1 Launching a New Nation – Start Test 2vs

2 Articles of Confederation (AoC)Approved in 1781 (is the war over yet?) 1st written new government Called for a weak central gov and strong state gov. (Who holds the power with AOC?) Why would the Americans want to set up a weak government?

3 Strengths of AoC Unified the former coloniesCongress could sign treaties, raise an army and declare war

4 Weaknesses of AoC Congress must petition states for moneyCongress cannot tax, regulate trade or collect tariffs Each state only had 1 vote in congress regardless of size or population

5 Issues Facing the GovernmentDebts - Paying back war debts (50 million) Money and Trade- Each state printed its own $ $$, problems trading between states Mercantilism – the belief that a nations power was a product of wealth (trade)

6 More Problems Foreign relations - no unified supportLand dispute - Western land disputes and extension of state territories Unity - no national unity

7 Land Dispute Issues: Northwest TerritoryContinental Congress gained right to control national domain, meaning federal govt. decides who gets to settle new territory Desired Land included: Wisconsin Michigan Illinois Indiana Ohio

8 Northwest Ordinance Sets precedent for creating states.Includes: surveying and dividing land Declares Slavery Illegal in Northwest Territory

9 Becoming a State Requirements for Statehood admission as a new stateAppoint a territory governor 5,000 voting residents – write a temporary constitution and elect a governor Total population reached 60,000 free inhabitants – write a constitution and apply

10 Land Ordinances transformed the landscape of the Northwest and later the rest of the USA.

11 Shay’s Rebellion Shays’ Rebellion – 1786protest of farmers due to being in debt from paying high taxes to pay off A.R. war debt. consider themselves victims of Revolution

12 Importance: Showed the national governments weak ability to govern in a major situation or crisis.How does Shay’s Rebellion affect the debate over having a strong central govt. verse having a strong state government?

13 Time to fix the governmentDelegates for 12 states get together in Philadelphia in May at Constitutional Convention Lasted 4 months

14

15 Constitutional ConventionPurpose – to figure out how to make the government run better Members – Founding Fathers James Madison – known as Father of Constitution Debating - over how to fix the AOC or if they should replace the AOC The Battle of Big vs. Small states Federal vs. State govt South vs. North

16 BIG SMALL VA Plan NJ Plan Great CompromiseLegislature would have 2 houses. House of Representatives Senate Bicameral House Senate: equal Representation equal vote - 1 House: Rep. / Voting based on population Called for creation of executive and judiciary branches Congress could tax and regulate foreign and interstate commerce Legislature should have two houses (bi-cameral) Representation: based on population Voting Rights: Legislature should have one house. (unicameral) Representation: Equal – 1 representative per state Voting Rights: Equal – 1 vote per state BIG SMALL

17 Compromises 3/5ths Compromise – 3/5ths of a slave states population would be counted in determining its representation. Commerce Compromise – Slaves could be imported until the end of Congress gained the right to use tariffs on imported goods.

18 3 Branches of GovernmentLegislative Branch – Power to Make the Laws Executive Branch – Power to Enforce the Laws Judicial Branch – Power to Interpret the Laws

19 Supremacy Clause – Federal Law written in Constitution trumps State LawRule States Rule

20 Ratification Federalist v. Anti Federalist Federalist - favored the Constitution (Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison) Anti-federalist - against the Constitution because it did not contain a bill of rights (against strong central gov’t) (Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Sam Adams)

21 Ratification cont… Ratification (to approve Constitution) needed 9 of 13 states to agree to put into action Federalist papers written by Hamilton, Jay & Madison essays defending the Constitution helped turn people in favor of the Constitution – like VA and NY Constitution ratified in 1789 and Bill of Rights was added in 1791.

22 What is Federalism ? Political philosophy Powers are shared betweennational and state governments Sovereignty (power to rule self) - constitutional split power between the state and central gov’t on some issues

23

24 Checks and Balance SystemSystem designed to keep all branches of government equal - each branch has equal powers - no one branch has more power than the other - Checks and Balances system establishes separation of powers among branches. What does Separation of Power mean? George Mason: “The purse and the sword must not be in the same hand”

25

26 - George Washington was unanimously elected the first President.First Presidency - George Washington was unanimously elected the first President.

27 Influences on the New Gov’tMagna Carta Rights of Englishmen Colonial Charter - granted colonist Rights of Englishmen House of Burgesses – first elected gov’t in colonies Jamestown, Virginia 1619 Declaration of Independence stated in and Bill of rights

28 Judiciary Act of 1789 created the judicial structure set up Supreme Court Washington develops Executive branch no specific guidelines First Cabinet established (Hamilton – Treasury, Jefferson – Secretary of State)

29 Debt and the Bank Debts from Revolution still a problemLack of federal taxes due to AoC Hamilton's Plan – tariffs and taxes to stabilize the economy

30 The Whiskey Rebellion Tax on Whiskey hurts farmers living over the Appalachian Mountains Rebellion happens as result 1st challenge to the new government (Washington leads army and crushes it)

31 The Bank of the US Hamilton established the Bank of the US in 1791It encourages growth (loans) Hamilton uses the elastic clause to establish bank

32

33 Political Parties Hamilton's Followers – FederalistsJefferson’s Followers – Democrat-Republicans

34 The Debate Begins Hamilton JeffersonLose constructionist (read between lines of the Constitution) Implied Powers Bank is necessary & proper – elastic clause Strict constructionist (interpret word for word) Opposed bank because it was unconstitutional

35 The French Revolution Hamilton Jefferson OpposedFrench are radicals and declare war on Great Britain Hamilton supports GB and wants to improve relations with them Supports it French are forming a republic We signed a treaty of alliance in 1778 We owe them for their help in Revolution

36 Washington's View French Revolution – Neutrality, he does not want the new nation picking sides Political Parties – against them, afraid it will divide nation

37 Washington's Foreign PolicyJay’s Treaty – 1794 Gives GB the right to seize American Ships bound for French ports during war Does not pay American merchants Pinckney’s Treaty – 1789 Gives US right to navigate Mississippi River US can store goods in New Orleans

38 Washington's Farewell AddressGives US 3 Warnings Avoid Sectionalism/Regionalism Avoid Political Parties Avoid Involvement in Foreign Wars

39 Other Advancements Eli Whitney invents the cotton ginMade cotton production more profitable Opened cotton farming to the south Increased demand for slaves in south Eli Whitney also pushes the idea of interchangeable parts for guns

40 Election of 1796 Adams vs. Jefferson in election of 1796 Who wins?Who becomes VP? What does this election show about the growing danger of sectionalism?

41 Adam’s Controversies Possible war with France due to Jay’s Treaty with British. XYZ affair 1798 undeclared war with France Passes Alien and Seditions Acts

42 Alien and Sedition ActsPassed because of controversy with France Many immigrants favored the Democrat-Republicans (DR for short)

43 Acts passed by Federalist said:Change citizenship requirement 5 to 14 years. President could deport any alien seen as undesirable. Jail term for those who said anything malicious against government that could not be proven. What rights does this violate?

44 Effect of Alien and Sedition ActsMany pro DR journalists, writers arrested They angered DR because they felt law targeted them Idea of nullification surfaces with Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

45 Virginia Resolution Virginia Resolution – Jefferson and Madison argue that a state may interpose between the federal government and the people to stop an action

46 Kentucky Resolution Kentucky Resolution – argued that if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law the states can nullify (declare invalid) it.

47 Election of 1800 Adams vs. Jefferson vs. Burr Jefferson and Burr tieHouse of Representatives votes 36 times and finally elects Jefferson Adams peacefully hands over power to Jefferson key moment in US history

48 The 12th Amendment Ratified in 1804Changed the electoral college to prevent issue that occurred in election of 1800 Separate electoral ballots for President and Vice President – how is that different from today?

49 Marbury v. Madison John Marshal was chief justice Federalist from SCWill he try to strengthen or weaken the federal government?

50 The Issue - Judiciary Act of 1801Passed by Adams Administration Increased number of judges on the supreme court – known as the midnight judges What is Adams trying to do?

51 Key People Marbury was appointed as a midnight judgeMadison is Jefferson's secretary of state Marbury sues Madison to get his appointment as a judge

52 Result Chief Justice Marshall decided that the constitution did not give the Supreme Ct. power to issue such orders to the executive branch, he declares that part of the Judiciary Act 1789 unconstitutional. Judicial Review – the Supreme Court has the power to declare acts of Congress constitutional or unconstitutional (1st time used)

53 Goals of Jefferson Reduce the imprint/power of the federal governmentReduce the importance of Hamilton's economic plan (national bank)

54 Louisiana Purchase President Jefferson buys land west of the Mississippi River from France (Napoleon), it doubled the size of the United States Jefferson thought it was unconstitutional

55 Lewis & Clark ExpeditionSent by Jefferson to explore newly acquired territory They discovered the Rocky mountains and made it to the Pacific Ocean Sacagawea – Native American guide and interpreter

56

57 Jefferson's Foreign PolicyEmbargo Act of 1807 – Jefferson’s response to British and French interference in American trade Stopped all trade with Europe – it hurt American businesses and was repealed in 1809 Impressment – kidnaping US sailors and forcing them into service

58 The Next President James Madison was elected president in 1809Was Secretary of State under Jefferson

59 The War of 1812 War between Great Britain and the USWar was declared over British aggression at sea 2nd war for US independence (war ends in 1815)

60 DC Burns During the War the US invades Canada 3 times and fails each time British invade and burn Washington, D.C. to the ground

61 The Star Spangled BannerFrancis Scott Key wrote it During the bombardment of Fort McHenry Became our national anthem in 1931 Original tune was a drinking song

62 Battle of New Orleans Only major victory for the US in the warAndrew Jackson becomes a national hero Battle occurs after the peace treaty was signed but before it arrived in the US

63 Treaty of Ghent and Aftermath of WarTreaty officially ends war, US and GB back to normal relations and no exchange of territory Last war between GB and US