1 Media theories
2 Effects theory (Hypodermic Syringe, Innoculation) – what the media does to audiences
3 Uses and Gratifications – what audiences do with the media
4 Reception theory (Nationwide audience, Dallas, Seinfeld, etc) – what audiences do to the media
5 Effects Theories Mass media/mass communications make people powerless to resist messages the media carries Consumers are ‘drugged’, ‘addicted’ or ‘hypnotised’ Effects theories taken up with protection of young, link between violence and the media
6 Effects Theories Historical stuffFrankfurt School: Marxist German intellectuals reacting against Nazi propaganda and US advertising – suggested the power of big corporations and the state to control how we think Rise of TV in the 50’s and 60’s – fear of danger to children
7 Effects Theories Historical StuffInfluence of behavioural scientists (think of Pavlov’s dogs) – media may reinforce attitudes through repetition Bobo doll experiment (1963) – Bandura and Walters – children imitate adult treatment of doll seen on film
8 Effects Theories Moral panics: Concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality, volatility Two step flow: Media Text
9 Effects Theories Moral panics: Concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality, volatility Two step flow: Media Text Opinion Leaders
10 Effects Theories Moral panics: Concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality, volatility Two step flow: Media Consumers Media Text Opinion Leaders
11 Effects Theories Moral panics: Concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality, volatility Two step flow: Media Consumers Media Text Opinion Leaders 1
12 Effects Theories Moral panics: Concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality, volatility Two step flow: Media Consumers Media Text Opinion Leaders 1 2
13 Effects Theories What’s wrong with effects theories?The problems with violence are often social/psychological not to do with the media The media can often be positive rather than harmful Criticism of the media using the effects model is often politically motivated There is not real grounding of research and theory for this model.
14 U&G Users of the media use media texts to satisfy certain needsBased on Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
15 U&G: Denis McQuail (1987) Information: finding out about the world; seeking advice; satisfying curiosity; education; gaining security though knowledge Personal Identity: reinforcement of personal values; models of behaviour; identifying with valued other; gaining insight into oneself Integration and Social Interaction: gaining insight into circumstances of others; identifying with others; basis for conversation with others; substitute for real life companionship; helping to carry out social roles; enabling connection with family friends and society Entertainment: escapism; diversion; relaxation; cultural or aesthetic enjoyment; filling time; emotional release; sexual arousal
16 U&G: James Lull (1990) Structural RelationalEnvironmental: background noise; companionship; entertainment Regulative: keeping time; part of pattern of daily life Relational Communication Facilitation: experience illustration; common ground; conversation starter; anxiety reduction; agenda for talk; value clarification Affiliation/Avoidance: physical/verbal contact/neglect; family solidarity; family relaxant/conflict reducer; relationship maintenance Social Learning: decision making; behaviour modelling; problem solving; value transmission; legitimization; information dissemination; education Competence/Dominance: role enactment; role reinforcement; substitute role portrayal; intellectual validation; authority exercise; gatekeeping; argument facilitation
17 U&G: Richard Kilborn (1992)Part of routine and entertaining reward for work Launchpad of social and personal interaction Fulfilling individual needs – a way of choosing to be alone or of enduring enforced loneliness Identification or involvement with characters Escapist fantasy Focus of debate on topical issues Kind of critical game involving knowledge of rules or conventions of the genre
18 U&G: Problems We may not have choice about what we watchNeglects any aspects of effects theories Neglects socio-economic factors
19 Reception Theory Often as opposite to Effects theoriesSees media consumption as active not passive Suggests media texts are polysemic Research examines social, cultural, economic, gender, sexuality as influence on the reading of media texts
20 Reception Theory Active versus Passive
21 Reception Theory versus Effects Theory
22 Reception Theory 1
23 Nationwide Audience David Morley 1980Different social/economic groups watched same TV programme Interviews reveal different readings of same text
24 Nationwide Audience Dominant (Hegemonic) reading: reader shares the encoded meanings of the text Negotiated reading: reader shares some of the embedded ideologies but not all Oppositional (counter-hegemonic) reading: where the reader does not share the programme’s code and rejects the preferred reading
25 Nationwide Audience Members of the same subculture will tend to decode texts in similar ways. Individual readings of texts will be framed by shared cultural formations and practices.
26 Reception Theory 2
27 Watching Dallas Ien Ang 1985Different social/cultural groups watched same TV programme Interviews reveal different readings of same text
28 Watching Dallas Importance is the pleasure derived from ‘Dallas’ as entertainment Independent of ideas about mass culture
29 Watching Dallas Readers saw characters as either realistic or unrealistic All saw characters as ‘genuine’ ‘Emotional Realism’ May see the programme as lowbrow but accept that it is entertaining.
30 Reception Theory 3
31 Leibes and Katz on Dallas (1984)International cross cultural groups watched Dallas Retell the story The retelling was shaped by cultural background although there were similar patterns amonst all groups
32 Reception Theory 4
33 Watching Seinfeld Lori Yanish 1995Canadian and Dutch viewers’ reactions to Seinfeld Dutch viewers associated American comedy with low class television Media as cultural imperialism
34 Reception Theory 5
35 Madonna John Fiske 1989 Does Madonna exploit the music industry or does the music industry exploit Madonna?
36 Modes of Address How a text is constructed to make us feel that it is specifically aimed at us The ways in which texts built to appeal to particular audiences (Skins, any children’s programme, The Sun)