1 Las teorías de la conspiraciónUnos cuentos misteriosos

2 Funciones Describir un cuento o una teoría de una conspiración.Explicar lo que piensan personas sobre la conspiración. Presentar información sobre la teoría y qué piensan Ustedes.

3 Irregular Present tense verbsEstructuras Cognates Por and Para Irregular Present tense verbs The Subjunctive

4 Structure: Los cognadosEnglish and Spanish Cognates are words in both languages that share the same Latin root and which are very similar. It is important to bear in mind that these cognates do not always translate from one language to another precisely. These cognates appear mainly in NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, VERBS, ADVERBS.

5 Los cognados: Nouns I English nouns and Spanish nouns ending in '-or' are very often identical. Actor color doctor director horror English nouns and Spanish nouns ending in '-al' are very common identical. General hospital manual moral animal Many English nouns ending with '-ist', can be converted into Spanish nouns by changing to '-ista'. Artista egoísta lista socialista turista English nouns ending with '-y' often correspond to Spanish nouns ending with '-ía', '-ia', or '-io'. Agencia agonía batería familia historia urgencia salario testimonio diccionario

6 Los cognados: Nouns II Many English nouns ending with '-ism', can be converted into Spanish nouns by changing to '-ismo'. Idealismo despotismo mecanismo organismo optimismo Many English nouns ending with '-nce', can be converted into Spanish nouns by changing to '-ncia'. Abundancia arrogancia experiencia paciencia Many English nouns ending with '-ty', can be converted into Spanish nouns by changing to '-dad'. Actividad curiosidad electricidad identidad Many English nouns ending with '-tion', can be converted into Spanish nouns by changing to '-ción'. Asociación combinación condición exempción

7 Los cognados: AdjectivesLike nouns, many English adjectives can be converted into Spanish simply by changing the word ending. Here are some useful rules. -ive → ivo ACTIVE  ACTIVO -al = -al CRIMINAL  CRIMINAL -ous → -oso DELICIOUS  DELICIOSO -ic → -ico FANTASTIC  FANTÁSTICO -ble = -ble TERRIBLE  TERRIBLE -nt → -nte IMPORTANT  IMPORTANTE -id → -ido STUPID  ESTÚPIDO -ile → -il FRAGILE  FRÁGIL -ary → -ario ORDINARY  ORDINARIO

8 Los cognados: Verbs Almost every English verb ending in '-ate' can be coverted into a Spanish infinitive by replacing the final '-ate' with '-ar'. Operate = operar Participate = participar Many English verbs ending in VOWEL + CONSONANT + T can be converted into Spanish verbs by adding '-ar' or '-ir' to the end of the English verb. present = presentar represent = representar comment = comentar insult = insultar

9 Los cognados: Verbs II Many English infinitive verbs ending VOWEL + CONSONANT + E can be converted into Spanish infinitive verbs by dropping the final E and adding '- ar'. Excuse = excusar admire = admirar adore =adorar Almost every English infinitive verb ending with '- ify' can be converted into a Spanish verb by replacing the final '-ify' with '-ificar'. Justify = justificar pacify = pacificar verify = verificar

10 Los cognados: Adverbs In English, "-ly" combines with many adjectives to form adverbs. In Spanish, "-mente" combines with (feminine) adjectives to form Spanish adverbs. Absolutely absolutamente Normally normalmente Naturally naturalmente Finally finalmente correctly correctamente exactly exactamente evidently evidentemente Difficultly difícilmente

11 Structure: Uses of POR and PARA“Por” and “para” are very confusing because they both mean “for.” Uses of POR In exchange for: Ill pay you for the toy. Duration of time: I studied for 3 hours. Rate: He charges $70 an hour! (for one hour). Movement through space: …through the forest. Motive/reason: I sang for my parents. By means of: We travel by car. Taking the place of: He is playing for me. Before an infinitive meaning “because of” or “by”: By practicing often, they learned a lot. By arriving early…

12 Structure: Uses of POR and PARA“Por” and “para” are very confusing because they both mean “for.” Uses of PARA Destination: I am leaving for Florida. Intended for (recipient): It’s for you. Deadline: Send it in by tomorrow. Purpose/use: The gun is for protection. Exception: She is strong for a woman. Before an infinitive meaning “in order to”: In order to win, you have to play. Viewpoint: For me, this is the best school. There are some verbs in Spanish where the “for” is built in: BUSCAR, ESPERAR, PEDIR, etc.

13 Structure: Irregular Verbs in the Present tenseCABER (to fit) - quepo/cabes/cabe/cabemos/caben CONSTRUIR (to construct)- construyo/construyes/construye/construimos/construyen COGER (to grab)- cojo / coges / coge / cogemos / cogen SABER (to know)- sé / sabes / sabe / sabemos / saben TENER (to have)- tengo / tienes / tiene / tenemos / tienen VER (to see)- veo / ves / ve / vemos / ven CAER (to fall)- caigo / caes / cae / caemos / caen DAR (to give)- doy / das / da / damos / dan HACER(to do/to make)- hago / haces / hace /hacemos / hacen TRADUCIR (to translate)- traduzco/traduces/traduce/traducimos/traducen

14 Structure: Irregular Verbs in the Present tensePONER (to put/to set) pongo / pones / pone / ponemos / ponen TRAER(to bring) traigo / traes / trae / traemos / traen SALIR (to leave) salgo / sales / sale / salimos / salen VENIR (to come) vengo / vienes / viene / venimos / vienen DECIR (to say/tell) digo / dices / dice / decimos / dicen OIR (to hear) oigo / oyes / oye / oímos / oyen SEGUIR (to follow) sigo / sigues / sigue / seguimos / siguen VALER (to be worth)- valgo / vales / vale / valemos / valen CONOCER (to know)- conozco / conoces / conoce / conocemos / conocen

15 Structure: The SubjunctiveThe Subjunctive mood is used for a variety of things in the Spanish language such as talking about something that is wished for or something that may not be true (i.e. expressing doubt) For example, “I hope she calls” or “I doubt he will come.” Forming the Subjunctive: Regular verbs Drop the AR and add the opposite ending: AR- e, es, e, emos, en ER/IR- a, as, a, amos, an Examples: Casar- Case, cases, case, casemos, casen Comer- Coma, comas, coma, comamos, coman Vivir- Viva, vivas, vivamos, vivan

16 Structure: Stem-changing verbs in the SubjunctiveStem changing verbs in the subjunctive operate the same The stem change only takes place within the first, second and third person singular and also in the third person plural, making them “boot” verbs. In other words, only the yo, tu, el/ella/usted, and ustedes forms are changed in the subjunctive of stem-changing verbs. Just as in regular subjunctive forms, the ending also changes in the word. Examples: CERRAR- Cierre, cierres, cierre, cerremos, cierren CONTAR-Cuente,cuentes,cuente,contemos,cuenten IR verbs in the subjunctive are different. The stem change still occurs in the same places, but the first person plural (nosotros) also changes. SENTIR- sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sientan DORMIR- duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, duerman.

17 Structure: Irregular verbs in the Subjunctive MoodIrregular verbs in the subjunctive are the same as they were in the 1st person of the present tense. CABER- quepa, quepas, quepa, quepamos, quepan CAER- caiga, caigas, caiga, caigamos, caigan DECIR- diga, digas, diga, digamos, digan HACER- haga, hagas, haga, hagamos, hagan PONER- ponga, pongas, ponga, pongamos, pongan SALIR- salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgan TENER- tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengan VALER- valga, valgas, valga, valgamos, valgan VENIR- venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengan VER- vea, veas, vea, veamos, vean

18 Structure: Spelling-changing verbs in the SubjunctiveJust as in the present tense, the Subjunctive has a number of verbs that have spelling changes to help the pronunciation sound found in the infinitive. Found in verbs with endings CAR, CER/CIR, GAR, GER/GIR, and ZAR Ending changes Car- que Sacar- saque, saques… Cer/Cir- zca Conocer- conozca, conozcas… Gar- gue Pagar- pague, pagues… Ger/Gir- ja Escoger- escoja, escojas… Zar- ce Rezar-Rece, reces…

19 Structure: Super-irregular verbs in the SubjunctiveThere are six verbs that do not follow the 1st person spelling rule of the present tense Dar, estar, haber, ir, saber, and ser. Dar- dé, des, dé, demos, den Estar- esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén Haber- haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan Ir- vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan Saber- sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan Ser- sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean