1 Kudaa Free Hamaara Aasparod : ‘Zero Waste’ approachAn Introduction : Solid Waste Management for Waste Generators and Citizens Kudaa Free Hamaara Aasparod : ‘Zero Waste’ approach Presentation prepared by Pranav Kr. Chaudhary At TALASH March meeting.

2 Topic Waste Management & Current Scenario Solutions offeredSolution offered by ‘Center for Science and Environment’ – Not in my Backyard Key stakeholders Solid Waste Management Rule Govt. of India Waste Generator हमारा शहर और आस पास का कई स्थान ऐसा दिखता है शून्य कूड़ा Ensuring ‘0’ waste हमारे घर का कूड़ा ऐसा दीखता है. Agencies in Waste Management Waste Composition at domestic level & Municipal waste Composting at Home or Community Who should does what : Citizen vs. Municipal Corporation Time spent by us at public places Everyone has to do their part. Come together and act. Patna Municipal Corporation initiatives Case from other Cities

3 possessor no longer considers of sufficient value to retain.Solid Waste include all solid or semisolid materials that the possessor no longer considers of sufficient value to retain.

4 Environment’s 3 functions for usIt provides living space It provides resources such as water, air, minerals, soil etc. It acts as sink by assimilating the wastes produced by us.

5 Waste Management & Current Scenario

6 waste management It is : Generation Segregation Storage CollectionTransfer Transport Processing /transformation and Disposal SWM engage principle of : Public health Aesthetics Responsive to public attitude Engineering Material science City-planning Regional planning Economics Conservation political science Legal

7 Waste Generators Key stakeholders Waste GeneratorHouseholds living a very congested locality Shops Khomcha Buildings Factories Resident’s Society or Apartments Muton-chicken-buchchar khana Shaadi – functions Automobiles workshops Commercial buildings Vegetables / fruit mandi- shop Restaurants Hospitals Hostels Warship places Shopping complex Key stakeholders Waste Generator Municipal Corporation Political local elected representatives Rag pickers Kabaar business persons Big industry houses into waste management Institutions and Contractor Academic insitutions and researchers Government

8 geyksx izfrfnu izfr O;fDr vkSlru 400 xzke dwM+k iSnk होता gaSvkt dh frfFk esa mls fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa [kqys esa Qsadrs gSaA iVuk dk yxHkx lkjk dwM+k [kqys esa Qsadk tkrk gSA iVuk 3 yk[k Vu dwM+k izfr o"kZ iSnk djrk gS iwjk Hkkjr 6 djksM+ Vu dwM+k iSnk djrk gSA iwjs Hkkjr esa yxHkx 72 izfr'kr ¼4 djksM+ Vu½ dwM+k [kqys esa Qasdk tkrk gSA  ijUrq dqN 'kgj ,sls Hkh gSa tgk¡ yxHkx 100 izfr'kr dwM+k process fd;k tkrk gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh dwM+k [kqys esa ugha Qasdk tkrk gSA

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10 Waste Composition at domestic level & Municipal wastenon-recyclable material. Inert Domestic Hazardous waste : cleaner automotive paints personal care diaper etc. Construction and demolish waste E-waste Type Sources Organic Wet/Kitchen/garden waste : Food scraps yard (leaves grass brush) waste wood process residues. Paper paper scraps cardboard newspapers magazines boxes bags wrapping paper telephone book shredded paper paper beverage cups. Strictly speaking paper is organic but unless it is contaminated by food residue it is not classified as organic. Plastics Bottles packaging containers bags lids cups Glass Bottles broken glassware light bulbs colored glass Metal Cans foil tins non-hazardous aeosol cans appliances (white goods) railigs bicycles Other Textiles leather rubber multi-laminates e-waste appliances ash other inert materials

11 Time spent by us at public places

12 Time spent by us at public placesगृहिणी प्राइवेट ऑफिस सरकारी ऑफिस स्कूल जाने वाला बच्चा कॉलेज स्टूडेंट्स सेवानिर्वित व्‍यक्ति फेरीवाला ढेला वाला पुलिस बस ड्राईवर ऑटो रिक्शा सेल्स मैन % time on public place 5.6 12.5 13.2 10.4 17.4 18.1 50.7 46.5 58.0 55.6 54.5 53.8 56.9 % time on public place adjusting sleeping time 7.8 17.6 18.6 16.1 24.5 27.7 71.6 69.8 81.9 78.4 77.0 76.0 80.4 दिनचर्या 50 65 45 40 योग / व्ययाम / पूजा- पाठ 90 120 15 30 10 खाना - खाने 60 ऑफिस/ स्कूल जाने एवं आने में समय 80 180 ऑफिस में समय ऑफिस / स्कूल में 500 420 480 सार्वजनिक स्थल पर (ऑफिस के समय में) 510 600 720 रिश्तेदारों से मिलने में समय (रास्ते में) 5 रिश्तेदारों से मिलने में समय टी. वी. देखने में बच्चो का खेलने में समय/ खेलाने में समय बच्चों को पढ़ाने / पढ़ने में समय घर में घर का काम 20 25 घर क बाहर घर का काम घर में आराम ( सोने के आलावा) कभी - कभार सार्वजनिक स्थल में जाने/ आने में समय (एक बर्ष में) (कहीं घूमने/ घर से बाहर जाने में) सोने में Total time (minat me) 1440 Total time (hours me) 24 Total time sleeping (hours me) 7 8.5 8.3 8 Total time comman place me (minat me ) 190 150 250 260 730 670 835 800 785 775 820 TOTAL TIME IN COMMAN PLACE (HOURS ME ) 1.3 3.0 3.2 2.5 4.2 4.3 12.2 11.2 13.9 13.3 13.1 12.9 13.7

13 Solutions offered

14 Solid Waste Management Rule 2016. Govt. of IndiaSolution offered by ‘Center for Science and Environment’ – Not in my Backyard Solid Waste Management Rule Govt. of India Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 E-Waste Management Rule 2016 Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 2016 Bio-Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 2016 Hazardous and other wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rule 2016 Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016 Landfills are not the answer Segregate Segregate and Segregate Charge and penalise Informal (ragpickers kabaad) is critical Redesign contracts Good management is the issue Celebrate NIMBY ie not in my backyard. Solid Wastes include all solid or semisolid materials that the possessor no longer considers of sufficient value to retain.

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16 Ensuring ‘0’ waste Reduction at Source Separate waste materials : The best place to separate waste materials for reuse and recycling is at the source of generation. Processing at source : compacting and composting Waste transformation : Physical Chemical and Biological transformation [better efficiency in waste mngt recover reusable and recyclable material to recover conversion material and Energy/ combustion] Dumping yard vs. sanitary landfill : It is a engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land or within the earth mantle without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety such as the breading of rats and insect and the contamination of ground water. Increased cost must be paid by waste generator

17 Agencies in Waste ManagementOperator for Derived Fuel Plants in India govt local governments Contractor SELCO village panchayats Foundation for Greentech Environmental Systems Nitti Aayog Shriram Power 2011 ministry of urban development report Kochi Municipal Corporation union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) HBEPL National Green Tribunal Nashik Municipal Corporation state-run KRIBHCO Shyam Fertilizers Limited and Coromandel International Limited. A2Z Pollution control board ILFS The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Ultratech institute The Integrated Rural Technology Centre (IRTC) in Palatka district Municipal Corporation Kabad Navi Mumbai Waste Processing Company Pvt Ltd lab Central Fertiliser Quality Control and Training institute at Faridabad Developers of Waste To Energy plants in India Regional fertilizer control labs Jindal ITF Ecopolis Magazine Down to Earth Organic Recycling System Pvt Ltd Org National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Rochem Green Enerty Pvt Ltd Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A2Z Infrastructure Limited CSE - Center for Science and environment ILFS Environmental Infrastructure and Services Ltd School of Architecture and Planning Ramky Group Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Sri Venateswara Hydro Power Project org IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd (IEISL) Hanjer Biotech Energies Limited Mumbai – based non-profit youth for unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA) convension Stockholm convention SEWA Gitanjali cooperative with Deutsche Gesellschaft fur International Susan Menarbeit (GIZ) India and Microsoft Corporation. convention In Kolkata non-profit DISHA after dismantling the waste can be sent to the authorized recyclers. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)was one such important initiative. In Pune EU Switch Asia-WEEE recycle project Swatch Bharat Mission Bengaluru SAAHAS a Non- profit provided support to establish four SMEs who have established linkages with the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) 12tsFinance Commission All India institute of local self-Government ( AIILSG) - supervision work in Ahmedabad urban local bodies Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parished a people’s science movement 14thFinance Commission Agency for non-conventional energy and rural technology (ANERT) NGO people’s Movement for Civic Action in Panaji Hasiru Dala bengaluru Narinder Chaudhary a resident of Daddu Majra of Dalit Raksha Dal (near Chandigarh) Agencies in Waste Management

18 Composting at Home or CommunityCommunity composting most Aerobic or Anaerobic. Anaerobic composting (digestion by Bacteria which take Oxizen generated during composting process)

19 Who should does what : Citizen vs. Municipal Corporationनिवासियों को करना है नगर निगम को करना है  1 ‘0’ कूड़ा हो. ·         घर के गीला कूड़ा और सूखा कूड़ा का अलग-अलग निपटारा और उठाव. ·         गीला कूड़ा एवं सूखा कूड़ा अलग-अलग रखें. ·         गीला कूड़ा से खाद बनाएं. ·         नगर निगम यदि घर-घर से कूड़ा नहीं उठाती है तो मिलजुलकर घर-घर कूड़ा उठाव की व्यवस्था करें। इसका खर्च केबल टीवी के खर्च से 1 तिहाई से भी कम आता है –50 रु प्रति घर या उससे कम. ·         मोहल्लावासी जहाँ-तहाँ कूड़ा फेंकते हैं तो इसकी लिखित जानकारी निवासी सभा में देना। यह एक दंडनीय अपराध है. प्‍लास्टिक थैले का उपयोग करना बंद करेंगे. ·         नगर निगम सुनिश्चित करेगी कि घर-घर से गीले और सूखे कूड़े का उठाव अलग-अलग हो. ·         घर से अलग-अलग लिए गए गीला कूड़ा और सूखा कूड़ा को दोबारा एक साथ नहीं मिला दें. ·         गीला कूड़ा से खाद या गैस का निर्माण करें. इसके लिए कम्‍युनिटी प्‍लांट का निर्माण करें. ·         कूड़ा डम्पिंग ग्राउंड यदि कोई है तो वह तकनीकी तौर पर सही हो और नजदीक की आबादी को दिक्‍कत नहीं पैदा करें ·         प्रत्‍येक गली में डस्‍टबीन रखना. ·         मोहल्‍ला में रखे गए सभी डस्‍टबीन से प्रतिदिन कूड़ा का उठाव करना. ·         सूखा कूड़ा से बिजली पैदा करें. इसके लिए प्‍लांट बनाएं.  ·         जूट या अन्य गैर प्लास्टिक थैले कम मूल्य पर उपलब्ध कराना. 2 घरों से कूड़ा जमा करने और ढुलाई के लिए ठेला या गाड़ी साफ और सुन्दर हो. ·         यदि ऐसा नहीं होता है तो निवासी सभा से तय निर्धारित व्‍यक्ति द्वारा इसकी सूचना निवासी सभा को देना और सभी के हस्‍ताक्षर के साथ इसकी सूचना सरकार को देना. ·         शहर के बीच में नगरपालिका द्वारा निर्धारित कूड़ा फेंकने का स्थान नहीं हो, यदि किसी कारण से ऐसा है तो वह स्‍थान एकदम साफ-सुथरा एवं बदबूरहित हो. 3 आस-पड़ोस हरा-भरा हो. ·         घर के गीला कूड़ा से बना खाद से गमला में या अन्‍य कंटेनर से घर पर गार्डेन मेंटेन हो सकता है. ·         अपने आसपास के पार्क में समय-समय पर श्रमदान करें। पार्क में जहाँ-तहाँ कुछ भी नहीं फेंके। ·         नगर निगम प्रत्‍येक सम्‍भव खुले स्‍थान पर पेड़ लगाएं. ·         घरों को कम दाम पर पौधा उपलब्‍ध कराएं. 4 नाला का ढक्‍कन बंद हो और नाला जाम नहीं हो. ·         यदि ऐसा नहीं होता है तो निवासी सभा से तय निर्धारित व्‍यक्ति द्वारा इसकी सूचना निवासी सभा को देना और सभी के हस्‍ताक्षर के साथ इसकी सूचना सरकार को देना. ·         तय नियम एवं समय पर नाले की सफाई करना, टूटे हुए ढक्‍कन का तुरंत मरम्‍मत करना. नाले की सफाई के बाद कचरे का उठाव नियमानुसार जल्‍द होना चाहिए.

20 Everyone has to do their part. Come together and act.

21 Patna Municipal Corporation initiativesTender for door to door kudaa uthaw is awarded to 4 zones. 2 zones retender will be done. …

22 Case from other Cities

23 Alleppey Kerala (1.9 lac population)Community aerobic composting : 2,000 kg of waste and converted it into fertilizer within 90 days. This waste (plastic and other non biodegradable waste) was separately collected once a month There is no need for door-to door collection. People are responsible for the waste they generate. Decentralized methods for waste management. Plastic collection drives once in two-three months. Biggest achievement so for is that all residents, shops, officers and hotels have started segregating waste. Municipality saved 11, liters of diesel; Bobbili Andhra Pradesh meticulous step to provide shop- keepers with alternate bags made of cloth to replace polythene and the large plastic sacks were replaced with gunny sacks.” “With the passage of time only about per cent residents segregate their waste,” says Someswara. “Earlier it was close to 80 per cent,” According to Gnaneshwar 88 per cent of waste is segregate by the municipal workers and not the residents before putting it into the push-carts. City revitalization campaign ‘bin-free city’. Mysuru Karnataka FM radio jingles The door-to-door collection efficiency in the city is about 95 per cent. 30 per cent segregation of waste collection, manual segregation at zero waste management units, recycling of dry waste, one central composting plant. I auto tipper for households l pushcart for 250 households. Built a sanitary landfill Pune Maharashtra The five-tonne per day (TDP) Biogas plants silently operates all day decomposing organic waste- vegetables, fruit rejects and stale food – and converting them into methane. The gas is injected into a generator to produce electricity. The leftover is excellent organic manure. Yet, passer-by has nothing to complain. A five-tonne per day project for a housing complex of 10,000 flats. Biogas plants were set up in Model Colony, a locality of 4,000-odd residences. Tipping fee and generation-based incentives “Hotel wet waste is good for bio-methanation because it is better segregated” We give to new residents is a pamphlet explaining segregation Those who deliver unsegregated waste are fined. Bengaluru Bengaluru worse, waste segregated at source is still being mixed on way to landfills. Nexus between elected representatives and contractors. Payment is made as per weight, not content.” Bangalore “if we penalize anyone now, the entire system will collapse” There is a shortfall of 3,000-4,000 garbage pickers. Chandigarh No doubt that the city is visibly clean –garbage stacks cannot be seen and roads are near polished. But is this enough? COLLECTION GOOD BUT SEGREGATION INDIFFERENT Waste collection from households is fully privatized in an informal sense –resident welfare associations in colonies employ private waste collectors New Delhi 150,000 rag pickers in Delhi. A contract between the north DMC with Ramky costs Rs.1,450/tone: this covers C&T, maintenance of dhalaos, establishing processing plants, landfilling and conducting awareness programmers.

24 Misc

25 Solid Waste Management Key WordsCELEBRATE NIMBY : Not-In–My-Backyard (NIMBY) User fee : Households pay user charge for this collection Tipping Fee : Gate Fee : Landfill / Engineered landfills : ” land –filling” means disposal of residual solid waste on land in a facility designed with protective measures against pollution of ground water surface water and air wind-blown litter bad odour fire hazard bird menace pests or rodents greenhouse gas emissions slope instability and erosion. However if this definition were to be considered for real there would have been only a handful of landfill sites in the entire country. RDF / RDF fluff / RDF pellets / RDF Plant : Waste could be processed to make RDF and then to generate power. Waste to Power : Waste could be processed to make RDF and then to generate power. : bio-methanation units : Geosyntheric liners and leachate collection pipes. The characteristics of quality waste required for fuel are : Calorific value of over 3000 kcal/kg; ash residue less than 20% by weight. Chlorine less than 1 percent of weight and water content less than 20-25% by weight. Only this quality or waste when processed would make pellets of calorific value of over 3200 Kcal/kg which is comparable to coal.

26 The principle was: “Recover the maximum energy and materials from mixed waste”. Persistent organic pollutants (PoPs) Dioxins : Dioxins accumulate in biological systems to devastating effects Furans : Dioxins and furans are a group of about 400 halogenated and aromatic compounds out of which approximately 30 are highly toxic. Dioxins are designated as persistent organic pollutants (PoPs) which were part of the original “in the Stockholm convention. These gases have multiple sources but are usually released by industrial activity such as ferrous and non-ferrous metal production heat and power generation chlorine bleaching of pulp and landfill fires. The problem with dioxins is that once produced and emitted into the atmosphere they are highly stable compounds which travel long distances and accumulate in the food-chain causing serious health hazards like skin lesions reproductive disorders endocrine disruptions and even cancer. Long-term exposure leads to permanent impairment of the immune system hinders the development of nervous system in children and causes problems with the endocrine system and reproductive functions of the human body. Pregnant women newborn and developing fetuses are really sensitive to dioxin exposure .Children exposed to dioxins are likely to develop abnormalities in the enamel of their teeth. Exposed adults may suffer from thyroid disorders spleen dysfunction endometriosis and diabetes. Chronic exposure in animals leads to several types of cancer and chromosome breakdown. In using the UNERP tool –kits the annual release of dioxins and furans in India was estimated to be toxicity equivalent quantities (TEQs). The waste incinerators alone contribute to about 67 and Iand fill fires emit 10000g of dioxins and furans every year. (Piyush Mohapatra 2014 Dioxins in your plate Factsheet Number 44 toxics Link March 2014)