1 MIMO https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

2 Multi-user MIMO PU2RC is a fundamental and practical MU-MIMO technology for broadcast and multiple access wireless communications. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

3 Multi-user MIMO Like the relationship between OFDM and OFDMA, MU-MIMO (and, similarly, SDMA) can be thought of as an extension of MIMO applied in various ways as a multiple access strategy. A significant difference is that the performance of MU-MIMO relies on precoding capability than OFDMA so that if the transmitter does not use precoding, the performance advantage of MU-MIMO is not achievable. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

4 Multi-user MIMO Multiple access MIMO, MIMO-SDMA, massive MIMO, cooperative MIMO, coordinated multipoint (CoMP) or in other words macrodiversity, and ad hoc MIMO are all family terminologies within MU-MIMO, as each of those technologies leverages multiple users as a degree of freedom in achieving successful radio transmission. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

5 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO Beamforming alters the phase of each element in an antenna array to create spatial beam patterns through constructive and destructive interference. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

6 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO Space-time coding/processing performs antenna diversity with multiple antennas at either transmitter or receiver side or both sides, where every antenna element is separated from its nearest element by around 4 to 10 times the wavelength to keep the signal through each multi-path independent. The distance between two adjacent antenna elements is relying on the angular spread of the beam signal. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

7 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO SDMA is a common and typical multiple input multiple output scheme in cellular wireless systems. SDMA is often referred to as simply a MIMO system since the half port of a SDMA system also consists of multiple users. Although SDMA is indeed a MIMO technique, MIMO is not necessarily SDMA. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

8 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO Spatial multiplexing is performed by multiple antennas equipped at both a transmitter and a receiver front end. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

9 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO Cooperation are known as network MIMO systems, distributed MIMO systems or virtual antenna array systems. Mobile devices use the partnered mobile devices' antennas, antenna arrays, or antenna elements as virtual antennas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

10 Combinations of above techniques, etc.Multi-user MIMO - MIMO Combinations of above techniques, etc. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

11 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO enhancementEnhancement techniques can be categorized into evolutionary and revolutionary approaches: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

12 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO enhancementUse an existing technique with enhanced PHY capabilities, perhaps a 16×16 array configuration, or https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

13 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO enhancementUse new MIMO algorithms such as precoding or multi-user scheduling at the transmitter. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

14 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO enhancementRevolutionary approaches: developing fundamentally new MIMO concepts. Examples of revolution approaches are cooperative and virtual antenna MIMO and intelligent spatial processing such as RADAR beamforming. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

15 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO enhancementHere, based on the literature, we summarize a number of advanced MIMO techniques that leverage multiple users: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

16 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO enhancementCross-layer MIMO: Scheduling, etc. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

17 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO enhancementAdvanced decoding MIMO: Multi-user detection such as MLD. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

18 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO enhancementBeamforming and SDMA: widely known multi-user MIMO scheme. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

19 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO enhancementCognitive MIMO based on intelligent techniques. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

20 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO enhancementCompetitive: Game theory, autonomous packets, implicit MAC fairness, etc. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

21 Multi-user MIMO - MU-MIMOSingle-user MIMO can be represented as point-to-point, pairwise MIMO. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

22 Multi-user MIMO - MU-MIMOTo remove ambiguity of the words receiver and transmitter, we can adopt the terms access point (AP; or, base station), and user. An AP is the transmitter and a user is the receiver for downlink environments, whereas an AP is the receiver and a user is the transmitter for uplink environments. Homogeneous networks are somewhat freed from this distinction. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

23 Multi-user MIMO - Space-division multiple accessSpace-Division Multiple Access (SDMA) enables creating parallel spatial pipes next to higher capacity pipes through spatial multiplexing and/or diversity, by which it is able to offer superior performance in radio multiple access communication systems https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

24 Multi-user MIMO - Space-division multiple accessIn GSM cellular networks, the base station is aware of the mobile phone's position by use of a technique called Timing Advance (TA) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

25 Multi-user MIMO - Many antennasThe terminology of Massive MIMO refers to systems with hundreds of antennas at the same transmitter or receiver https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

26 Multi-user MIMO - Many antennasSDMA: Enabling MU-MIMO, network MIMO (CoMP), and remote radio equipments https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

27 Multi-user MIMO - Many antennasPrecoding: linear precoding such as MRT, ZF and MMSE perform almost as well as non-linear precoding https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

28 Multi-user MIMO - Many antennasThere are several types of antenna array technologies. Direct antenna array: linear and 3d phased array, new structure array, and dynamic antenna array Remote and wireless antenna array: distributed antenna array and cooperative beamforming https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

29 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO broadcast (MIMO BC)MIMO BC systems have an outstanding advantage over point-to-point MIMO systems, especially when the number of transmit antennas at the transmitter, or AP, is larger than the number of receiver antennas at each receiver (user). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

30 Multi-user MIMO - MIMO MACMIMO MAC systems outperforms point-to-point MIMO systems especially when the number of receiver antennas at an AP is larger than the number of transmit antennas at each user. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

31 Multi-user MIMO - Cross-layer MIMOCross-layer MIMO enhances the performance of MIMO links by solving certain cross-layer problems that may occur when MIMO configurations are employed in a system. Cross-layer techniques can be used to enhance the performance of SISO links as well. Examples of cross-layer techniques are Joint Source-Channel Coding, Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC, or "Link Adaptation"), Hybrid ARQ (HARQ), and user scheduling. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

32 Multi-user MIMO - Multi-user to multi-userThe highly interconnected wireless ad hoc network increases the flexibility of wireless networking at the cost of increased multi-user interference https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

33 Multi-user MIMO - Multi-user to multi-userCooperative multiple antenna research — Apply multiple antenna technologies in situations with antennas distributed among neighboring wireless terminals. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

34 Multi-user MIMO - Multi-user to multi-userCooperative diversity — Achieve antenna diversity gain by the cooperation of distributed antennas belonging to each independent node. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

35 Multi-user MIMO - Multi-user to multi-userCooperative MIMO — Achieve MIMO advantages, including the spatial multiplexing gain, using the transmit or receiver cooperation of distributed antennas belonging to many different nodes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

36 Multi-user MIMO - Multi-user to multi-userCooperative relay — Apply cooperative concepts onto relay techniques, which is similar to cooperative diversity in terms of cooperative signalling. However, the main criterion of cooperative relay is to improve the tradeoff region between delay and performance, while that of cooperative diversity and MIMO is to improve the link and system performance at the expense of minimal cooperation loss. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

37 Multi-user MIMO - Multi-user to multi-userRelaying techniques for cooperation https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

38 Multi-user MIMO - Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO)Cooperative MIMO corresponds to transmitter macro-diversity or simulcasting https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

39 Multi-user MIMO - Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO)Contrasted to multiple antennas in a single-user MIMO transceiver, participating nodes and their antennas are located in a distributed manner https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

40 Multi-user MIMO - Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO)Of analogical interest here may be the comparison between the evolution of computing cores and mobile antennas https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

41 Multi-user MIMO - Further readingC. B. Chae, D. Mazzarese, N. Jindal, and R. W. Heath, Jr., Coordinated Beamforming with Limited Feedback in the MIMO Broadcast Channel, IEEE Jour. on Selected Topics in Comm., 2008. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

42 Multi-user MIMO - Further readingP. Herhold, E. Zimmermann and G. Fettweis, On the Performance of Cooperative Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks., 5th International ITG Conference on Source and Channel Coding (SCC), Erlangen, Germany, January 2004 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

43 Multi-user MIMO - Further readingE. Zimmermann, P. Herhold and G. Fettweis, On the Performance of Cooperative Relaying Protocols in Wireless Networks., (Preprint version of the Journal article) European Transactions on Telecommunications (ETT), Volume 16, Issue 1 (January–February 2005), pages 17–35. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

44 Multiple-input multiple-output - Functions of MIMOMIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories, precoding, spatial multiplexing or SM, and Diversity Coding|diversity coding. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

45 Multiple-input multiple-output - Functions of MIMO'Precoding' is multi-stream beamforming, in the narrowest definition https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

46 Multiple-input multiple-output - Functions of MIMOSälzer, “Shifting the MIMO Paradigm: From Single User to Multiuser Communications,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

47 Multiple-input multiple-output - Functions of MIMO'Diversity Coding' techniques are used when there is no channel state information|channel knowledge at the transmitter https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

48 Multiple-input multiple-output - Functions of MIMODiversity coding can be combined with spatial multiplexing when some channel knowledge is available at the transmitter. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

49 Multiple-input multiple-output - Applications of MIMOSpatial multiplexing techniques make the receivers very complex, and therefore they are typically combined with Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) or with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) modulation, where the problems created by a multi-path channel are handled efficiently. The IEEE e standard incorporates MIMO-OFDMA. The IEEE n standard, released in October 2009, recommends MIMO-OFDM. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

50 Multiple-input multiple-output - Applications of MIMOMIMO is also planned to be used in Mobile radio telephone standards such as recent 3GPP and 3GPP2. In 3GPP, HSPA+|High-Speed Packet Access plus (HSPA+) and 3GPP Long Term Evolution|Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards take MIMO into account. Moreover, to fully support cellular environments, MIMO research consortia including IST-MASCOT propose to develop advanced MIMO techniques, e.g., Multi-user MIMO|multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

51 Multiple-input multiple-output - Applications of MIMOMIMO technology can be used in non-wireless communications systems. One example is the home networking standard ITU-T G.9963, which defines a powerline communications system that uses MIMO techniques to transmit multiple signals over multiple AC wires (phase, neutral and ground). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

52 WiMAX MIMO 'WiMAX MIMO' refers to the use of Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO) technology on WiMAX, which is the technology brand name for the implementation of the standard IEEE https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

53 WiMAX MIMO - WiMAX WiMAX is the technology brand name for the implementation of the standard IEEE , which specifies the air interface at the PHY|PHY (Physical layer) and at the MAC (Medium Access Control layer) . Aside from specifying the support of various channel bandwidths and adaptive modulation and coding, it also specifies the support for MIMO antennas to provide good NLOS|Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) characteristics. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

54 See Also: WiMAX#WiMAX Forum|WiMax ForumWiMAX MIMO - WiMAX See Also: WiMAX#WiMAX Forum|WiMax Forum https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

55 WiMAX MIMO - MIMO Multiple-input multiple-output communications|MIMO stands for Multiple-input multiple-output communications|Multiple Input and Multiple Output, and refers to the technology where there are multiple antennas at the base station and multiple antennas at the mobile device https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

56 WiMAX MIMO - MIMO The predominant cellular network implementation is to have multiple antennas at the base station and a single antenna on the Mobile phone|mobile device https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

57 WiMAX MIMO - MIMO Technology in WiMAXWiMAX implementations that use MIMO technology have become important. The use of MIMO technology improves the reception and allows for a better reach and rate of transmission. The implementation of MIMO also gives WiMAX a significant increase in spectral efficiency. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

58 WiMAX MIMO - MIMO auto-negotiationThe defined MIMO configuration is negotiated dynamically between each individual base station and mobile station. The specification supports the ability to support a mix of mobile stations with different MIMO capabilities. This helps to maximize the sector throughput by leveraging the different capabilities of a diverse set of vendor mobile stations. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

59 WiMAX MIMO - Space Time CodeThe specification supports the MIMO#Forms of MIMO|Multiple-input and single-output (MISO) technique of Transmit diversity|Transmit Diversity, which is commonly referred to Space time code|Space Time Code (STC). With this method, two or more antennas are employed at the transmitter and one antenna at the receiver. The use of multiple receive antennas (thus MIMO) can further improve the reception of STC transmitted signals. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

60 WiMAX MIMO - Space Time CodeWith a Transmit Diversity rate = 1 (aka Matrix A in the standard), different data bit constellations are transferred on two different antennas during the same symbol https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

61 WiMAX MIMO - Spatial MultiplexingThe specification also supports the MIMO technique of Spatial multiplexing|Spatial Multiplexing (SMX), also known as Transmit Diversity rate = 2 (aka Matrix B in the standard) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

62 WiMAX MIMO - WiMAX Network use of Spatial MultiplexingOne specific use of Spatial Multiplexing is to apply it to users who have the best signal quality, so that less time is spent transmitting to them. Users whose signal quality is too low to allow the spatially multiplexed signals to be resolved stay with conventional transmission. This allows an operator to offer higher data rates to some users and/or to serve more users. The WiMAX specification's dynamic negotiation mechanism helps enable this use. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

63 WiMAX MIMO - WiMAX MISO/MIMO with four antennasThe specification also supports the use of four antennas. Three configurations are supported. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

64 WiMAX MIMO - WiMAX four antenna mode 1With rate = 1 using four antennas, data is transmitted four times per symbol, where each time the data is conjugated and/or inverted. This does not change the data rate, but does give the signal more robustness and avoids sudden increases in error rates. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

65 WiMAX MIMO - WiMAX four antenna mode 2With rate = 2 using four antennas, the data rate is only doubled, but increases in robustness since the same data is transmitted twice as compared to only once with using two antennas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

66 WiMAX MIMO - WiMAX four antenna Matrix C modeThe third configuration that is only available using four antennas is Matrix C, where a different data bit is transmitted from the four antennas per symbol, which gives it four times the baseline data rate. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

67 WiMAX MIMO - WiMAX four antenna Matrix C modeNote: Maximal-ratio combining|MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining) is vendor discretionary and improves rate and range. In WiMAX, MRC at the Base Station is sometimes also referred to as Receive Beamforming. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

68 WiMAX MIMO - WiMAX four antenna Matrix C modeSee also: Space time code|Space Time Coding and Spatial multiplexing|Spatial Multiplexing https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

69 WiMAX MIMO - Uplink Collaborative MIMOCollaborative Spatial Multiplexing (Collaborative MIMO) is comparable to regular spatial multiplexing, where multiple data streams are transmitted from multiple antennas on the same device. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

70 WiMAX MIMO - WiMAX Uplink Collaborative MIMOIn the case of WiMAX, Uplink Collaborative MIMO is spatial multiplexing with two different devices, each with one antenna https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

71 WiMAX MIMO - Adaptive Antenna Steering (AAS), a.k.a. BeamformingA MIMO-related technique that can be used with WiMAX is called AAS or Beamforming. Multiple antennas and multiple signals are employed, which then shape the beam with the intent of improving transmission to the desired station. The result is reduced interference because the signal going to the desired user is increased and the signal going to other users is reduced. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

72 WiMAX MIMO - Cyclic Delay DiversityAnother MIMO-related technique that can be used in WiMAX systems, but which is outside of the scope of the specification, is known as Cyclic delay diversity|Cyclic Delay Diversity https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

73 WiMAX MIMO - Radio Conformance Test of WiMAX MIMOThe WiMAX#WiMAX Forum|WiMax Forum has a set of standardized Conformance testing|conformance test procedures for PHY and Media Access Control|MAC specification compliance called the Radio Conformance Test (RCT). Any technology aspect of a particular implementation of a radio interface must first undergo the RCT. Generally, any aspect of the IEEE standard that does not have a test procedure in the RCT may be assumed to not yet be widely implemented. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

74 WiMAX MIMO - Silicon implementations of WiMAX MIMOCompanies that make RFICs that support WiMAX MIMO include Intel, Beceem [http://www.beceem.com/], NXP Semiconductors and PMC-Sierra. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

75 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO* Beamforming alters the phase of each element in an antenna array to create spatial beam patterns through constructive and destructive interference. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

76 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO* Space–time code|Space-time coding/processing performs antenna diversity with multiple antennas at either transmitter or receiver side or both sides, where every antenna element is separated from its nearest element by around 4 to 10 times the wavelength to keep the signal through each multi-path independent. The distance between two adjacent antenna elements is relying on the angular spread of the beam signal. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

77 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO* Multi-user MIMO#Space-division multiple access .28SDMA.29|SDMA is a common and typical multiple input multiple output scheme in cellular wireless systems. SDMA is often referred to as simply a MIMO system since the half port of a SDMA system also consists of multiple users. Although SDMA is indeed a MIMO technique, MIMO is not necessarily SDMA. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

78 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO* Spatial multiplexing is performed by multiple antennas equipped at both a transmitter and a receiver front end. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

79 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO* Cooperative wireless communications|Cooperation are known as network MIMO systems, distributed MIMO systems or virtual antenna array systems. Mobile devices use the partnered mobile devices' antennas, antenna arrays, or antenna elements as virtual antennas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

80 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO* Combinations of above techniques, etc. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

81 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO enhancement* Evolutionary approaches: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

82 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO enhancement*# Use an existing technique with enhanced PHY capabilities, perhaps a 16×16 array configuration, or https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

83 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO enhancement*# Use new MIMO algorithms such as precoding or multi-user scheduling at the transmitter. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

84 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO enhancement* Revolutionary approaches: developing fundamentally new MIMO concepts. Examples of revolution approaches are cooperative and virtual antenna MIMO and intelligent spatial processing such as RADAR beamforming. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

85 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO enhancement* Cross-layer MIMO: Scheduling, etc. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

86 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO enhancement* Advanced decoding MIMO: Multi-user detection such as MLD. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

87 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO enhancement* Beamforming and Space-division multiple access|SDMA: widely known multi-user MIMO scheme. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

88 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO enhancement* Cognitive MIMO based on intelligent techniques. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

89 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO enhancement* Competitive: Game theory, autonomous packets, implicit MAC fairness, etc. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

90 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MU-MIMOSingle-user MIMO can be represented as point-to-point, pairwise MIMO. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

91 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO broadcast (MIMO BC)MIMO BC systems have an outstanding advantage over point-to-point MIMO systems, especially when the number of transmit antennas at the transmitter, or AP, is larger than the number of receiver antennas at each receiver (user). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

92 Spatial Division Multiplexing - MIMO MACMIMO MAC systems outperforms point-to-point MIMO systems especially when the number of receiver antennas at an AP is larger than the number of transmit antennas at each user. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

93 Spatial Division Multiplexing - Cross-layer MIMO'Cross-layer MIMO' enhances the performance of MIMO links by solving certain cross-layer problems that may occur when MIMO configurations are employed in a system. Cross-layer techniques can be used to enhance the performance of SISO links as well. Examples of cross-layer techniques are Joint Source-Channel Coding, Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC, or Link Adaptation), Hybrid ARQ (HARQ), and user scheduling. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

94 Spatial Division Multiplexing - Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO)Cooperative MIMO corresponds to transmitter macro-diversity or simulcasting https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

95 Spatial Division Multiplexing - Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO)Of analogical interest here may be the comparison between the evolution of computing cores and mobile antennas https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

96 Precoding - Precoding for Point-to-Point MIMO SystemsIn point-to-point multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, a transmitter equipped with multiple antennas communicates with a receiver that has multiple antennas https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

97 Precoding - Precoding for Multi-user MIMO SystemsHassibi, [http://iss.bu.edu/sharif/mimobc-final.pdf On the Capacity of MIMO Broadcast Channels With Partial Side Information], IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

98 Precoding - Precoding for Multi-user MIMO SystemsWhile performance maximization has a clear interpretation in point-to-point MIMO, a multi-user system cannot simultaneously maximize the performance for all users https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

99 Precoding - Description of Point-to-Point MIMOThe standard narrowband, fading|slowly fading channel model for point-to-point (single-user) MIMO communication is described in the page on Mimo#Mathematical_description|MIMO communication. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

100 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMOConsider a downlink multi-user MIMO system where a base station with N transmit antennas and K single-antenna users. The channel to user k is described by the N \times 1 vector \mathbf_k of channel coefficients and its ith element describes the channel response between the ith transmit antenna and the receive antenna. The input-output relationship can be described as https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

101 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMOwhere \mathbf is the N \times 1 transmitted vector signal, y_k is the received signal, and n_k is the zero-mean unit-variance noise. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

102 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMOUnder linear precoding, the transmitted vector signal is https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

103 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMOwhere s_i is the (normalized) data symbol and \mathbf_i is the N \times 1 linear precoding vector. The Signal-to-noise plus interference|signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) at user k becomes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

104 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMO:\textrm_k = \frac |\mathbf_k^H\mathbf_i|^2\:\sum_i \|\mathbf_i\|^2 \leq P\mathrm^K a_k \log_2(1+\textrm_k) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

105 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMOfor some positive weights a_k that represent the user priority. The weighted sum rate is maximized by weighted MMSE precoding that selects https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

106 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMOfor some positive coefficients q_1,\ldots,q_K (related to the user weights) that satisfy \sum_^K q_i = P and p_i is the optimal power allocation. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

107 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMOThe suboptimal MRT approach removes the channel inversion and only selects https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

108 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMOwhere s_k is the transmitted symbol for user k, q_k is the transmit power for this symbol, \mathbf and \mathbf are the N \times 1 vector of received signals and noise respectively, \mathbf_k is the N \times 1 vector of channel coefficients. If the base station uses linear receive filters to combine the received signals on the N antennas, the SINR for the data stream from user k becomes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

109 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMO:\textrm^_k|^2vvv\textrm_i, where \mathbf_i is the optimal vector and \mathbf_i is the error vector caused by inaccurate channel state information. The received signal can be rewritten as https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

110 Precoding - Description of Multi-user MIMOwhere \mathbf_k^H \sum_ \mathbf_i s_i is the additional interference at user k according to the limited feedback precoding. To reduce this interference, higher accuracy in the channel state information|channel information feedback is required, which in turn reduces the throughput in the uplink. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

111 MIMO In radio, 'multiple-input and multiple-output', or 'MIMO' (pronounced my-moh by some and me-moh by others), is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. It is one of several forms of smart antenna technology. Note that the terms input and output refer to the radio Channel (communications)|channel carrying the signal, not to the devices having antennas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

112 MIMO Because of these properties, MIMO is an important part of modern wireless communication standards such as IEEE n (Wi-Fi), 4G, 3GPP Long Term Evolution, WiMAX and Evolved HSPA|HSPA+. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

113 Radar MASINT - Fixed or Semimobile Ground InstallationsThe COBRA DANE ground station radar is an AN/FPS-108, a phased array L-Band antenna containing 15,360 radiating elements occupying 95% of the roughly 100 by area of one face of the building housing the system. The antenna is oriented toward the west, monitoring the northern Pacific missile test areas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

114 Radar MASINT - Fixed or Semimobile Ground InstallationsMethods continue to evolve https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

115 Antenna diversity - Antenna diversity for MIMODiversity Coding is the spatial coding techniques for a MIMO system in wireless channels. Wireless channels severely suffer from fading phenomena, which causes unreliability in data decoding. Fundamentally, diversity coding sends multiple copies through multiple transmit antennas, so as to improve the reliability of the data reception. If one of them fails to receive, the others are used for data decoding. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

116 Space-division multiplexing - MIMO* Cooperative wireless communications|Cooperation are known as network MIMO systems, distributed MIMO systems, macrodiversity MIMO, or virtual antenna array systems. Mobile devices use the partnered mobile devices' antennas, antenna arrays, or antenna elements as virtual antennas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

117 Space-division multiplexing - Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO)Cooperative MIMO corresponds to transmitter macro-diversity or simulcasting https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

118 Mimotope A 'mimotope' is a macromolecule, often a peptide, which mimics the structure of an epitope. Because of this property it causes an antibody response similar to the one elicited by the epitope. An antibody for a given epitope antigen will recognize a mimotope which mimics that epitope. Mimotopes are commonly obtained from phage display libraries through biopanning. Vaccines utilizing mimotopes are being developed. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

119 The MimoDB database is freely available.Mimotope The MimoDB database is freely available. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

120 Multiple-input and multiple-output - Functions of MIMO'Precoding' is multi-stream beamforming, in the narrowest definition https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

121 Multiple-input and multiple-output - Functions of MIMOSpatial multiplexing can also be used for simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, known as space-division multiple access or multi-user MIMO, in which case CSI is required at the transmitter https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

122 SU-MIMO More recently, MIMO has been applied to power line communications (PLC) for 3-wire installations as part of standard ITU G.hn and specification HomePlug AV2 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

123 SU-MIMO - Principle Gregory Raleigh|Greg Raleigh was first to propose in a paper (April 1996) and subsequent patent that natural multipath propagation can be exploited to transmit multiple, independent information streams using co-located antennas and multi-dimensional signals. Later that year (September 1996) Gerard J. Foschini submitted a paper that also suggested it is possible to multiply the capacity of a wireless link using what the author described as “layered space-time architecture.” https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

124 SU-MIMO - Principle Bell Labs was the first to demonstrate a laboratory prototype of spatial multiplexing in 1998, where spatial multiplexing is a principal technology to improve the performance of MIMO communication systems. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

125 Mimosa pudica 'Mimosa pudica' (from shy, bashful or shrinking; also called 'sensitive plant, sleepy plant' and the 'touch-me-not'), is a creeping annual or perennial herb often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, to protect them from predators, re-opening minutes later. The species is native to South America and Central America, but is now a pantropical weed. It grows mostly in shady areas, under trees or shrubs. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

126 Mimosa pudica - DescriptionThe stem is erect in young plants, but becomes creeping or trailing with age. It can hang very low and become floppy. The stem is slender, branching, and sparsely to densely prickly, growing to a length of 1.5m (5ft). The leaves of the mimosa pudica are compound leaves. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

127 Mimosa pudica - DescriptionThe leaves are Pinnate|bipinnately compound, with one or two pinnae pairs, and 10–26 leaflets per pinna https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

128 Mimosa pudica - Plant movementMimosa pudica is well known for its rapid plant movement. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

129 Mimosa pudica - Plant movementLike a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed sleep or nyctinastic movement. The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

130 Mimosa pudica - Plant movementThis was first studied by the French scientist Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

131 Mimosa pudica - Plant movementIt is not known exactly why Mimosa pudica evolved this trait, but many scientists think that the plant uses its ability to shrink as a defense from herbivores https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

132 Mimosa pudica - Taxonomy and nomenclatureMimosa pudica was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in The species epithet, pudica, is Latin for bashful or shrinking, alluding to its shrinking reaction to contact. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

133 Mimosa pudica - Common namesThe species is known by numerous common names including https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

134 Mimosa pudica - Common namesNon-English common names in other Western world|European language/culture areas include não-me-toque (touch-me-not) in Portugal, Portuguese in Africa|Africa, and Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

135 Mimosa pudica - Common namesIn Austronesia names vary more: in the Philippines it is called makahiya, with maka- meaning quite or tendency to be, and -hiya meaning shy, or shyness), while in Tonga for example it is known as mateloi (false death), being putri malu (shy princess) in Indonesia and pokok semalu (shy plant) in Malaysia. In Sinhala language|Sinhala (Sri Lanka) it is called Nidi Kumba (sleeping plant). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

136 Mimosa pudica - Common namesIn South Asia many unrelated names are also common https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

137 Mimosa pudica - DistributionIn the United States of America, it grows in Florida, Hawaii, Virginia, Maryland, Puerto Rico, Texas, and the Virgin Islands.[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MIPU8 Distribution of Mimosa pudica in the United States of America] Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

138 Mimosa pudica - Agricultural impactsThe species can be a troublesome weed in tropical crops, particularly when fields are hand cultivated. Crops it tends to affect are corn, coconuts, tomatoes, cotton, coffee, bananas, soybeans, papaya, and sugar cane. Dry thickets may become a fire hazard. In some cases it has become a forage plant although the variety in Hawaii is reported to be toxic to livestock. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

139 Mimosa pudica - Agricultural impactsMimosa pudica can form root nodules that are habitable by nitrogen fixing bacteria. The bacteria are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen, which plants cannot use, into a form that plants can use. This trait is common among plants in the Fabaceae family. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

140 Mimosa pudica - CultivationIn cultivation, this plant is most often grown as an indoor annual plant|annual, but is also grown for groundcover. Propagation is generally by seed. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

141 Mimosa pudica - Chemical constituentsMimosa pudica contains the toxic alkaloid mimosine, which has been found to also have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. The extracts of Mimosa pudica immobilize the filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis in less than one hour. Aqueous extracts of the roots of the plant have shown significant neutralizing effects in the lethality of the venom of the monocled cobra (Naja Kaouthia). It appears to inhibit the myotoxicity and enzyme activity of cobra venom. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

142 Inverse matrix - Matrix inverses in MIMO wireless communicationThe MIMO system consists of N transmit and M receive antennas https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

143 MIMOSA 'MIMOSA' (Micromeasurements of Satellite Acceleration) is a Czech scientific Miniaturized satellite|microsatellite. The satellite is nearly spherical with 28 sides and carries a accelerometer|microaccelerometer to monitor the atmospheric density profile by sensing the atmospheric drag on the approximated sphere. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

144 MIMOSA MIMOSA was launched on June 30, 2003 alongside other miniature satellites including Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescope|MOST and several CubeSat-based satellites. It had a fairly eccentric orbit, with an initial perigee of and apogee of . The satellite never became fully functional due to several technical problems on board. It is no longer in orbit. NORAD reported it burnt into the atmosphere on December 11, 2011. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

145 History of smart antennas - Development of 4G MIMOSmart antenna research led to the development of 4G MIMO. Conventional smart antenna techniques (such as diversity and beamforming) deliver incremental gains in spectral efficiency. 4G MIMO exploits natural multipath propagation to multiply spectral efficiency. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

146 History of smart antennas - Development of 4G MIMOResearchers studying the transmission of multiple signals over different wires in the same cable bundle helped create a theoretical foundation for 4G MIMO. Specifically, techniques for cancelling the effects of crosstalk using knowledge of the source signals were investigated. The “wireline MIMO” researchers included Lane H. Brandenburg and Aaron D. Wyner (1974) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

147 History of smart antennas - Development of 4G MIMO, Wim van Etten (1970s), Jack Salz (1985), and Alexandra Duel-Hallen (1992). Though optimizing the transmission of multiple data streams over different wire pairs in the same bundle requires compensating for crosstalk, the transmission of multiple data streams over different wireless paths due to multipath propagation is a far greater challenge because the signals become mixed up in time, space, and frequency. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

148 History of smart antennas - Development of 4G MIMORaleigh also filed two patent applications for MIMO in August of the same year. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

149 History of smart antennas - Development of 4G MIMORaleigh discovered that multipath propagation could be exploited to multiply link capacity after developing an improved channel model that showed how multipath propagation affects signal waveforms. The model took into account factors including radio propagation geometry (natural and man-made objects serving as “local reflectors” and “dominant reflectors”), antenna array steering, angle of arrival, and delay spread. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

150 History of smart antennas - Development of 4G MIMOBell Labs researcher Gerard J. Foschini’s paper submitted in September 1996 and published in October of the same year also theorized that MIMO could be used to significantly increase the capacity of point-to-point wireless links. Bell Labs demonstrated a prototype MIMO system based on its BLAST (Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time) technology in late 1998. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

151 History of smart antennas - Development of 4G MIMOSpace-time block code (also known as the Alamouti code) was developed by Siavash Alamouti and is widely used in MIMO-OFDM systems. Alamouti’s 1998 paper showed that the benefits of receive diversity can also be achieved using a combination of transmit diversity and space-time block codes. A key advantage of transmit diversity is that it does not require multiple antennas and RF chains in handsets. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

152 History of smart antennas - Commercialization of 4G MIMOGreg Raleigh, V. K. Jones, and Michael Pollack founded Clarity Wireless in The company built a prototype MIMO-OFDM fixed wireless link running 100 Mbit/s in 20MHz of spectrum in the 5.8GHz band, and demonstrated error-free operation over six miles with one watt of transmit power. Cisco Systems acquired Clarity Wireless in 1998 for its non-line of sight, vector OFDM (VOFDM) technology. The Broadband Wireless Industry Forum (BWIF) was created in 1999 to develop a VOFDM standard. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

153 History of smart antennas - Commercialization of 4G MIMOArogyaswami Paulraj founded Iospan Wireless in late 1998 to develop MIMO-OFDM products. Iospan was acquired by Intel in Neither Clarity Wireless nor Iospan Wireless shipped MIMO-OFDM products before being acquired. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

154 History of smart antennas - Commercialization of 4G MIMOGreg Raleigh and V. K. Jones founded Airgo Networks in 2001 to develop MIMO-OFDM chipsets for wireless LANs. In 2004, Airgo became the first company to ship MIMO-OFDM products. Qualcomm acquired Airgo Networks in late 2006. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

155 History of smart antennas - Commercialization of 4G MIMOSurendra Babu Mandava and Arogyaswami Paulraj founded Beceem Communications in 2004 to produce MIMO-OFDM chipsets for WiMAX. The company was acquired by Broadcom in 2010. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

156 History of smart antennas - Commercialization of 4G MIMOBoth groups agreed that the n standard would be based on MIMO-OFDM with 20MHz and 40MHz channel options https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

157 History of smart antennas - Commercialization of 4G MIMOWiMAX was developed as an alternative to cellular standards, is based on the e standard, and uses MIMO-OFDM to deliver speeds up to 138 Mbit/s. The more advanced m standard enabled download speeds up to 1 Gbit/s. A nationwide WiMAX network was built in the United States by Clearwire, a subsidiary of Sprint-Nextel, covering 130 million pops by mid Clearwire subsequently announced plans to deploy LTE (the cellular 4G standard) covering 31 cities by mid-2013. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

158 History of smart antennas - Commercialization of 4G MIMOThe first 4G cellular standard was proposed by NTT DoCoMo in Long term evolution (LTE) is based on MIMO-OFDM and continues to be developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE specifies downlink rates up to 300 Mbit/s, uplink rates up to 75 Mbit/s, and quality of service parameters such as low latency. LTE Advanced adds support for picocells, femtocells, and multi-carrier channels up to 100MHz wide. LTE has been embraced by both GSM/UMTS and CDMA operators. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

159 History of smart antennas - Commercialization of 4G MIMOThe first LTE services were launched in Oslo and Stockholm by TeliaSonera in Deployment is most advanced in the United States, where all four Tier 1 operators have or are constructing nationwide LTE networks. There are currently more than 222 LTE networks in 83 countries operational with approximately 126 million connections (devices). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

160 History of smart antennas - Emerging 5G MIMO-OFDM standardsThe ac wireless LAN standard was proposed to deliver speeds of 1 Gbit/s and faster. Development of the specification began in 2011 and is expected to be completed by ac uses the 5GHz band, defines channels up to 160MHz wide, supports up to 8 simultaneous MIMO data streams, and delivers raw data rates up to nearly 7 Gbit/s. A number of products based on ac draft specifications are now available. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

161 History of smart antennas - Emerging 5G MIMO-OFDM standardsFifth generation (5G) mobile network concepts are in the exploratory stage. Commercialization is expected by the early 2020s. In March 2013, NTT DoCoMo tested a10 Gbit/s uplink using 400MHz in the 11GHz band. In May 2013, Samsung announced that it is experimenting in the 28GHz band using base stations with up to 64 antennas and has achieved 1 Gbit/s at distances up to 2 kilometers. Samsung claims the technology could deliver tens of Gbit/s under favorable conditions. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

162 History of smart antennas - Emerging 5G MIMO-OFDM standardsMassive MIMO would also be employed in high-speed backhaul links. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

163 Timimoun 'Timimoun' () is a town and Communes of Algeria|commune, and capital of Timimoun District, in Adrar Province, south-central Algeria. According to the 2008 census it has a population of 33,060, up from 28,595 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 1.5%. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

164 Timimoun - Geography The town of Timimoun lies at an elevation of around in the Gourara region of northern Adrar Province. It is located on the southeastern side of an oasis which supports the town's population. A sebkha (salt lake) lies further to the northwest, while the plateau of Tademaït rises to the southeast. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

165 Timimoun - Climate Timimoun has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with extremely hot summers and mild winters, and very little Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation throughout the year. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

166 Timimoun - TransportationTimimoun lies on the N51 national highway, a road which runs roughly west to east from the N6 (connecting to Béchar in the north and Adrar, Algeria|Adrar in the south) to the N1 (connecting from Ghardaïa in the north to In Salah and Tamanrasset in the south). Regional roads also lead south to Aougrout and Deldoul, Adrar|Deldoul communes, and north to Tinerkouk, Ksar Kaddour and Ouled Said. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

167 Timimoun - TransportationTimimoun is served by Timimoun Airport, which is about southeast of the town. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

168 Timimoun - Education 7.0% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 19.3% has completed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 79.6%, and is 87.5% among males and 71.8% among females. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

169 As of 1984, the commune was composed of 32 localities:Timimoun - Localities As of 1984, the commune was composed of 32 localities: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

170 *Zaouiet Sidi Hadj BelkacemTimimoun - Localities *Zaouiet Sidi Hadj Belkacem https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

171 *Ouamemi Timimoun - Localitieshttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

172 *Béni Guentour Lahmer Timimoun - Localitieshttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

173 *Béni Aïssi Sidi Mansour TganetTimimoun - Localities *Béni Aïssi Sidi Mansour Tganet https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

174 Belle Meade (Miami) - MiMo Historic DistrictToday, the area along Biscayne Boulevard is the designated MiMo Architecture Biscayne Boulevard Historic District or also known as MiMo on BiBo, for Miami Modern on Biscayne Boulevard. It MiMo Historic District runs roughly from 50th Street to 77th Street along Biscayne Boulevard, although MiMo can be found heavily in the Miami Design District and Midtown. Many annual festivals are held to promote MiMo architecture, such as Cinco de MiMo a play on Cinco de Mayo in early May. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

175 Belle Meade (Miami) - MiMo Historic DistrictToday, the boulevard is in a fast upwards transition along with many other nearby neighborhoods such as the Design District, Wynwood and Edgewater (Miami)|Edgewater, with strong preservation efforts to preserve the MiMo architecture. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

176 Demimonde 'Demi-monde' refers to a group of people who live hedonism|hedonistic lifestyles, usually in a flagrant and conspicuous consumption|conspicuous manner. The term was commonly used in Europe from the late 18th to the early 20th century, and contemporary use has an anachronistic character. Its connotations of pleasure-seeking often contrasted with wealth and ruling class behavior. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

177 Demimonde The term was often used as one of disapprobation, the behavior of a person in the demimonde being contrary to more traditional or bourgeois values. Such behaviors often included drinking or drug use, gambling, high spending (particularly in pursuit of fashion, as through clothing as well as servants and houses), and sexual promiscuity. The term demimondaine referred to a woman who embodied these qualities; later it became a euphemism for a courtesan or prostitute. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

178 Demimonde The term 'demi-monde' is French for half-world. It derives from a comedy by Alexandre Dumas fils published in 1855 called Le Demi-Monde.[http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/dumasfils002.html Le Demi-monde, by Alexander Dumas (fils)] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

179 Demimonde - Decline As the 20th century dawned, changing social mores resulted in the demarginalization of the demimonde. Women's suffrage and the flapper movements resulted in the label demimondaine becoming obsolete. The term commonly used to refer to the class then became bohemianism|'starving artists'. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

180 Demimonde - Women called demimondaineThe smart demimondaine, like the fictional Gigi's grandmother, would invest her wealth for the day when her beauty would fade https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

181 Demimonde - Women called demimondaineShe was one of the most aristocratic and exclusive of the demimondaines—reputed to have charged a member of the British aristocracy one million francs for 12 hours in her company https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

182 Demimonde - Fictional demimondainePossibly the most famous portrayal of the demimonde, albeit from before the word was coined, is in Verdi's opera La traviata. The opera, in turn, was inspired by Alexandre Dumas, fils|Alexandre Dumas the younger's The Lady of the Camellias|La Dame aux Camélias; The Lady of the Camellias|Marguerite Gautier, the heroine of the book and subsequent play, was based on Marie Duplessis, 1840s Paris courtesan and mistress to a number of prominent men, including Dumas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

183 Demimonde - Fictional demimondaineBut Gigi finds herself a misfit in the demimonde of Paris in the 'Gay Nineties', as she desires true romance with Gaston. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

184 Demimonde - Fictional demimondaineIn writing his 1924 play Easy Virtue (play)|Easy Virtue, Noël Coward stated his object was to present a comedy in the structure of a tragedy to compare the déclassée woman of to-day with the more flamboyant demi-mondaine of the 1890's. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

185 Demimonde - Other uses of the term in fictionIn Henryk Sienkiewicz's Without Dogma, the demimonde refers to the affluent, pleasure-seeking portion of society, unbound by morals, religion or tradition, and is loosely analogous to the Jet set|Jet Set of modern times. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

186 Demimonde - Other uses of the term in fictionThe high society men in Peter Matthew Hillsman Taylor's novella The Old Forest (from the story collection of the same name) use demimonde to refer to a group of adventurous and intelligent young women in 1937 Memphis, Tennessee; in the story, it is common for the men to continue courting such demimondames right up until the time they are married to high society women. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

187 Demimonde - Other uses of the term in fictionIn Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy, the demimonde refers to a semi-tolerated, off the net society of commerce and education. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

188 Demimonde - Other uses of the term in fictionSimilarly, in Alison Sinclair's Darkborn, the demimonde is an area of the city inhabited by prostitutes and other undesirables in mainstream society. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

189 Demimonde - Other uses of the term in fictionIn Rod Rees' Demi-Monde series, the Demi-Monde is a highly advanced computer simulation, created in order to train the US army for urban combat. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

190 Demimonde - Other uses of the term in fictionIn Showtime (TV network)|Showtime's Penny Dreadful (TV series)|Penny Dreadful, the term is used to refer to the place where the spirit world meets the real world, the abode of vampires and other supernatural beings. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

191 Moroccan Jewish - MimounaMimouna is celebrated by many Moroccan Jews on the night following the last day of Passover. It has spread to be an almost national holiday in Israel. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

192 Space-time adaptive processing - MIMO CommunicationsTo estimate the transmitted signal \mathbf \hat S at a MIMO receiver, we can linearly weight our space-time input \mathbf \widetilde Z with weighting matrix \mathbf \widetilde W as follows https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

193 Space-time adaptive processing - MIMO Communicationsto minimize the Mean squared error|mean squared error (MSE). Using STAP with a training sequence \mathbf \widetilde S , the estimated optimal weighting matrix (STAP coefficients) is given by: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

194 Space-time adaptive processing - MIMO RadarIn comparison with SIMO radar systems, which will have M transmit degrees of freedom, and NL receive degrees of freedom, for a total of M+NL, MIMO radar systems have MNL degrees of freedom, allowing for much greater adaptive spatial resolution for clutter mitigation. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

195 Mimosa (magazine) 'Mimosa' was a science fiction fanzine edited by Richard Lynch and Nicki Lynch. It won six Hugo Award for Best Fanzine|Hugo Awards for Best Fanzine (in 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998 and 2003) and was nominated a total of 14 times ( ). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

196 Mimosa (magazine) Published from 1982 until 2003, Mimosa focused on discussions of the history and impact of science fiction fandom. Contributors included Forrest J Ackerman, Ron Bennett, John Berry, Vin¢ Clarke, Sharon N. Farber, Dave Kyle, Mike Resnick, Bob Shaw, Harry Warner, Jr., Ted White (author)|Ted White and Walt Willis. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

197 Mimosa (magazine) - IllustratorsThe cartoonists and illustrators who contributed to Mimosa included Sheryl Birkhead, Kurt Erichsen, Debbie Hughes, Julia Morgan-Scott, Peggy Ranson, Stu Shiffman, Dan Steffan, Steve Stiles, Charlie Williams and Kip Williams. Covers by Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist winners included Brad W. Foster, Ian Gunn, Teddy Harvia and Joe Mayhew. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

198 Mimosa (magazine) - IllustratorsIssues 1-16 were produced via mimeograph, while issues were printed commercially. The two-volume A Mimosa Fanthology collected the best from the first 27 issues.[http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/m28/m28cover.htm A Mimosa Fanthology, Part 1, 2002.][http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/m29/m29cover.htm A Mimosa Fanthology, Part 2, 2003.] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

199 Mimosa (magazine) - IllustratorsThe last article in the final issue (#30) of Mimosa (August 2003), Footprints in the Sand by Michael A. Burstein, is one of several articles published during the late 1990s and early 2000s pondering the possibility of science fiction fandom's eventual death. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

200 Shisa - Great Stone Shisa at TomimoriAt Tomimori Village near Kochinda Town in the far southern part of Okinawa, there were often many fires. The people of the area sought out Saiouzui, a Feng Shui master, to ask him why there were so many fires. He believed they were because of the power of the nearby Mt. Yaese, and suggested that the townspeople build a stone shisa to face the mountain. They did so, and thus have protected their village from fire ever since. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

201 Mimosa (cocktail) A 'Mimosa' is a cocktail-like drink composed of one part Champagne (wine)|champagne (or other sparkling wine) and one part thoroughly chilled citrus fruit juice, usually orange juice unless otherwise specified (e.g. grapefruit [juice] mimosa). It is traditionally served in a tall champagne flute with a morning brunch as hair of the dog or to guests at weddings. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

202 Mimosa (cocktail) - HistoryIt is probably named after the common name in Anglophone Europe for the yellow flowers of Acacia dealbata.http://www.rhs.org.uk/Gardens/Rosemoor/About-Rosemoor/Plant-of-the-month/January/Acacia-dealbata https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

203 Mimosa (cocktail) - HistoryA Buck's Fizz (cocktail)|Buck's Fizz is a similar cocktail, but with twice as much orange juice as champagne. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

204 Alain Mimoun - Personal bests*Information from Sports Reference profile.[http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mi/alain-mimoun-1.html Alain Mimoun]. Sports Reference. Retrieved on https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

205 Mimoun competed internationally for France on 86 occasions.Alain Mimoun - International (only the position in the final is indicated) Mimoun competed internationally for France on 86 occasions. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

206 Alain Mimoun - International (only the position in the final is indicated)* International Cross Country Championships team event champion (representing France) in 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1952 and 1956. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

207 Alain Mimoun - National;French Cross Country Championships : https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

208 Hemimorphite 'Hemimorphite', is a Silicate minerals|sorosilicate mineral which has been historically mined from the upper parts of zinc and lead ores, chiefly associated with smithsonite. It was often assumed to be the same mineral and both were classed under the same name of calamine (mineral)|calamine. In the second half of the 18th century it was discovered that there were two different minerals under the heading of calamine - a zinc carbonate and a zinc silicate, which often closely resembled each other. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

209 Hemimorphite The silicate was the more rare of the two, and was named hemimorphite because of the hemimorph development of its crystals. This unusual form, which is typical of only a few minerals, means that the crystals are terminated by dissimilar faces. Hemimorphite most commonly forms crystalline crusts and layers, also massive, granular, rounded and reniform aggregates, concentrically striated, or finely needle-shaped, fibrous or stalactitic, and rarely fan-shaped clusters of crystals. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

210 Hemimorphite Some specimens show strong green fluorescence in shortwave ultraviolet light (253.7nm) and weak light pink fluorescence in longwave UV. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

211 Hemimorphite - OccurrenceHemimorphite most frequently occurs as the product of the oxidation of the upper parts of sphalerite bearing ore bodies, accompanied by other secondary minerals which form the so-called iron cap or gossan. Hemimorphite is an important ore of zinc and contains up to 54.2% of the metal, together with silicon, oxygen and hydrogen. The crystals are blunt at one end and sharp at the other. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

212 Hemimorphite - OccurrenceFurther hemimorphite occurrences are the Padaeng deposit near Mae Sod in western Thailand; Sardinia; Nerchinsk, Siberia; Cave del Predil, Italy; Bleiberg, Carinthia (state)|Carinthia, Austria; Matlock, England|Matlock, Derbyshire, England. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

213 Suzuko Mimori is a Japanese Voice acting in Japan|voice actress and singer who is best known as the voice of Sherlock Shellingford in the Tantei Opera Milky Holmes series and Umi Sonoda from the Love Live! franchise. She is represented by Hibiki Cast. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

214 Suzuko Mimori - Early life and careerBefore her acting career began, Mimori was active in stage musicals under the name Suzuko Kurokawa https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

215 Mimolette 'Mimolette' is a cheese traditionally produced around the city of Lille, France. In France, it is also known as Boule de Lille after its city of origin, or vieux Hollande for being made after the tradition of Edam (cheese)|Edam cheese. In some areas of Belgium and the Netherlands, such as Flanders, it is also known as commissiekaas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

216 Mimolette It was originally made by the request of Louis XIV, who - in the context of Jean-Baptiste Colbert's mercantilism|mercantilistic policies - was looking for a native French product to replace the then very popular Edam (cheese)|Edam. To make it distinct from Edam he seasoned it with annatto to give it a sweet and nutty flavour and a distinct orange colour. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

217 Mimolette It normally weighs about 2kg (approximately 4.5 pounds) and is made from cow's-milk. Its name comes from the French word molle, meaning soft. This refers to the softness of the crust when young - with age it becomes harder. It has a grey crust and orangish flesh. The orange colour comes from the natural seasoning, annatto, which has a sweet and nutty flavour. The cheese has a similar appearance to a cantaloupe melon. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

218 Mimolette The greyish crust of aged Mimolette is the result of cheese mites intentionally introduced to add flavor by their action on the surface of the cheese. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

219 Mimolette Mimolette can be consumed at different stages of aging. When younger, its taste resembles that of Parmigiano-Reggiano|Parmesan. Many appreciate it most when extra-old (extra-vieille). At that point, it can become rather hard to chew, and the flesh takes a hazelnut-like flavour. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

220 Mimolette - Embargo In April 2013, the Food and Drug Administration blocked imports of mimolette to the United States. Cheese was deemed unfit for consumption by the United States Customs and 3,800 pounds of cheese was ordered to be destroyed. The FDA refusal report stated that The article appears to consist in whole or in part of a filthy, putrid, or decomposed substance or be otherwise unfit for food. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

221 Ornithomimosauria Some paleontologists, like Paul Sereno, consider the enigmatic Alvarezsauridae|alvarezsaurids to be close relatives of the ornithomimosaurs and place them together in the superfamily Ornithomimoidea (see classification below). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

222 Ornithomimosauria - DescriptionThe skulls of ornithomimosaurs were small, with large eyes, above relatively long and slender necks. Some primitive species (such as Pelecanimimus and Harpymimus) had teeth, but most had toothless beaks. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

223 Ornithomimosauria - DescriptionThe fore limbs (arms) were long and slender and bore powerful claws. The hind limbs were long and powerful, with a long foot and short, strong toes terminating in hooflike claws. Ornithomimosaurs were probably among the fastest of all dinosaurs. Like other coelurosaurs, the ornithomimosaurian hide was feathered rather than scaly. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

224 Ornithomimosauria - BiologyHenry Fairfield Osborn suggested that the long, sloth-like arms of ornithomimosaurs may have been used to pull down branches on which to feed, an idea supported by further study of their strange, hook-like hands https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

225 Ornithomimosauria - BiologyComparisons between the sclerotic ring|scleral rings of two ornithomimosaur genera (Garudimimus and Ornithomimus) and modern birds and reptiles indicate that they may have been cathemeral, active throughout the day at short intervals. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

226 Ornithomimosauria - ClassificationThe contents of Ornithomimidae and Ornithomimosauria varied from author to author as cladistic definitions began to appear for the groups in the 1990s. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

227 Ornithomimosauria - ClassificationSince the strict definition of Arctometatarsalia was based on Ornithomimus, it became redundant with the name Ornithomimosauria under broad definitions of that clade, and the name Arctometatarsalia was mostly abandoned. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

228 Ornithomimosauria - ClassificationBecause he had redefined Ornithomimosauria in a much narrower sense, a new term was made necessary within his preferred terminology to denote the clade containing the sistergroups Ornithomimosauria and Alvarezsauridae — previously the latter had been contained within the former https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

229 Ornithomimosauria - ClassificationOrnithomimiformes was identical in content to Holtz's Arctometatarsalia, as it has a very similar definition. While Ornithomimiformes is the newer group, Sereno rejected the idea that Arctometatarsalia should take precedence, because the meaning of the former name has been changed very radically by Holtz. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

230 Ornithomimosauria - ClassificationImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

231 Ornithomimosauria - ClassificationScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:1880 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

232 Ornithomimosauria - ClassificationScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:1880 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

233 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationid:OMN value:blue https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

234 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationid:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

235 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationid:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

236 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationid:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

237 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationid:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

238 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationid:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

239 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationid:miocene value:rgb( , ,0) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

240 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationid:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

241 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationid:pleistocene value:rgb( ,0.95,0.68) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

242 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationid:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

243 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationfrom: till: color:1800s text:19th century in paleontology|19th https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

244 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationfrom: till: color:1900s text:20th century in paleontology|20th https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

245 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationfrom: till: color:2000s text:21st century in paleontology|21st https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

246 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1970 mark:(line,black) text:Deinocheirus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

247 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1900s bar:NAM4 at:1981 mark:(line,black) text:Garudimimus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

248 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1900s bar:NAM5 at:1984 mark:(line,black) text:Harpymimus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

249 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1800s bar:NAM2 at:2009 mark:(line,black) text:Kinnareemimus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

250 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1900s bar:NAM3 at:2000 mark:(line,black) text:Nqwebasaurus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

251 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1994 mark:(line,black) text:Pelecanimimus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

252 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1800s bar:NAM7 at:2003 mark:(line,black) text:Shenzhousaurus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

253 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1800s bar:NAM6 at:1988 mark:(line,black) text:Anserimimus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

254 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1900s bar:NAM2 at:1972 mark:(line,black) text:Archaeornithomimus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

255 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1800s bar:NAM3 at:1972 mark:(line,black) text:Gallimimus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

256 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1900s bar:NAM3 at:1890 mark:(line,black) text:Ornithomimus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

257 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1900s bar:NAM5 at:2011 mark:(line,black) text:Qiupalong https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

258 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1800s bar:NAM8 at:2003 mark:(line,black) text:Sinornithomimus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

259 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1917 mark:(line,black) text:Struthiomimus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

260 Ornithomimosauria - Classificationcolor:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1888 mark:(line,black) text:Thecocoelurus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

261 Ornithomimosauria - PhylogenyThe more exclusive sense began to grow in popularity when the possibility arose that Alvarezsauridae|alvarezsaurids might fall under Ornithomimosauria if an inclusive definition were adopted https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

262 Ornithomimosauria - PhylogenyIntroduction, Jacobsen (2001). Page 59. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

263 Hell Creek Formation - OrnithomimosaursOrnithomimid remains are not uncommon in the Hell Creek Formation. 15 specimens from the Hell Creek Formation are undetermined ornithomimids https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

264 Mimouna 'Mimouna' ( ) is a traditional Maghrebi Jews|Maghrebi Jewish celebration held the day after Passover. Its historical origins are in Morocco and Algeria, and in modern times it has become marked as a national holiday in Israel. It marks the start of spring and the return to eating chametz, i.e., leavened bread and bread by-products, which are forbidden throughout the week of Passover. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

265 Mimouna - Origin of nameSome believe the source of the name is Rabbi Maimon ben Yosef, father of the Rambam, Rabbi Moshe Ben Maimon, and the Mimouna marks the date of his birth or death https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

266 Mimouna - Origin of nameMimouna is also associated more with faith and belief in immediate prosperity, as seen with the customs of matchmaking and well wishes in successful childbearing.Sharaby, Rachel https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

267 Mimouna - Customs Typically all those in attendance at a Mimouna celebration are sprinkled with a mint sprig or other green dipped in milk, symbolizing good fortune and new beginningsWaskow, Arthur Ocean https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

268 Mimouna - Customs In Israel, the Mimouna has become a popular annual happening featuring outdoor parties, picnics and BBQs. After settling in Israel, Jewish immigrants from Morocco celebrated the Mimouna with their families. In 1966, it was introduced as a national holiday, and has been adopted by members of other ethnic groups. One source estimated that nearly two million people in Israel now participate in Mimouna festivities. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

269 For More Information, Visit:https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com