1 Lala Varley

2 1. Nacionalidades 2. Stem Changing Verbs 3. Para 4. Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar 7. Affirmative and Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives 10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement 11. Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement 12. Sequencing events 13. Preterite (trigger words) 14. –car, -gar, -zar 15. Deber and inf. 16. Modal verbs 16. Present progressive 17. Adverbs 18. Trigger words, car gar zar, spock, snake/snakey, cucaracha 19. Demonstrative 20. Future Tense 21.

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4 Boot Verbs change only inside the “boot’’ There are four kind of boot verbs. O-ue E-ie E-I U-ue The endings remain the same for –ar, -er, and –ir verbs. Nosotros and Vosotros forms do not change.

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6 Can be used to a repetition of the noun and answer the question whom? Or what? About the verb. REPLACES Pes, ya tienes ropa de verano. Claro que la tengo. Indirect objects are nouns that tell to whom/what or for whom/what. They are to replace or accompany indirect objects. Singular: Me (me) Te (you familiar) Te (you formal, him, her) Plural: Nos (us) Os (you familiar) Tes (you, them)

7 1. attach the pronoun to the infinitive 2. attach the pronoun to a progressive tense 3. attach the pronoun to an affirmative command 4. place the pronoun before a conjugated verb How do you know where indirect object pronouns go in a sentence? When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, the pronoun comes before the verb. When the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it can either go before the conjugated verb or be attached to the end of the infinitive.

8 When you want to express what activities people like to do you use these phrases with an infinitive. me gusta…nos gusta… te gusta…os gusta… le gusta…les gusta… When you want to talk about things that people like, change the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those things.

9 When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an affirmative or negative word. Affirmative Words: Algo (something) Alguien (someone) Algun/Alguno(a) (same) Siempre (always) Tambien (also) Negative Words: Nada (nothing) Nadie ( no one) Ningun/Ninguno(a) (none, not any) Nunca (never) Tampoco (neither, either) Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify. Alguno and ninhuno have different forms when used before masculine singular nouns. Alguno algun ninguno ningun

10 Suffix: -Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas *added to adjectives and adverbs *equivalent to extremely or very before an adjective or adverb. Change Spelling! -Rico > requisimo -larga> larguisima -feliz > felicismo *adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding -cisimola

11 What does a reflexive pronoun do? Shows that the direct object is the same of the do-er. In reflexive construction, the subject is also the object. A person does as well as receives the action. The subject, the pronoun, and verb are all in the same form. For example: -Yo me levanto a las ocho de la manana. -Ella se despierta muy temprano. -Mis hermanas se maquillan es su cuarto. How do you form these verbs? 1)Conjugate the verb as always 2)Add the reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se) Position of Pronouns: 1)IN FRONT of a conjugated verb 2)Attached to a gerund 3)Attached to an infinitive

12 Di (Decir) Haz (Hacer) Ve (Ir) Pon (Poner) Sal (Salir) Se (Ser) Ten (Tener) Ven (Venir) DOP + placement rules are the same thing!

13 Tu Commands: 1)Positive Drop the ‘s’ 2) Negative put into yo form Change the vowel Add an ‘s’ 3) Irregulars Decir Di Hace Haz Ir Ve Ser Se Poner Pon Venir Ven Tenir Ten Salir Sal Irregular Commands: 1)T- tener (no tengas) 2)V- venir (no vengas) 3)D-dar/decir (no des/digas) 4)I- Ir (no vayas) 5)S- ser (no seas) 6)H- hacer(no hagas) 7)E- estar (no estes) 8)S- saber (no sepas) Pronoun Placement: 1)Infinitive 2)Gerund 3)Before a conjugated verb 4)Affirmative command** Ex: Do it! Hazlo!

14 FirstThenAfterFinally PrimeroEntoncesLuego/DespuesPor fin Antes de/ Despues de Before/ After Por la manana/tarde/noche In/during the … (NO SPECIFIC TIME GIVEN)

15 *Note –car ending preterite verbs in the yo form will change to –que in order to keep the hard ‘c’ sound: ex. Yo saqué (sacra) la basura ayer.

16 Trigger Words for Preterito: Un dia Una vez Ayer Hace un año El mes pasado Anteayer Por una hora Por fin A las ocho El cinco de Febrero -caryoqué -gar -zar yo gué cé

17 The verb deber means should or ought to. To say what people should do, use a conjugated form of deber with the infinitive of another verb.

18 When verbs are used in modal verb combinations: The second verb isn't conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form. You would NEVER say “no puedo nado” Deber - should/ought to Desear – to desire Necesitar – to need Poder – can/could/might be able to Querer – want/would like to Saber – to know how to/know Soler – usually/used to

19 Some verbs you know have irregular present participle forms. When the stem of an –er or –ir verb emds in a vowel, change the –iendo to-yendo to form the present participle. e i stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the stem Some other verbs also have vowel change in the stem.

20 For adjectives with –o or –a endings, add –mente to feminine form. When you use two adverbs, drop the –mente from the first one.

21 Use when telling someone NOT to do Formed by taking you form for the present tense, dropping the -o and adding the appropriate ending. Ex. Hablo  -es for –ar verbs Vuelvo  -as for –er and –ir verbs InfinitiveYo formNegative tú command HablarHabloNo hables VolverVuelvoVuelvas Venir

22 A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Notice thar none of the yo forms of these verbs end in –o. Infinitive (yo form)Negative tú command Dar (doy)No le des mi dirección a nadie. Estar(estoy)No estés triste. Ir (voy)No vayas a la tienda. Ser (soy)No seas mala.

23 SNAKE Stem Changers Dormir Dormí Dormimos Dormiste Durmió Durmieron SNAKEY Y Changers Leer Leí Leimos Leiste Leyó Leyeron CUCARACHA AndarAnduve- EstarEstuve- PoderPud- PonerPus- QuereQuis- SaberSup- TenerTuv- VenirVin- ConducirConduj- ProducirProduj- TraducirTraduj- -e-imos -iste-isteis -o-ieron ARER/IR ÉÍ AsteIste ÓIó AmosImos Aronieron EL PRETÉRITO

24 Point out nouns -this, that, these, those Proceed nouns they follow and agree in gender and number Esteestaestosestas EseEsaesosesas Aquelaquella aquellos aquellas *This and these get the “t’s” *esto, eso and aquello are neuters *no accent mark on adjective demonstratives but there are accents on pronouns

25 Primera Segunda Tercera Cuarta Quinta Sexta Sptima Octava Novena Decima

26 Izquierda (de), derecha (de) delante (de), detrás (de) Cerca (de), lejos (de) …..y algo mas Afuera (de), adentro (de) Debajo (de, encima (de) Entre, al lado (de) …..se termina la rima

27 You can use: ir + a + infinitive Ex. Vamos a ESTUDíAR en la biblioteca. You can use the present tense when the context makes it clear that you are talking about the future. Ex. Mañana ALQUILAMOS una película. You can also use the future tense. You form the future tense by adding a special set of endings to the infinitive. Ex. ComerTo eat ComeréComeremos ComerásComeré Comer

28 Adj (of mine, yours, his) Mío(s)Mía(s) tuyo(s)tuya(s) Suyo(s)suya(s) Nuestro(s)nuestra(s) Vuestro(s)vuestra(s) *placed AFTER the noun they modify Demonstrative adj. : (article) + (noun) + de+ (sub. Pronoun) Pronouns Same form as stressed adj. Definite articles: ELLOS LALAS *omitted when stressed poss. Pronoun follows the verb ser

29 Triggers: Todos los días A menudo A veces Siempre Cada día Los lunes Generalmente Mientras De vez en cuando Muchas veces frecuentemente Uses: 1.Ongoing action (was/were) 2.Repeated action (used to) 3.No definite beginning or end 4.Time/date/age/feelings/descriptions 5.Interrupted activity (cuando)

30 Me Te se Nos Os Les

31 Demonstrate or point out nouns  This, that, these, those Proceed nouns that follow & agree in GENDER & NUMBER 1.este, esta, estos & estas are close to the speaker 2.Ese, esa, esos & esas aren’t necessarily close to the speaker but are close to the listener 3.Aquel, aquella, aquellos & aquellas are away from both the speaker and the listener NEUTERS: Esto, eso & aquello Use if unsure about gener NEVER carry an accent mark!!! No accent mark on adjective demonstratives but there are accents on pronouns. Aquí- this & these Allí- that over there Allá- that WAY over there THIS AND THESE GET THE “T’S”

32 FIN