1 Microscope Parts! Eyepiece- Occular lens Light Tube Arm Nose Piece3 OBJECTIVE lenses Low, Medium, High Stage Clips Aperature (opening) X Stage Diaphragm Coarse Adjustment (focus) Knob Light or Lamp Fine Adjustment (focus) Knob ON/OFF Button 15.BASE

2 Locard’s Principle “Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish it’s value.”

3 Crime Scene Protocol Step 1: Interview Step 2: ExamineThe first step in investigating a crime scene is to interview the first officer at the scene or the victim to determine what allegedly happened, what crime took place, and how was the crime committed. This information may not be factual information but it will give the investigators a place to start. Step 2: Examine The second step in the investigation of a crime scene, which will help identify possible evidence, identify the point of entry and point of exit, and outline the general layout of the crime scene. Step 3: Document The third step in the protocol involves creating a pictorial record of the scene as well as a rough sketch to demonstrate the layout of the crime scene and to identify the exact position of the deceased victim or other evidence within the crime scene. Step 4: Process This is the last step in the protocol. The crime scene technician will process the crime scene for evidence, both physical and testimonial evidence. It is the crime scene technicians responsibility to identify, evaluate and collect physical evidence from the crime scene for further analysis by a crime laboratory.

4 Fingerprint Classes There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls. Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the lists below. Arch Plain arch Tented arch Loop Radial Loop Ulnar loop Whorl Plain whorl Central pocket whorl Double loop whorl Accidentical

5 Arches Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas are present. Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch, but has a spike in the center. Spike or “tent” Plain Arch Ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side.

6 Loops Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones. Radial Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone. Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward right or the ulna bone. Delta NOTE: On the left hand, a loop that opens to the left would be an ulnar loop, while one that opens to the right would be a radial loop.

7 Whorls Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental. Central Pocket Whorl Plain Whorl Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl.

8 Whorls – Part 2 Double Loop WhorlDouble loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print. Delta Accidental Whorl Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories.

9 Ridgeology: The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification.  As we have learned in our first lesson, a fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and valleys on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and valleys as well as the minutiae points, which are points where the ridge structure changes. The koala is one of the few mammals (other than primates) that has fingerprints. In fact, koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two. Did you know?

10 Hair Structure Hair is composed of three principal parts:Cuticle – outer coating composed of overlapping scales Cortex – protein-rich structure around the medulla that contains pigment Medulla – central core (may be absent) The structure of hair has been compared to that of a pencil with the medulla being the lead, the cortex being the wood and the cuticle being the paint on the outside.

11 Natural Fibers Many different natural fibers that come from plants and animals are used in the production of fabric. Cotton fibers are the plant fibers most commonly used in textile materials The animal fiber most frequently used in the production of textile materials is wool, and the most common wool fibers originate from sheep.

12 Synthetic Fibers More than half of all fibers used in the production of textile materials are synthetic or man-made. Nylon, rayon, and polyester are all examples of synthetic fibers. Fibers under a microscope Cross-section of a man-made fiber

13 What makes up our blood? RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens. PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

14 Blood Facts The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy. There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.

15 Genetics of Blood TypesYour blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER. These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.

16 Types of Bloodstain PatternsPassive Bloodstains Patterns created from the force of gravity Drop, series of drops, flow patterns, blood pools, etc. Projected Bloodstains Patterns that occur when a force is applied to the source of the blood Includes low, medium, or high impact spatters, cast-off, arterial spurting, expiratory blood blown out of the nose, mouth, or wound. Transfer or Contact Bloodstains These patterns are created when a wet, bloody object comes in contact with a target surface; may be used to identify an object or body part. A wipe pattern is created from an object moving through a bloodstain, while a swipe pattern is created from an object leaving a bloodstain.

17 Main Characteristics: Which skull would belong to a female? FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGISTS analyze skeletal remains to determine the identity of a victim as well as his/her life history, cause of death, or other clues about a crime. Main Characteristics:  Sex - Determined by examining the skull, pelvis, humerus, and femur Age and stature (height/build) – Determined by analyzing the development of the teeth, bone growth, cranial suture lines, and the length of specific bones, such as the femur.  Race – Determined by analyzing the skull for characteristics that are common among people of different races. Which pelvis would belong to a female?

18 Identify the bones in the skeleton. One label will be used twice!Cranium Directions: Identify the bones in the skeleton. One label will be used twice! Cervical Vertebrae Clavicle Sternum Scapula Humerus Ribs Ulna Lumbar Vertebrae Ilium Radius Carpals Ishium Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Sacrum Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

19 What do they do? Forensic entomologists apply their knowledge of entomology to provide information for criminal investigations. A forensic entomologist’s job may include: Identification of insects at various stages of their life cycle, such as eggs, larva, and adults. Collection and preservation of insects as evidence. Determining an estimate for the postmortem interval or PMI (the time between death and the discovery of the body) using factors such as insect evidence, weather conditions, location and condition of the body, etc. Testifying in court to explain insect-related evidence found at a crime scene. Did you know? Maggots can be used to test a corpse for the presence of poisons or drugs. Some drugs can speed up or slow down the insect’s development.

20 Blow Fly MetamorphosisBlow flies are attracted to dead bodies and often arrive within minutes of the death of an animal. They have a complete life cycle that consists of egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. 1st – Adult flies lay eggs on the carcass especially at wound areas or around the openings in the body such as the nose, eyes, ears, anus, etc. 2nd – Eggs hatch into larva (maggots) in hours. 3rd– Larvae continue to grow and molt (shed their exoskeletons) as they pass through the various instar stages. 1st Instar - 5 mm long after 1.8 days 2nd Instar - 10 mm long after 2.5 days 3rd Instar – mm long after 4-5 days 4th – The larvae (17 mm) develop into pupa after burrowing in surrounding soil. 5th – Adult flies emerge from pupa cases after 6-8 days. Adult Pupa Eggs 3rd Instar Larva 1st Instar Larva 2nd Instar Larva It takes approximately days from egg to adult depending on the temperatures and humidity levels at the location of the body.

21 Five Stages of Decomposition Fueled by Insect ActivityFresh Bloat Decay Post-decay Dry (skeletal)

22 What is impression evidence?Impression evidence can be defined as objects or materials that have retained the characteristics of other objects through direct contact. Impressions are created when one object is pressed against another material with enough force to leave an impression of the object.  Shoeprints, tool marks, tire tracks, bite marks, and marks on a fired bullet are several examples of impression evidence. Impressions may be found in or on many different types of materials. The quality of the impression depends on the object making the impression and the surface conditions, such as how hard or soft it is and what type of material it is (soil, mud, dust, concrete, grass, skin, etc.)

23 Bite Mark Evidence VideoInvestigators can analyze bite marks for characteristics to help them identify victims or suspects as well as to exclude others. Marks can be left on a victim’s skin or other objects, such as Styrofoam cups, gum, or foods. Saliva or blood may be left behind that can be tested for DNA. Dental records including x-rays can also provide useful information, especially when attempting to identify a victim. Features to analyze: Type of bite mark (human or animal) Characteristics of the teeth (position, evidence of dental work, wear patterns, etc.) Color of area to estimate how long ago the bite occurred (old or recent bite) Swab for body fluids for DNA tests Bite Mark Evidence Video Did you know? The most famous incident where bite mark evidence led to a conviction, was in the case of the notorious serial killer, Ted Bundy. He was responsible for an undetermined number of murders between 1973 and 1978 and was finally tied to the murder of Lisa Levy through bites that he had inflicted on her body.

24 Firearms IdentificationRoughly 16,272 murders were committed in the United States during Of these, about 10,886 or 67% were committed with firearms. Because of the high amount of crimes that include firearms, a significant amount of time and money are spent ensuring investigators have a comprehensive understanding of these weapons. Forensic investigators work with guns in the following ways Bullet comparison Restoration of obliterated serial numbers on guns Detection and characterization of gun powder Muzzle-to-target distances Powder residues on wounds and hands

25 Guns: The Facts Firearms are generally classified into three broad types: (1) handguns, (2) rifles, and (3) shotguns. Rifles and shotguns are both considered "long guns” A semi-automatic firearm fires one bullet each time the trigger is pulled and automatically loads another bullet for the next pull of the trigger. A fully automatic firearm (sometimes called a "machine gun") continuously fires bullets as long as the trigger is pulled It is illegal and punishable by up to 10 years in prison for the following people to receive, possess, or transport any firearm or ammunition: Someone convicted of, or under indictment for, a felony punishable by more than one year in prison. Someone convicted of a misdemeanor punishable by more that two years in prison. A fugitive from justice An unlawful user of any controlled substance Someone ruled mentally defective or has been committed to any mental institution Someone who has renounced citizenship or an illegal alien Someone who has been dishonorably discharged from the military.

26 Basic Firearm TerminologyAction – the part of the gun that loads, fires, and ejects a cartridge. Breech – the end of the barrel attached to the action Butt or Stock – the portion of the gun which is held or shouldered Chamber – portion of the action that holds the cartridge Hammer- plate that strikes the cartridge detonating the gun powder Muzzle – end of the barrel out of which the bullet exits Safety – mechanism to prevent the gun from firing Sights – help a person aim the firearm

27 Trajectory Sounds very fancy, but really all it means is the path the bullet took. Basic trigonometry and algebra will help us determine where a bullet came from and it’s path.

28 Angle of impact We can calculate the angle of impact based on the bullet hole in the wall. The smaller the angle of impact, the more elongated the bullet hole is. 90° Impact bullet hole  This 90° impact can tell us caliber of the gun. Pretty much nothing else.

29 Fire Investigation TermsFire - Produced when a substance undergoes rapid oxidation involving heat and light. Fire Triangle – Shows the three elements needed to produce and sustain a fire. Flash Point – The lowest temperature to which a substance must be heated in order for the substance to give off vapors which will burn when exposed to a flame or ignition source. Point of Origin – The location where the fire started. Burn patterns –Noticeable patterns created by the fire as it burns. Accelerants – Substances, such as gasoline, paint thinner, and alcohol, that accelerate the burning process. Arson – A fire started deliberately.

30 Fuel + Oxygen + Heat = FireThe FIRE TRIANGLE represents the three elements needed for fire to occur: heat, fuel, and oxygen. FUEL OXYGEN HEAT

31 G H-bonds to C 3 times A H-bonds to T 2 times Each Base Pair has 1 purine (2 ring base) and 1 pyrimidine (1 ring base) The G-C bond is 1.5 times as strong as the A-T bond

32 DNA Fingerprinting - the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals. Gel Electrophoresis - Method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge

33 Forensic Toxicology DefinitionThe science of detecting and identifying the presence of drugs and poisons in body fluids, tissues, and organs. Federal Law established 5 schedules of classification of controlled substances based on: Drug’s potential for abuse Potential to physical and psychological dependence Medical Value Federal law also controls materials that are used in making drugs and those that are manufactured to resemble drugs

34 Toxicology of Alcohol Alcohol is absorbed through the stomach and intestine Once absorbed, alcohol is: Oxidized- in liver by alcohol dehydrogenase—turned into acidic acid Excreted- by breath, perspiration, and kidneys—turned into carbon dioxide and water