1 L'Univers va tenir (probablement) un origen: Big Bang, singularitats còsmiques i fluctuacions quàntiques Emili Elizalde ICE/CSIC & IEEC Campus UAB, Barcelona Dilluns de Ciència, Residència d'Investigadors CSIC Barcelona, 17 d’Octubre de 2016
2 Some facts (a few rather surprising...)Adam Riess, NP 2011, at Starmus (Tenerife), about Hubble: “Hubble obtained the distances and redshifts of distant nebulae…” “Hubble discovered that the Universe was expanding…” No mention to Vesto Slipher, an extraordinary astronomer Brian Schmidt, NP 2011, at Starmus (Tenerife) & Lisa Randall, Harvard U, in Barcelona, about Einstein: “Einstein was the first to think about the possibility of a ‘dark energy’…” No mention to Fritz Zwicky, another extraordinary astronomer Fritz Zwicky discovered dark matter in the early 1930s while studying how galaxies move within the Coma Cluster He was also the first to postulate and use nebulae as gravitational lenses (1937) How easily* brilliant astronomers get dismissed How easily* scientific myths arise *in few decades SHOES-Supernovae
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6 Principles of General Relativity (GR)The principle of equivalence Equivalence of masses: mi = md Spacetime is a manifold, locally Minkowskian gμν metric tensor or graviton field The speed of light is constant, c The principle of relativity Lorentz invariance Changing inertial reference frames, the equations of physics stay form-invariant Vanishing torsion assumption (∇XY−∇YX=[X,Y]) Christoffel symbols are symmetric Can be relaxed (Einstein-Cartan or string theory) Reduction to Newton’s laws To define the constants
7 … la bola de foc gegant que va esclatar, en una explosió gegantina, a l'inici de la història del nostre espai-temps
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9 How did the “Big Bang” get its name ? Sir Fred Hoyle (1915–2001) English astronomer noted primarily for the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis (1946,54 groundbreaking papers) Work on Britain's radar project with Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold William Fowler NP’83: “The concept of nucleosynthesis in stars was first established by Hoyle in 1946” He found the idea universe had a beginning to be pseudoscience, also arguments for a creator, “…for it's an irrational process, and can't be described in scientific terms”; “…belief in the first page of Genesis” Hoyle-Gold-Bondi 1948 steady state theory, “creation or C-field” BBC radio's Third Programme broadcast on 28 Mar 1949: “… for this to happen you would need such a Big Bang!”
10 Thus: Big Bang = Impossible blow!! But now: Big Bang ≈ Inflation ! Same underlying physics as in steady state theory, “creation or C-field” Richard C. Tolman, 1934: “Relativity, Thermodynamics, and Cosmology” Explained how a closed universe could equal zero energy: how all mass/energy is positive and all gravitational energy is negative and how they may cancel each other out, leading to a universe of zero energy Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) equation: constrains in GR the structure of a spherically symmetric body of isotropic material in static equilibrium
11 Friedmann equations for modeling a homogeneous, isotropic universe: derived from the 00 component of Einstein's Eqs, and 𝑎 2 +𝑘 𝑐 2 𝑎 2 = 8π𝐺ρ+Λ 𝑐 2 3 𝑎 𝑎 =− 4π𝐺 3 (ρ+ 3𝑝 𝑐 2 )+ Λ 𝑐 2 3 (𝐻≡ 𝑎 𝑎 ) derived from the first together with the trace of EEqs
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13 But there is another meaning for BB:The Big Bang Singularity !!
14 Teor’s de singularidad: Roger Penrose y Stephen HawkingR Penrose,”Gravitational collapse and space-time singularities”, Phys Rev Lett 14 (1965) 57 S Hawking, GFR Ellis, “The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time” (Cambridge U P, 1973) RM Wald, “General Relativity” (U Chicago P, 1984); R Geroch, Ann Phys 48 (1968) 526 Teorema 1 (Big Bang). Sea (M,g) un espacio tiempo globalmente hiperbólico que cumple Rab χaχb ≥ 0 para todos los vectores temporales χa (ecuaciones de Einstein con la condición fuerte de la energía). Si existe una hipersuperficie C² de Cauchy espacial, Σ, para la cual la traza de la curvatura intrínseca satisface K
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16 Creation of the Universe… out of nothing ! What’s ‘nothing’ ?? In fundamental classical physics, GR: de Sitter sol. is the zero-energy sol. of Einstein’s Eqs. In quantum physics: The vacuum state of a quantum system Of quantum spacetime Krauss-Wilczek ‘15, nope! Of a scalar field Hamiltonian (Higgs, inflaton, …)
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18 El teorema de Borde-Guth-VilenkinEls models inflacionaris semblen invalidar les condicions dels teorems de singularitat [ : Guth, Linde, Albrecht, Steinhardt, Vilenkin] En els anys 80, es va intentar (sense èxit) construir models que partint de una solució dS exacta fossin eterns vers el passat El 1994 Borde i Vilenkin van demostrar un altre teorema: els universos inflacionaris son també incomplets geodèsicament cap el passat singularitat inicial
19 Hipòtesi fonamental: el tensor energia-impuls satisfà la condició d’energia feble (WEC)Però: les correccions quàntiques als models inflacionaris violen aquesta condició quan donen un increment del parameter de Hubble: dH/dt > 0 (essencial per tal que la inflació caòtica sigui eterna) Per tant, la WEC és genèricament violada en inflació Això obre les portes a escapar del teorema BV
20 Fou la motivació de Borde, Guth & Vilenkin: Inflationary Spacetimes Are Incomplete in Past Directions,” PRL 90 (2003) Com indica el títol, van recuperar el resultat de BV’94 S’ha de partir d’un espai “quasi dS” amb una condició d’“expansió en promig”: Hav > 0 El teorema es pot extender a extra-dimensions I a models ciclics [2002: Steinhardt-Turok; usual Hav > 0] És a dir, en tots els cassos s’obté incompletitut geodèsica vers el passat ! un origen de l’espai-temps
21 Our recent work: INFLATIONARY UNIV. WITH A VISCOUS FLUID AVOIDING SELF-REPRODUCTION, I Brevik, EE et al, 2016 Self-reproduction of the universe means that the inflationary process has no way to finish; it can be also seen as a major problem: inflation would never end Recently, an inflationary scenario which avoids the self- reproduction problem has been proposed in: V. Mukhanov, Fortschritte der Physik 63, 1 (2014) arXiv:
22 We have considered what we believe is the simplest possibility for inflation without self- reproduction We consider in the paper a universe with a bulk viscous cosmic fluid in flat FLRW We first derive the conditions for the existence of inflation, and then those which, at the same time, prevent the occurrence of self-reproduction Our theoretical model gives results which are in agreement with the latest data from PLANCK
23 25 Nov 2015: 100 anys de Relat GeneralTIME: Einstein fou declarat “Persona del Segle XX” W Isaacson, 1999: “El Segle XX serà recordat, sobre tot, pels avenços en Ciència i en Tecnologia.” GH Hardy, 1940: “La matemàtica grega és permanent, més inclús que la literatura grega. Els idiomes moren, les idees matemàtiques viuen per sempre.” Editorial de TIME, 1999: “D’aquí a cent anys, d’aquí a cent vegades cent anys, per molts mil·lennis que passin, el nom que resultarà més perdurable de tota la nostra era ─tan admirable, per cert, per tantes i tantes coses─ serà el d’Albert Einstein.”
24 Moltes Gràcies