1 LT- Today, I can apply concepts to construct my understanding of how proteins are made from genes by citing information from my model, texts, and videos. How are genes read to make proteins?
2 When you look at a person, you see skin, eyes, hair, etcWhen you look at a person, you see skin, eyes, hair, etc. What substance are these features made of? Write in notes: When you look at a person, you are looking at proteins. Their skin, eyes, hair, etc. When genes are being read to make proteins, the bases are read in threes. These groups of three are referred to as CODONS. Codons- A sequence of three nitrogen bases in a gene sequence that code for a specific amino acid Amino Acid- Building blocks of proteins (ie: proteins are made up of amino acids) *Each codon codes for one amino acid. *Multiple amino acids code for one protein.
3 (The correct nitrogen bases have been highlighted in red.)For the following nucleic acids, practice groupings the bases into codons ATTGCGTAC ATT GCG TAC GTACCGGGTACGTAC GTA CCG GGT ACG TAC Identify the nitrogen base in the first nucleotide for the third codon for both nucleic acids above. (The correct nitrogen bases have been highlighted in red.)
4 LT- Today, I can cite information from our models, text, and video to construct my understanding of genetic mutations. What are genetic mutations and how do they effect genes? Do Now- When you hear the words mutation, what do you think of?
5 Telephone You will be given a phrase. Whisper the phrase word for word to the student right next to you until the last student in a line receives the phrase. The last person will write down the phrase. “I am a student at Louis Armstrong Middle School.” "I tried bleaching my hair and it turned orange.” "The quick brown fox jumped over a lazy dog eating a hamburger.” "We have contacted your Earth governments and they refused our existence.“ “Yolanda’s aunt shared her secret sweet potato pie recipe with me.”
6 You were asked to restate (or copy) a phrase word for word from person to person. Sometimes a task like this is done successfully. Sometimes a task like this is done with little error and the end statement is very similar to the original statement. Sometimes a task like this is done with so many errors that the end statement is nothing like the beginning statement and the statement changes in meaning greatly.
7 DNA is copied when new cells are made.Why do new cells need to be made? For the organism to grow For the repair and replacement of old or lost cells.
8 Mutation- a permanent change in the nitrogen bases that make up a geneMutation- a permanent change in the nitrogen bases that make up a gene. Hereditary (germline) mutation- a mutation that is passed from parent to offspring. Acquired (somatic) mutation- a mutation that occurs some time during the individual’s life. Caused by environmental factors.
9 Read : “What is a Gene Mutation and how do Mutations Occur?”When DNA is being copied, an error can be made in the arrangement of the base pairs. A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. There are different types of mutations (we have read about some of them– SANDERS Point (substitution) SNNDERS Deletion SDERS Insertion SANANDERS Frameshift SANDERS SDERS
10 Can mutations be harmful. Are mutations always harmfulCan mutations be harmful? Are mutations always harmful? Disadvantage: Some mutations can be harmful (such as genetic diseases). Advantage: Some mutations can have no effect at all. And MANY mutations can be beneficial.
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12 Next Step: How exactly do mutations effect the job of the gene. 1Next Step: How exactly do mutations effect the job of the gene? 1. What do genes produce? Genes are codes for producing proteins. 2. How do mutations effect the gene (refer to nitrogen bases and codons in your answer)? Mutations change the nitrogen bases in a gene which changes the codons. 3. If you change the codons, what does this effect? IF the codons change the amino acids may change and if the amino acids change the protein will change. EACH TYPE OF PROTEIN HAS A SPECIFIC SHAPE THAT ALLOWS IT TO DO ITS JOB
13 When DNA is copied: Often the copy (of the nitrogen bases) is exactly the same as the original and it gets the same job done. Sometimes the copy is different then the original and it gets a similar job done. The shape of the protein is not altered significantly. This leads to variation. Sometimes the copy is different then the original and it does not get the job done correctly or at all. The shape is altered significantly. This leads to genetic diseases.
14 Next Step: How exactly do mutations effect the job of the gene? Video- “Finding Cures is Hard” What do genes produce? (In other words, genes are recipes for making different______) 2. How do mutations effect the job of the gene? 3. What type of mutation is cystic fibrosis?
15 Practice for lab: ATGTACGTAATGGTA Separate into codons ATG TAC GTA ATG GTA Create a deletion mutation in the fourth codon. Delete the 2nd and 3rd nitrogen base. ATG TAC GTA AGT A
16 Variation in a species is important because it may give individuals within a species a advantage for survival. 2. In a population of polar bears, some may develop thicker fur. How? The polar bears with thicker fur may have the advantage to survive. Why? If the environment gets colder.
17 “Genetic Variation” Why are humans genetically so similar? 2) How will variation in humans become greater?
18 Your work: Must be written in full sentences. Must be neatYour work: Must be written in full sentences. Must be neat. If your work is not written in full sentences and is not neat, you will receive a 0. And you need to use your notes to help you answer questions.
19 ATGCTA TACGAT AGGCTA TCCGAT ATGCTAATG TACGATTAC
20 LT- Today, I can make connections between genetic diseases/disorders and cellular function by researching a genetic disease and applying my understanding of diffusion to how genetic diseases affect the body. How does diabetes type 1 disrupt diffusion through the cell membrane?