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2 Learning to Cite your Sources: APA Research Services GroupAngela Paul Research Services Group Updated Spring 2017

3 What is a citation? A citation refers to information about a source that was used by a researcher for a research project or research paper.

4 What is a citation? The information in a citation identifies the author, publication title, publisher, and other unique identification information “Bibliographic entry,” “reference” and “citation” are often used interchangeably

5 How do I include citations in my paper?List the citations or references on a separate page from the research paper or project summary Locate this list after the paper and before any appendices or other supplementary material

6 The Reference List This page may be called “Bibliography,” “References” or “Works Cited” depending on the function of the list and the citation style used for the paper This heading is usually written at the center of the top of the page, but it depends on the style

7 How do I know what to call this list of citations?Bibliography This list may include everything the researcher used to prepare for writing the research paper or research project References This list must include resources that were used directly in the research paper or research project Works Cited This list includes only resources that are cited directly in the research paper or research project

8 Formatting the Reference PageStart the first line of each citation at the left margin Indent subsequent lines 0.5 inches (called “hanging indent”) The citation list must be double spaced, with no extra spaces in between the citations Use the same font or typeface as used in the rest of the paper or essay

9 Using MS Word Features to help with FormattingHighlight the entire list, then go to the Paragraph tool Make sure Alignment is set to "left" and Outline Level is set to "body“ Make sure the left and right Indentation is set to "0“ Under Special, change the indentation to "hanging" by 0.5" (inches) Under Spacing make sure "before" and "after" are set to "0 pt“ Change Line Spacing to "double"

10 Other Formatting RulesPay attention to italicization and capitalization Punctuation and spacing are VERY important The reference list, bibliography, or works cited page must be alphabetized by the first word in the citation (except for the CSE citation-sequence style)

11 Why are citations so complicated?Citations are created in a certain style to assist reading comprehension for the reader. When the reader knows how to read a citation, it is easy for her or him to identify sources used in the paper. Punctuation, spacing, capitalization and other “complicated” details all help the reader understand the citation.

12 Why do I need to include citations?Many reasons! The authors you quoted and learned from need to be acknowledged Readers should be able to independently draw conclusions about your argument Your research and work should be acknowledged

13 Citation Styles Various disciplines have published citation and writing style guides to address specific needs within their discipline.

14 Style Guides Style guides identify the style of the entire essay or research paper, including parenthetical and other in-text references. Not all instructors require students to closely follow a style guide. Final approval of your writing style, individual citations or reference list must come from whoever is directing your publication.

15 Style Guides Each style guide specifies how the citation list should be formatted and organized, and the order of each piece of information in the citation for that style. This tutorial focuses on the citation list.

16 Style Guides APA and MLA are the most common styles used in undergraduate classes at WSU.

17 Styles used in Humanities ResearchChicago Style [bibliography style] Columbia Style/Humanities Harvard Referencing Modern Language Association (MLA)

18 Styles used in Law and Social Sciences ResearchAmerican Anthropological Association (AAA) American Political Science Association (APSA) American Psychological Association (APA) American Sociological Association (ASA) Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) [bibliography style or reference list style, depending on the field] Bluebook [Law]

19 Styles used in the SciencesAmerican Chemical Society American Medical Association American Society of Mechanical Engineers Chicago Style [reference list style] Columbia Style/Sciences Council of Science Editors

20 APA Style The rest of this tutorial provides instruction and includes examples for print and online books as well as periodical citations in APA style.

21 APA Style American Psychological Association (APA) is commonly used in the social sciences. The latest publication is Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition (2010).

22 Reference Page The heading “References” is typically used for the citation list in research papers and research projects written in APA style as described in APA ch. 2.11

23 Author Names Personal names are written last name firstUse initials for first and middle names, and use a period and a space in between initials If there is no author or editor, start the citation with the article title or chapter title (if relevant) or the book or journal title

24 Author Names When there are more than seven authors, use ellipsis (…) after the sixth and before the last author List names alphabetically in the citation (which will not necessarily be the order found in the publication as described in APA ch. 6.25)

25 Corporate Names as AuthorsAn organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may serve as an author Use full official names for the author, not acronyms, such as “American Psychological Association” instead of “APA” If there is no author, start the citation with the article title See APA chapter 6.25 and 6.27 for more details about authorship

26 Titles Capitalize only the first word of article titles, chapter titles and book titles (this is also called “sentence case”) although proper nouns and acronyms must always be capitalized Capitalize periodical titles as they are considered to be proper nouns Italicize book titles and periodical titles

27 Titles Non-routine information about identification and retrieval should be included in brackets immediately after the title and any parenthetical information, such as [Kindle DX version] See APA ch for details

28 For electronic versions, write “Retrieved from…”…with a useable/reliable URL when the item has online-only availability such as online magazines and newspapers (APA ch #9) …with a useable/reliable URL when the item has been altered for electronic publication (APA ch #21) …with the resource or library database name for items of limited circulation or online-only availability (APA ch #22)

29 Electronic Versions DOI is required if available for both articles and books (APA ch and 6.32) Other information about electronic access is not necessary for any article or book retrieved from common library databases

30 Periodicals Periodical is a generic term used for publications that are published periodically (a formal and predictable schedule), such as scholarly journals, magazines and newspapers.

31 How does APA handle periodicals?APA does not greatly alter the pattern of citations for different types of periodicals, unlike some other styles Remember to pay close attention to italicization, capitalization, spacing, and all types of punctuation

32 About the Example Patterns in this TutorialWords within left and right chevron or arrow heads are added for explanation. For example means that the item is included only if that information is available. Items in red indicate that the item is written exactly this way For example doi # means the word “doi” must be included and the DOI number must be added by the researcher/writer to look like this in the citation: doi /S

33 Pattern for Online Journal Article CitationAuthor(s). (publication date). Article title. Periodical Title, volume(issue), Pages . doi # or Retrieved from with URL

34 Example for Online or Print Journal Article CitationWiley, A. N. (2013). The Dunbar High School dilemma. Buildings & Landscapes, 20(1),

35 Example for Journal Article with more than Seven AuthorsHotchkiss, A. K., Ankley, G. T., Wilson, V. S., Hartig, P. C., Durhan, E. J., Jensen, K. M.,… Martinovi, D. (2008). Of mice and men (and mosquitofish): Antiandrogens and androgens in the environment. Bioscience, 58(11), doi: /B581107

36 Test yourself! Identify the correct order for each piece of the citation in APA style.

37 ACTIVITY: Journal Article Citation

38 Pattern for Online News ArticleAuthor(s). (publication date). Article title [Name of special section, if relevant]. Periodical Title [Name of special edition, if relevant], pp. # . Retrieved from with URL

39 About the Pattern for Online News ArticleNote that the abbreviation for “pages” is used when there is no volume and issue to clearly identify the purpose of the numbers.

40 Example for Online News Article (no pagination)Siebenmark, J. (2016, July 6). Aircraft interiors firm approved for Challenger, Phenom jets [Aviation]. The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved from

41 Example for News Article in PrintFallows, J. (2005, June 12). Enough keyword searches. Just answer my question [Technofiles]. New York Times [Late Edition (east coast)], [Sunday Business], p. 3.3.

42 Test yourself! Identify the correct order for each piece of the citation in APA style.

43 ACTIVITY: News Article Citation

44 Pattern for a Book Author(s). (Publication date). Chapter title. In Editor(s) names (Eds.), Book title [Non- routine information needed for identification and retrieval]. (pp. page range, if chapter was used>). Place of publication: publisher name. doi or Retrieved from with URL

45 Example for a Book Anderson, D. P. (2015). Relevance through innovation: The history of the Air National Guard – Air Force Reserve Command Test Center (AATC). Joint Base Andrews, MD: Air National Guard History Office.

46 Example for a Book Flood, C. B. (2009). 1864: Lincoln at the gates of history [Kindle DX version]. NY: Simon & Schuster. Available from

47 Example for a Chapter in a BookD-Emilio, J. D. (2014). Forty years and counting. In L. J Rupp & S. K. Freeman (Eds.). The Harvey Goldberg series : Understanding and teaching U.S. lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender history (pp. 33–46). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

48 Test yourself! Identify the correct order for each piece of the citation in APA style.

49 ACTIVITY: Book Citation

50 Other Types of Sources There are many other types of sources useful for research projects that are not included in this tutorial. Use the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association for details about citing other types of sources. Government documents Websites Court cases Patents or trademarks Photographs Interviews Manuscripts Annual reports Blogs and vlogs Maps

51 Thanks For Watching! If you have questions about this(or any other) of our tutorials, visit us at the Reference Desk! Or contact us: (316)