1 ITDB1201:System Analysis and DesignIntroduction to Systems Chapter 1 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

2 System Analysis and Design (SAD)is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

3 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onGoal : to improve organizational systems Process : Developing Application Software and Training employees/users to use it. A System can also be called as Application Software or Information System. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

4 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onApplication Software Also called as system. Designed to support a specific organizational function or process like student registration, inventory management, payroll, or market analysis Example : Software used for Inventory Department , Payroll Department, Buying ticket for travel Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

5 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onComputer Based Information Systems The components of a computer-based information systems application are : The hardware and systems software on which the application software runs Documentation and training materials The specific job roles associated with the overall system Controls, which are parts of the software written to help prevent fraud and theft The people who use the software in order to do their jobs. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

6 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onFig: 1: Summary of the components of Computer-based Information Systems Application Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

7 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on1.1 Basic Concepts Process Methodologies, techniques, and tools are central to software engineering processes Fig 1.1.1: Process Important parts Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

8 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onMethodologies Are sequence of step-by-step approaches that help develop your final product (the information system) Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

9 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onTechniques Are wide range of task an analyst will follow to help ensure that work is well thought-out, complete, and comprehensible to others on project team. Includes conducting thorough interviews with users of the Information System know what your system should do, planning and managing the activities, how system will function, and designing the reports Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

10 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onTools Are computer programs to make it easy to use specific techniques. Example: computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools These three elements— methodologies, techniques, and tools—work together to form an organizational approach to Systems Analysis and Design. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

11 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onWhat is a System? It is an interrelated set of business procedures (or components) used within one business unit, working together for some purpose. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

12 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample 1: Payroll System - to compute salary for staffs and keeps track of checks Inventory system - keeps track of supplies of items or products. The two systems are separate. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

13 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample 2: Cash/Money Deposit and Withdrawal System – for bank transactions Payroll System - to compute salary of staffs The two systems are separate. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

14 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample 3: Student Registration System –for student registration Library System – borrowing and returning, records and inventory of books Payroll System - to compute salary of staffs The three systems are separate. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

15 9 Characteristics of a SystemPrepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

16 System-Concept DiagramPrepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

17 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on1. Component A system is made up of components. A component is either an irreducible part or an a an aggregate of parts, also called a subsystem. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

18 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onComponent Example 1: In automobile or a stereo system, repair or upgrade can be changed by individual components NOT the entire system. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

19 Student Management System of SCTComponent Example 2: Student Management System of SCT Subsystems/Components: - Student Registration - Timetable Registration - Lecturer/Staff Timetable - Department and resources timetable - Student Marks and Transcripts -Student Attendance, Withdrawal and Postponement - Course Degree Audit and Details - and more! Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

20 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onInterrelated Is function of one is somehow tied to the functions of the others. Example: Student Registration System for New Intakes 1st: Register Student 2nd: Assign Course 3rd: Register Timetable 4th: Print timetable Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

21 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onBoundary within which all of its components are contained and which establishes the limits of a system, separating it from other systems. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

22 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onBoundary Components within the boundary can be changed, whereas systems outside the boundary cannot be changed Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

23 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onEnvironment A system exists within an environment—everything outside the system’s boundary that influences the system. Example: environment of a state university includes prospective students, foundations and funding agencies, and the news media Example University as a System Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

24 A University as a SystemPrepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

25 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onInterfaces The points at which the system meets its environment an interface also occurs between subsystems. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

26 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample: interface of Samsung Mobile Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

27 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onConstraints The limits (in terms of capacity, speed, or capabilities) to what it can do and how it can achieve its purpose within its environment. Examples: Some of these constraints are imposed inside the system (e.g., a limited number of staff available) and others are imposed by the environment (e.g., due dates or regulations). Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

28 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onInput Anything from the environment to the System. A system takes input from its environment in order to function Example: Food, oxygen and water as input to human beings Output Anything from the System to the environment. System returns output to its environment as a result of its functioning and thus achieves its purpose. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

29 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onPurpose Overall goal and function of the system. All of the components work together to achieve some overall purpose for the larger system: the system’s reason for existing. Example: The purpose of a Student Registration System is to register a student and register his/her timetable. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

30 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on1.2 Types of System Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

31 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on1. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Are computerized information systems that were developed to process large amounts of data for routine business transactions such as payroll and inventory. Example: a bank’s TPS would capture information about withdrawals / deposits from / to customer accounts. Reports provide summaries of transactions. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

32 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onTransaction Processing System eliminates the tedium of necessary operational transactions reduces the time once required to perform them manually People must still input data to computerized systems. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

33 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample: Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

34 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExamples Airport ? Restaurant ? Travel Agency? Office? Hotel? Hospital ? School ? Malls ? Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

35 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on2-3. Office Automation Systems (OAS) and Knowledge Work Systems OAS support data workers, who do not usually create new knowledge but rather analyze information to transform data or manipulate it. Example : Word processing, spreadsheets, desktop publishing, electronic scheduling, communication through voice mail, and teleconferencing. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

36 Examples of Office Automation SystemPrepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

37 Knowledge Work System Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

38 Knowledge Work System Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

39 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on4. Management Information Systems MIS support users in accomplishing a broader Organizational tasks. Organization tasks include Decision Analysis and Decision making Does not behave like a TPS MIS use common database that interprets data and produced output information used for decision making. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

40 Hospital Information Management SystemExample Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

41 Management Information Systems in Perspective (continued)external? DSS MIS Transaction/ERP Sources of Managerial Information Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

42 An Executive DashboardOutputs of MIS An Executive Dashboard Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

43 Outputs of MIS (continued)Reports Generated by an MIS Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

44 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on5. Decision Support Systems is a computer program application that analyzes business data so that users can make business decisions easily.  DSS are similar to traditional MIS because they both depend on a database as a source of data Presents information graphically Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

45 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample : In business: Compares Sales figures between 1st month & 2nd month In Weather forecasting: Previous weather patterns are analyzed to determine if similar conditions are an indication of potential problems like flood and typhoon Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

46 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onParts of DSS Part 1 : Database Part 2 : Mathematical or Graphical Model of a business processes Part 3 : User Interface DSS solve problems by making right decisions Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

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49 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on6. Expert Systems Computer Software that emulates decision making ability of human expert. Captures and uses the knowledge of a human expert for solving particular problems in organizations. Examples : Medical Diagnosis System, Financial Forecasts, schedule routes for delivery vehicles. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

50 Components of an Expert SystemPrepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

51 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample Toshiba Knowledge Management System (1)After a customer/ user enters a symptom, problem, or question, (2)Toshiba’s Knowledge Base searches for a solution (3)and displays the results. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

52 Example: Mortgage/ Loan Expert System in BankPrepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

53 Expert System Shells and ProductsTable G.3 Popular Expert System Products Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

54 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onArtificial Intelligence AI develops machines and softwares that behave intelligently Intelligent behavior to the same level as human beings. Example : Robots , Play Chess AI Research Understand Natural Language Analyze the ability to reason through a problem to its logical conclusion. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

55 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExamples Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

56 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on7. Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) intended to bring a group together to solve a problem with the help of various supports such as polling, questionnaires, brainstorming, and scenario creation. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

57 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

58 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on8. Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Systems (CSCWS) include software support called groupware for team collaboration via networked computers. Group decision support systems can also be used in a virtual setting. group related tasks such as basic communication, information sharing, decision making, scheduling/control, and analysis/design. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

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60 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on9. Executive support systems (ESS) ESS helps executives organize their interactions with the external environment by providing graphics and communications technologies in accessible places such as boardrooms or personal corporate offices. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

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63 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onSystems Type of IS MS Word, Excel, Power point Payroll System, Billing System, Payment System Inventory System, Reservation/Booking System Chess Games, Robots Student Management System Includes (student registration, student department and lecturer timetable, attendance, marking system) Medical Diagnosis System Gmail, YahooMail, HotMail, MS Outlook Weather Forecasting Sales Analysis Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

64 1.3. Systems Development MethodologyA Standard Process followed in organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze design, implement and maintain Information Systems. Nike or Honda car, follows a life cycle: It is created, tested, and introduced to the market Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

65 1.4. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)Is a series of steps used to mark the phases of development for an information system. It has a similar set of four fundamental phases: planning, analysis, design, and implementation. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

66 1.4. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)Each phase is composed of series of steps that rely on techniques that produce deliverables. Example : Admission to a University Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

67 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)Different projects may emphasize different parts of the SDLC or approach the SDLC phases in different ways, but all projects have elements of these four phases. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

68 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onSDLC Each phase is itself composed of a series of steps, which rely on techniques that produce deliverables (specific documents and files that provide understanding about the project). Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

69 Waterfall DevelopmentAnalysts and users proceed sequentially from one phase to the next. Once the work produced in one phase is approved, the phase ends and the next phase begins. . Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

70 Waterfall DevelopmentAs the project progresses from phase to phase, it moves forward in the same manner as a waterfall. It is possible to go backward. Testing is treated almost as an afterthought in the implementation phase through the phases. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

71 Waterfall DevelopmentPlanning Analysis Design Implementation System Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

72 Waterfall DevelopmentAdvantages: identify requirements long before programming begins limiting changes to the requirements as the project proceeds. Disadvantages: design must be completely specified before programming begins, a long time elapses between the completion of the system proposal in the analysis phase and the delivery of system. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

73 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onSystems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Step 1: Planning Project Planning includes identifying all project tasks and estimating the completion time and cost of each. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

74 1.5 Planning Detail ConceptsTasks: They are a division of all the work that needs to be completed in order to accomplish the project goals. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

75 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on4 major types of tasks: Summary tasks- They contain subtasks and their related properties. Subtasks- they are smaller tasks that are part of a summary task. Recurring tasks-are tasks that occur at regular intervals. Milestones-are like interim goals in the project. They are tasks that are set to zero duration. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

76 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample: 0. Withdraw money in Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Check ATM machine 1.1 Look at status / condition of machine (online, offline) 1.2 Check Logo ( Visa, Mastercard, Cirrus) 2. Insert Card 3. Select Language 4. Input Password or PIN 5. Enter Amount to withdraw 6. Get Money 7. Get Card Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

77 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample of types of Tasks in MS Project Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

78 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onPlanning Detail Concepts Scope: of any project is a combination of all individual tasks and their goals. Resources: can be people, equipment, materials or services that are needed to complete various tasks. The amount of resources affects the scope and time of any project. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

79 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onPlanning detail Concepts Work Breakdown Structure(WBS): critical activity during the planning process. divide entire project into manageable tasks and then logically order them. Task sequence: A task deliverables needed in other tasks. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

80 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onProject scheduling involves the creation of a specific timetable, usually in the form of charts that show tasks, task dependencies, and critical tasks that might delay the project Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

81 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample of types of Tasks in MS Project Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

82 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onEnd of Chapter 1 ! Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

83 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample of Tasks Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

84 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample of Gantt Chart The yellow bars that show the percentage of task completion. Time is shown on the horizontal axis. Task 1 is behind schedule, Task 2 is 80% done and running behind schedule, Task 3 should have been started but no work has been done, Task 4 is running ahead of schedule and Task 5 is going to start with weeks. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

85 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onExample of PERT CHART Task 3 has a Slack time and could be delayed up to 20 days without affecting Task 5 Slack time is the amount of time that the task could be late without pushing back the completion date of the entire project. Tasks 1, 2, 4, and 5 represent the critical path, which is highlighted with red arrows. Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on

86 Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-onTask 0: Conduct interview to the Company 1. Ask approval from company 1.1 Make letter 1.2 Submit approval letter 2. Plan the interview 2.1 Choose people to interview 2.2 Schedule the interview 2.3 Choose venue/place for interview 3. Design interview questions 4. Prepare list of questions 5. Interview conducted/finished Prepared by: Marian A. Malig-on