1 MALE’ DECLARATION NIA- INDIA AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

2 Functions of the Central Board (At National Level) Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and control of water and air pollution; Plan and execute nation ‑ wide Pollution Control programmes; Co-ordinate the activities of State Boards and Pollution Control Committees; Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards Carryout an sponsor investigation and research related to pollution control;; Plan and organise training programmes; Organise mass awareness programmes; Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air pollution; Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of wastes; Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution; Lay down, modify or annul waster and air quality standards; and Perform such other functions as and when prescribed by the Government of India.

3 STANDARD DEVELOPMENT UNDER AIR ACT Section 16 (2) (h) of Air ActSection 16 (2) (h) of Air Act Central Board to lay down Standard for the quality of air (ambient air) Section 17 (1) (g) of Air ActSection 17 (1) (g) of Air Act S.P.C.B. to lay down, in consultation with CPCB and having regard to the ambient air quality standard laid down by CPCB, standards for emission of air pollution into the atmosphere from Industrial plants and automobiles and for the discharge of any air pollutants into the atmosphere from any other source (except ship and aircraft) Section 19 (1) of Air ActSection 19 (1) of Air Act State Govt. in consultation with SPCB to lay down Air Pollution Control Area Section 19 (1) (5) of Air ActSection 19 (1) (5) of Air Act State Govt. after consultation with SPCB prohibit the burning of any material in any air pollution control area.

4 STANDARD DEVELOPMENT UNDER WATER ACT Section 16 (2) (g)Section 16 (2) (g) Central Board may lay down, modify and annul, in consultation with State Govt. concerned, the Standard for a stream or well Section 17 (1) (g)Section 17 (1) (g) S.P.C.B. shall lay down, modify and annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for the quality of receiving water resulting from the discharge of effluent and to classify waters of the State. Section 17 (1) (k)Section 17 (1) (k) SPCB shall lay down standard for treatment of sewage and trade effluent to be discharge into any particular stream taking into account the minimum fair weather dilution available in that stream and the tolerance limits of pollution permissible in the water of the stream, after the discharge of such effluents.

5 STANDARD DEVELOPMENT UNDER E P ACT 1986 Section 6 (1) (2)Section 6 (1) (2) The Central Government may be notification into official Gazette, make rules in respect to following, (a)The standard of quality of air, water or soil for various areas and purposes. (b)the maximum allowable limits of concentration of various environmental pollutants (including noise) for different areas.

6 NEW RESPONSIBILITIES GIVEN BY MoEF to CPCB  Environmental Protection Control Authority (EPCA), Delhi  Loss of Ecology Authority Work  Taj Trapezium Authority  Bio Medical Rules – Standard development, co-ordination  Noise Pollution Control – Standard development  Vehicular Pollution Control – Standard development, Road Map, co-ordination  Fuel quality standard  Hazardous waste management (Technical issues)  Municipal solid waste management  Plastic waste management  Fly ash rules  Registration of industries for recycle and reuse under hazardous Waste Rules  Water quality monitoring under GAP / YAP  Action plan of 16 cities for Air Pollution Control  STP performance set up under GAP / YAP

7 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE CHAIRMAN MEMBER SECRETARY Plg. & Co-ordination Pollution control & prevention Pollution Assessment Infrastructure Planning Co-ord. PCI-I PCI-II PCI-III PLS Chem. Basic Agro Based SSI & Indus. Indus. Indus. Legal Actions Monitoring Survey Laboratory Tech. Supp. 17 Members Governing Board -5 from Central Government -3 from SPCB -2 from local authorities -3 from filed of agricultural/fishery/Industry or trade -2 from companies or corporation -Chairman, Member Secretary

8 CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB) HEAD OFFICE, DELHI KANPUR KOLKATA SHILONGBHOPAL VADODARA BANGLORE Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana UT Delhi Bihar Jharkhand Orrisa Sikkim West Bengal UT Andaman Nicobar Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Tripura Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Chattisgarh Gujrat Maharastra UT Daman, Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Andhra Pradesh Goa Karnataka Kerla Tamilnadu UT Lakshadweep UT Pondichary Zonal Offices of CPCB with Jurisdiction

9 Major Environmental Issues in India 1.Air Quality Problem in Major Cities (45) and Metro Cities (7) with respect to RSPM/PM 10 and NO x 2.Surface Water Quality problem in 86 river stretches. 3.Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) performance not upto desired level in 61 CETPs. 4.Hazardous Waste treatment & disposal Sites are not set up in all States Contd..

10 7.Hazardous Waste Inventory not prepared as per new guidelines. 8.Industrial Pollution Control 9.Pollution Control from Small Scale Industry (3 million). a.Stone Crusher b.Lime Kiln c.Foundries d.Electroplating e.Rerolling Mills f.Brick Kiln 10.Untreated sewage / Sewage Treatment Plants performance (Class I/II cities) Contd..

11 9.Coal Quality (Clean Coal Technology, High Ash) 10.Fuel Quality (Benzene, Sulphur) 11.Pollution control from in-use Vehicles improvement of (I/M System) 12.Noise Control from vehicles, DG sets, cracker, etc. 13.Management of Bio-Medical Waste (Incinerator, Common facility, Segregation of wastes etc.) 14.Solid Waste Management (segregation, collection, treatment and disposal) 15.Municipal Waste Water Management (collection & Management) 16.Fly Ash Management (100 million tonne generation) Contd..

12 WORK DONE IN THE FIELD OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

13 WORK DONE IN THE FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Evolved National Ambient Air quality Standard (1982, 1994) Developed Emission Standard for major air polluting Industries such as Thermal Power Plants, Cement Plants, Iron & steel Industries, Non Ferrous Metallurgical Industries. Oil Refineries etc. Enforcement of Standard in 17 categories of highly polluting industries. Developed pollution prevention and control technology for small scale air polluting industries such as Foundry, Rerolling Mills, Brick Kiln, Lime Kiln, etc including demonstration of technology. Approved fuel for major cities. Identification of critically polluted areas with reference to air pollution and preparation and implementation of action plan. Promotion of clean coal programme e.g. coal benefication notification, IGCC, CFBC Technology etc. Promotion of use of fly ash.

14 WORK DONE IN THE FIELD OF VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL 1.Fuel Quality Improvement a)Unleaded petrol in whole country from 2000. b)Low sulphur petrol and diesel (1996, 2000, 2005). c)Low Benzene Petrol 2.Clean Vehicle Technology a)Improvement of vehicular exhaust standard (1991, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2005 and 2010) b)Use of clean fuel (CNG, LPG) vehicles more than 112,000 CNG vehicles (80,000 in Delhi)

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17 IV.APPROVED FUEL FOR U.T. OF DELHI Coal with low sulphur (S - 0.4%) Fuel oil / LDO/ LSHS / with low sulphur (S – 1.8%) Motor gasoline (as per specifications given in the notification dated 2-4-96 of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, annexed hereto) Diesel (as per specifications given in the notification dated 2- 4-96 of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, annexed hereto) Liquid petroleum Gas (LPG) Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) Kerosene Naphtha (for power station) Aviation turbine fuel (for aircraft) Fire wood (only for domestic use in rural areas and crematorium) Bio - Gas Source: Gazette Notification of Delhi Govt.

18 V.ALTERNATE FUEL USE IN NCR DELHI CNG – Norms notified and more than 80,000 CNG vehicles plying in Delhi LPG – Norms notified, LPG kits approved Gasoline with 5% ethanol from 2003 in sugar producing states & UT to be extended to other states and Union Territories. 10% to be introduced by 2007 Bio – diesel (5%) by 2005 & Bio – diesel (10%) by 2011

19 VI.RESTRICTION ON GROSSLY POLLUTED VEHICLES IN DELHI 15 YEARS OLD COMERCIAL VEHICLES PHASED OUT IN DELHI CITY DIESEL BUSES PHASED OUT IN DELHI AND INTRODUCTED CLEAN FUEL (CNG) BUSES

20 INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION LOAD

21 SUGARCEMENTOTHERSTHERMAL POWER PLANTS SHARE OF SPM LOAD (TONNES/DAY) FROM DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF INDUSTRIES WITH CONTROL DEVICE Cement 7% Others 1% Sugar 10% Thermal Power Plan 82%

22 THERMAL POWER PLANTS 89% STEEL 5% OTHERS 1% OIL REFINERIES 3% SULPHURIC ACID PLANTS 2% SHARE OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE LOAD (TONNES/DAY) FROM DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF INDUSTRIES

23 REDUCTION IN PARTICULATE MATTER LOAD DUE TO VARIOUS CONTROL MEASURES PM LOAD IN TONNES/DAY

24 Air Quality Monitoring Air Quality Monitoring-NAMP  started in 1984 with 7 stations  presently 295 stations  agencies involved Ambient air quality standards-area-wise  parameters monitored-criteria and specific  45 cities and 7 metros identified based on EF

25 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS) Pollutant Time Weighted Average Concentration in Ambient AirMethod of Measurement Industrial Area Residential, Rural and other Areas Sensitive Area Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Annual Average*80 µg/m 3 60 µg/m 3 15 µg/m 3 1. Improved West and Gaeke Method 2. Ultraviolet Fluorescence 24 Hours Average** 120 µg/m 3 80 µg/m 3 30 µg/m 3 Oxides of Nitrogen as NO 2 Annual Average*80 µg/m 3 60 µg/m 3 15 µg/m 3 1. Jacob & Hochheiser modified (NaOH- NaAsO 2 ) Method 2. Gas Phase Chemiluminiscence 24 Hours Average** 120 µg/m 3 80 µg/m 3 30 µg/m 3 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Annual Average*360 µg/m 3 140 µg/m 3 70 µg/m 3 High Volume Sampling (Average flow rate not less than 1.1m 3 /minute) 24 Hours Average** 500 µg/m 3 200 µg/m 3 100 µg/m 3 Respirable Particulate Matter (Size less than 10µm) (RPM) Annual Average*120 µg/m 3 60 µg/m 3 50 µg/m 3 Respirable Particulate Matter Sampler 24 Hours Average** 150 µg/m 3 100 µg/m 3 75 µg/m 3 Lead (Pb)Annual Average*1.0 µg/m 3 0.75 µg/m 3 0.50 µg/m 3 AAS Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper 24 Hour Average** 1.5 µg/m 3 1.0 µg/m 3 0.75 µg/m 3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8 Hours Average** 5.0 mg/m 3 2.0 mg/m 3 1.0 mg/m 3 Non dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy 1 Hour Average10.0mg/m 3 4.0 mg/m 3 2.0 mg/m 3 Ammonia (NH 3 )Annual Average*0.1 mg/m 3 - 24 Hour Average** 0.4 mg/m 3 * Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. ** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. NOTE 1. National Ambient Air Quality Standard : The levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property. 2. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations. 3. The State Government / State Board shall notify the sensitive and other areas in the respective states within a period of six months from the date of notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

26 SO2 TRENDS IN METRO CITIES (RESIDENTIAL AREA) DELHIMUMBAI CHENNAI KOLKATA * All values are in ug/m3.

27 DELHI MUMBAI CHENNAI KOLKATA * All values are in ug/m3. Fig 1.11 : NO2 TRENDS IN METRO CITIES (RESIDENTIAL AREA)

28 MUMBAI CHENNAI KOLKATA * All values are in ug/m3. Fig 1.12 : RSPM TRENDS IN METRO CITIES (RESIDENTIAL AREA)

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31 THERMAL POWER PLANTS 89% STEEL 5% OTHERS 1% OIL REFINERIES 3% SULPHURIC ACID PLANTS 2% SHARE OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE LOAD (TONNES/DAY) FROM DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF INDUSTRIES

32 PhaseDate of IntroductionSulphur contentAreas covered Phase-IApril 1996Low sulphur (0.50%)Four metros and Taj Trapezium Phase-IIAugust 1997Low sulphur (0.25%)Delhi & Taj Trapezium Phase-IIIApril 1998Low sulphur (0.25%)Metro cities Phase-IVJanuary 2000Low sulphur (0.25%)Entire country Phase-V April 2000Low sulphur (0.05%)NCR-for private vehicles January 2001Low sulphur (0.05%)For all vehicles in Mumbai March 2001Low sulphur (0.05%)NCT-all vehicles June 2001Low sulphur (0.05%)NCR-all vehicles July 2001Low sulphur (0.05%)NCR,Chennai & Kolkata Phase-VI*April 2005 April 2010 0.035 0.05 0.005 0.035 Metro cities Entire Country Metro Cities Entire Country TABLE-V: DIESEL SULPHUR REDUCTION PROGRAM IN INDIA Proposed limits commensurate with Euro-III & IV Norms. The Auto-Fuel Policy shall review the same when required.

33 Source Apportionment PM2.5 measured-3/2001-1/2002 – Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata Significance of PM2.5 Very high vis-vis USEPA value – Delhi – 132/15 Chemical mass-balance method 5 sources – diesel, gasoline, road dust, bio-mass and coal; specific markers Contribution of diesel and gasoline about 40% with assumptions Current status despite steps taken – cause for concern

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