organizations? IT Reduces the Number of Middle Managers中層管理人員 IT Changes the Manager’s Job Stressful job (too many data, real-time data (needs)-> real-time decision) Many IT tools Will IT Eliminate Jobs消除工作機會? IT Impacts Employees at Work
30 IT Impacts Employees at WorkIT Impacts Employees’ Health and Safety健康與安全 Eye stress Long-term use of keyboard (backaches, muscles tension肌肉拉緊the wrist and fingers) IT Provides Opportunities for People with Disabilities殘障人士 Speech-recognition語音識別 Vision-recognition視覺識別
31 Figure 1.6: Ergonomic人體工學 products protect computer users.Anti-glare screen防眩光
32 Importance of IS to Society1.4 Importance of IS to Society IT Affects Our Quality of Life Place employee on “constant call” The Robot Revolution機器人革命is Here Now (a) telepresence robots遠程呈現機器人, (b) autonomous cars自主車, and (c) drones無人機 Improvements in Healthcare衛生保 Make better and faster diagnosis using expert systems Plan complex surgeries using virtual reality虛擬現實技術 Discuss complex medical cases via videoconferencing視訊會議