1 Model Mechanism for AHE by Nano-Metal and H(D)-Gas12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Model Mechanism for AHE by Nano-Metal and H(D)-Gas Akito Takahashi Technova Inc., Tokyo, Japan Professor Emeritus, Osaka University To be presented at 12th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen Loaded Metals 5-9 June 2017, Costigliole d’Asti, Italy A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
2 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi AHE at Higher Temperatures by Binary Ni-based Nano-Metals and H(D)-gas By ICCF20 papers of Takahashi et al, Kitamura et al and Iwamura et al Anomalous Heat Effect (AHE) : Data have been obtained by Ni-based binary nano-metals (PNZ and CNZ) at deg C range : Summary: AHE has been observed at elevated temperatures in deg C. 2) AHE has been confirmed by repeated observation of excess heat-power 3) AHE was lasting for long time span as several days. 4) AHE has been seen after D(H) loading ratios saturated. 5) AHE is therefore some surface sited effect by in/out of D(H)-gas. 6) Observed long lasting heat gave several GJ/mol-H (or several tens keV/atom-H). 7) Level is not H(D) absorption energy. 8) AHE at deg C is impossible to explain by known chemical reactions. 9) Pd only nano-metals do not work at higher temperatures than 100 deg C. 10) Ni only nano-metals do not work well at room temperature and elevated temperatue ICCF20 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
3 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi [1] A. Takahashi, A. Kitamura, K. Takahashi, R. Seto, T. Yokose, A. Taniike and Y. Furuyama: Anomalous Heat Effect by interaction of nano-metals and H(D)-gas, Proc. ICCF20 to be published in JCMNS [2] Akira Kitamura, Akito Takahashi , Koh Takahashi, Reiko Seto, Yuki Matsuda, Yasuhiro Iwamura, Takehiko Itoh, Jirohta Kasagi, Masanori Nakamura, Masanobu Uchimura, Hidekazu Takahashi, Tatsumi Hioki, Tomoyoshi Motohiro, Yuichi Furuyama, Masahiro Kishida: Collaborative Examination on Anomalous Heat Effect Using Nickel-Based Binary Nanocomposites Supported by Zirconia, Proc. ICCF20 to be published in JCMNS [3] Y. Iwamura, T. Itoh, J. Kasagi, A. Kitamura, A. Takahashi and K. Takahashi: Replication Experiments at Tohoku University on Anomalous Heat Generation Using Nickel-Based Binary Nanocomposites and Hydrogen Isotope Gas, Proc. ICCF20 to be published in JCMNS [4-5] Papers by A. Kitamura and Y. Iwamura, this workshop A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
4 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi The Making of Mesoscopic Catalyst To Scope CMNR Anomalous Heat Effect (AHE) on/in Nano-Composite Metal-particles Meso-Catalyst: as Core/”Incomplete”-Shell Structure Mono-Metal (with oxide-surface layer) Pd Or Pd-Ni Binary-metal nano-particles: mesoscopic size = 2-10 nm diam. Ceramics Supporter: several microns flake (ZrO2, zeolite, γ-Al2O3, meso-porous SiO2 etc.) A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
5 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi STEM/EDS mapping for CNS2 sample, showing that Ni and Cu atoms are included in the same pores of the mp-silica with a density ratio approximately equal to the mixing ratio (Cu1/Ni7). Ni Cu ICCF20 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
6 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi CNS3 sample: baking (#0) followed by #1 run (Rf = 20 ccm) RTD-temp unusual A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
7 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Excess power and energy by Cu1Ni10/meso-silica with H-gas at ca. 300 C A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
8 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi One of the typical examples of STEM/EDS pictures : PNZ3r-A_000 O (After absorption exp.) Ni Zr Pd Reduced Ni and Pd occupying almost the same position, and separated from ZrO2 bulk. Pd1Ni7/ZrO2 250nm A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
9 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Room Temperature Run: Large Loading Ratio, Heat Burst A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Kitamura Technova-NT-
10 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 PNZ5r sample (Pd1Ni7/zirconia, re-oxidized): Kitamura et al, this workshop Local Larger Temperature Elevation H D D Excess Temperature Elevation After Saturation of D-loading A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38
11 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 Excess heat-power evolution for D and H gas: Kitamura et al, this Workshop Total power Of Reaction Chamber By oil flow calorimetry D D H AHE of 8 MJ/mol-Ni 100 MJ/mol-D Generation A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38
12 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 Local excess power by PNZ5r sample with D-gas and H-gas (Kitamura, et al, this WS) Local Larger Power Generation In RC Lower zone D D H A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38
13 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Radiations and flow rate of the coolant: No excess of n and gamma over NBG Rd: manual drop counting ICCF20 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
14 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Review of Theoretical Modeling [1]-[16] Model principle of cold fusion processes in nano-metal mesoscopic catalysts (Pd, Ni, alloys) are proposed and discussed Brief show on modeling transient/dynamic D(H)-cluster formation on/in a nano- metal particle with surface sub-nano-holes (SNH) comparison is made between 4D/TSC and 4H/TSC condensation/collapse motions and resultant strong and weak nuclear interactions. 4D/TSC fusion or 4H/TSC WS fusion and their products (Condensed D(H)-Cluster Fusion) 4H/TSC induced clean fission of host metal nuclei Latest TSC related papers are downloadable at: A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
15 State (Excited Nucleus) Initial State Interaction12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Three Steps in Nuclear Reaction should be quantitatively taken into account. (Virtual) Compound State (Excited Nucleus) Ex, Jπ,τ Initial State Interaction (Strong, Weak Int.) (Electro-Magnetic Int.) Substructure Change by Mass-defect Final State Interactions (particles, photons, neutrino, FPs) (Prompt and Delayed Transitions) One-Way Process! A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
16 Binary-Element Metal Nano-Particle Catalyst12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Binary-Element Metal Nano-Particle Catalyst a) Complete-Pd-shell/Ni-core b) Incomplete-Pd-shell/Ni-core Ni-atom; r0 = nm Pd-atom; r0 =0.152 nm 2nm diameter Pd2Ni6 particle No SNH D2 molecule Ni-atom; r0 = nm Pd-atom; r0 =0.152 nm 2nm diameter Pd1Ni7 particle SNH D2 molecule Recommended A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 16 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
17 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Surface oxygen blocks D(H)-absorption by filling SNH. A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
18 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi SNHs are prepared by O-reduction to start D(H) absorption (left) And D(H)/M loading ratio exceeds 1.0 level (right) D2 molecule Ni-atom; r0 = nm Pd-atom; r0 =0.152 nm (or Cu) 2nm diameter Pd1Ni7 particle SNH D(H)-atom D(H)/M < 1.0 D(H)/M > 1.0 ICCF20 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 18 Technova-NT-
19 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Binary-Element Metal Nano-Particle Catalyst : Core + ad-atoms/surface works well for D(or H)-gas uptake Surface Pd adsorbs easier H(D). Pd ad-atom makes deeper adsorption potential for Ni-core lattice, due to fractal-dip’s e- dangling bonds (SNH) on surface. Enhanced H(D) absorption into Ni- lattice sites (O-sites and T-sites) [H(D)]/[Pd+Ni] > 3.0 ; 1.0 for O-sites, 2.0 for T-sites plus alpha for surface D(H)- clusters 4D(H)/TSC formation at surface sub-nano-dips (holes) (SNH); at defects and fractal dips Pd ad-atom works “similarly “ to Oxygen of PdO-coated Pd-nano- particle. D2 molecule Ni-atom; r0 = nm Pd-atom; r0 =0.152 nm 2nm diameter Pd1Ni7 particle SNH A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 19 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
20 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi JCF-11, 2011 Image on Formation of TSC(t=0) at Sub-Nano-Hole (SNH) Of Nano (Mesoscopic) Catalyst Surface/defects TSC generates at SNH On Surface by In/Out D(or H)s Surface level Pd or Ni TSC(t=0) H or D trapped first H or D trapped second Pd or Ni Deeper level Pd or Ni 20 ICCF20 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
21 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Speculative image of GMPW (Global Mesoscopic Potential Well) For CNZ (Cu-Ni-ZrO2) and PNS (Pd-Ni-SiO2) nano-composite powder + D(H) absorption and TSC (tetrahedral symmetric condensate), After saturated LM H2 D2 Bloch potential of Ni-lattice Endothermic Reaction Edissoc. T< Tc (200̊C for CuNi nano-particle) T>Tc (100C for PdNi nano-particle) E = kT SNH: Meeting point of Adsorption & Desorption: 4D(H)/TSC Formation Exothermic Reaction Heat T > Tc (200̊C for CuNi nano-particle) T< Tc (100C for PdNi nano-particle ICCF20 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 21 Technova-NT-
22 No good to use the rate theory of free particle collision for CMNR12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi No good to use the rate theory of free particle collision for CMNR Despite the importance of reaction rate estimation in modeled CMNS theories, only a few authors have treated nuclear reaction rates properly. Some theories have borrowed rate formulas (using cross section) of two body collision process which is the case of nuclear reactions for the random free particle motion as in plasma and gas phase or beam-target interactions. A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
23 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi CMNR (condensed matter nuclear reactions) needs to use rate estimation for trapped state H(D)s Intrinsically the CMNS nuclear reactions should happen between trapped particles of proton and deuteron (H or D) in negative potential wells organized by the ordering of condensed matter such as periodic lattice, mesoscopic nano-particle and surface fractal conditions. Such trapped H(D)-particles should have finite lifetime or co-existing time in the negative potential well and are keeping mutual inter-nuclear distances for finite time-intervals before fusion reactions. Cluster QM wave function is near Gaussian type by co-existence, not plane wave as used for two body collision. Application of cross section formula is bad idea so far. A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
24 Rate Formula by Fermi’s First Golden Rule should be used for CMNR12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Rate Formula by Fermi’s First Golden Rule should be used for CMNR We need therefore to use formulas based on the Fermi’s first golden rule for rate estimation, due to the finite life time of co-existing trapped particles. The paper (A. Takahashi, Proc. ICCF19, JCMNS Vol.19) recalls the procedure and formulas for the fundamental of rate theory for CMNS, as has been used in the TSC theory development. As the condensed cluster fusion process is dynamic, we need time-dependent rate estimation during effective life time of condensing cluster of D(H)s. A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
25 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi 2) Fusion rate theory for trapped D(H) particles Trapped particles in EM-potential make nuclear reactions by QM superposition Image of QM treatment Pair or cluster trapped in Electro- Magnetic (chemical) potential Overlapping weight within strong/weak nuclear interaction range (1.4fm/2.4am) should be estimated by QM. deuteron Coulombic (EM) trapping potential: Vs1(1,1) potential for instance electron Rdd: inter-nuclear distance Overlapping of QM-clouds A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
26 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Nuclear Optical Potential is used for reaction rate formula by using the QM density balance Image of QM treatment Forward Equation: Adjoint Equation: Ψ*x(1) – Ψx(2): Fusion term 26 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
27 Fusion Rate Formula by Fermi’s Golden Rule12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Image of QM treatment Fusion Rate Formula by Fermi’s Golden Rule Nuclear Potential Coulomb Potential Inter-nuclear wave function EM Field wave function Born-Oppenheimer Approximation 27 AT ICCF17 TSC theory A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
28 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Fusion Rate Formula by Fermi’s First Golden Rule with Born-Oppenheimer Approximation Image of QM treatment Barrier Factor : Effective Volume of Nuclear Strong (Weak) Interaction Domain : Compton wave length of pion (1.4 fm) (weak boson: 2.5 am) Rn : Radius of Interaction surface of strong (weak) force exchange 28 AT ICCF17 TSC theory A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
29 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Fusion rate should be estimated time-dependently, e.g. for TSC Condensation: No Stable State, but into sub-pm entity Image of QM treatment Fusion Interaction Surface : Elevated KE With time elapsed, potential becomes deeper and moves to left. 29 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
30 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Collision Rate Formula UNDERESTIMATES fusion rate of steady molecule/cluster Drastically as around 20 orders of magnitude (A. Takahashi, ICCF19) Cluster Rdd = Rgs (pm) Barrier Factor Steady Cluster d-d Fusion Rate (f/s) Steady Cluster 4d Fusion rate Fusion Rate for d-d collision formula (f/s) D2 74.1 1.0E-85 2.4E-66 3.6E-86 (4.0E-72)* dde*(2,2) 21.8 1.3E-46 3.2E-27 1.0E-46 (1.0E-31)* ddμ 0.805 1.0E-9 2.4E+10 1.5E-9 (1.0E+8)* 4D/TSC-minimum 0.021 1.98E-3 3.7E+20 * Frequency of d-d pair oscillation by QM-Langevin calculation was considered. A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
31 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi ICCF20 TSC: Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate 4D/TSC Condensation Reactions Electron Center 15 fm Deuteron 4He 4re = 4x2.8 fm p or d Electron d+ e- fs Halo? 100 % in 2x10-20 s 4) Break up to two 4He’s via BOLEP complex final states; MeV α 2) Minimum TSC reaches strong interaction range for fusion 1) TSC forms Electron 3) 8Be* formation A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 31 Technova-NT-
32 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi 8Be* and 8Li are similar n-halo states 8Be* = n + h + h + n Halo 8Li = n + h + t + n Halo n p Binding PEF = = 12 n p Binding PEF = = 11 Binding PEF A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
33 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Predicted Final State Interactions of 8Be*(Ex=47.6MeV): ICCF18 BOLEP: burst of Low Energy Photons: will be dominant channels Ex 4D/TSC to 8Be*(47.6MeV) =
34 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Alpha particle energy spectra (fine structure): Minor Products of 4D/TSC fusion demonstrates few bands in the range 10 – 17 MeV: ICCF18 After A. Roussetski et al, Siena WS 2012: for TiDx system under e-X beam stimulation JETP Vol.112 (2011) 952 Prediction by N-Halo Model: 17, 13.8, 11.5, 11, 10, 8.3, 5.7, 1.55 and (in MeV): Good Agreement with Roussetski Exp. A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
35 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Cold Fusion: Confinement of High KE D(H)-cluster in an extremely microscopic domain of multi-particle QM trapping in “long” life time Image of QM treatment c) Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate (TSC) at t = 0 → TBEC A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
36 Quantum-Mechanical Ensemble-Averaging12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Quantum-Mechanical Ensemble-Averaging Image of QM treatment Born-Oppenheimer Approximation for H2 molecule: Electron Wave Function for H2: Proton-Pair Wave Function: Gaussian approximation: A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
37 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi D2 Trapping Potential: Vs2(1,1) can be replaced with Vs1(1,1.41) Image of QM treatment About 300 keV at Rdd = 5 fm nuclear interaction range Pseudo Potential for TSC one-way condensation can be replaced with Vs1(m, 1.41) Using continuously varying m corresponding to varying p-p distance Potential (eV) A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
38 QM-Average for Complex H-cluster under Platonic Symmetry12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi QM-Average for Complex H-cluster under Platonic Symmetry Image of QM treatment Average on Electron-wave function is replaced with Friction (Constraint) as Nf : Number of faces for Platonic polyhedron Vsi: H2 (i=2) or H2+ (i=1) trapping potential Vs1(m,Z) EQPET potential for TSC dynamics Average on p-p wave function: using A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
39 QM Average of Langevin Equation for D(H) Cluster12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi QM Average of Langevin Equation for D(H) Cluster Image of QM treatment Ne: Number of p-p edges Nf : Number of faces Gaussian Wave Function Equation for Expectation Value A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
40 Verlet’s Method for numerical solution12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Verlet’s Method for numerical solution For 4D/TSC with sigma 0.39 Different value for other cluster A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
41 TSC Condensation Motion; by the Langevin Eq.: 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi TSC Condensation Motion; by the Langevin Eq.: Condensation Time = 1.4 fs for 4D and 1.0 fs for 4H Proton Kinetic Energy INCREASES as Rpp decreases. Extension for 4H/TSC Rpp (pm) or Ep-p (keV) QM-Langevin Code cal. With Vs1(2,2) Extension for 4H/TSC About 3% 4H-WS Fusion , by oscillation in 1 fs life? 1.0 fs – Time (fs) Ep = 100 keV at Rpp = 2.4 fm, Vtrap = MeV Electrons Mean KE : 0.6-1MeV; Relativistic A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 41 Technova-NT-
42 Verlet Time Step Method12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Relativistic Effect is included by HME Langevin DDL Code: A. Takahashi, JCF-16 Input Data BA: 1-sigma2 (0.85 recom.) ms: relative electron mass Z: quasi-electron charge DDT: initial time mesh ( fs) Ak: k-value (11.8 for TSC) R0: starting Rpp (pm) Rp: permitted limit of distance for Coulombic condensation force NDDL: approx. DDL potential parameter Cal. of Langevin Eq. By Verlet Time Step Method Rpp(I), V(I) 2) If Rpp(I) LE. Rp, FCOND(I) = -Ak/Rp^2 3) If Rpp(I) LE Rsddl, use NDDL 4) Collapse Limit If Rpp(I) LE (pm), Rpp(I) = (pm), v=-v Do 1, Imax Cal. of Refined Time Step If Rpp(I) GT. 10R0 or I=Imax, Exit Do I = I +1 1) Cal. of Vs1(ms, Z) Pot. ms = 43.7/Rpp(I), Z=2 Print T(I), Rpp(I), V(I), E(I), et al A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
43 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Some of pseudo-potentials used for simulation calculation Rgs = 100 pm Vmin = -36 eV Vs (eV) Rgs = 10 pm Vmin = -394 eV Rdd (nm) A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
44 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi E0 – A type (Feynman) potential with DDL(deep Dirac level) state for A: by Andrew Muelenberg and J. L. Paillet Negative value DDL2 dip by Mulenberg- Paillet A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
45 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi For p-e-p system, no effect happens by DDL2 because of highest Epp 11 eV, Though Epp > 35 keV is needed to enter the DDL2 dip. QM tunneling probability to the DDL (Rpp=5fm) state is ca , too small to see. Time (fs) A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
46 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi HME Langevin DDL2 cal.;4H/TSC Vs1(m,1.41) Ne=Nf=6, Rddl=0.02pm, SG=0.4 Chaotic End-State Oscillation of 4H/TSC Condensation/ Collapse 320 oscillations In 0.04 fs May continue more Expanded View Expanded View Time (fs) A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
47 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi 4H/TSC Condensation Reactions p+ e- 4Rp = 4x1.2 fm proton Electron About 1 fs 2) Minimum TSC (smaller than 4d) Chaotic End–State Oscillation About 3x10-2 WI-SI 1) 4H/TSC forms Neutrino Electron prompt 3He p neutron 4) Break up; h:1.93MeV, p:5.79MeV or d + p + p MeV 5 fm 3) 4Li* formation (PEF=3) 47 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
48 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Weak Interaction at 4H/TSC-min [We assume WI happens at proton surface with W-boson wave length (2.5x10-3 fm)] Eke = 600 kev exceeds threshold (272 keV) of p + e- to n + ν interaction. p + e- + Eke → n + ν + (Eke – 272 keV) Effective Volume for WI: Surface Proton (uud) Range of Weak Int. Rpe 1.2 fm We assume 1S-type electron wave function for “diminished Bohr radius” = 2Rpe=2.4fm Center of Electron-orbit A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
49 Weak Interaction at 4H/TSC-min:12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Weak Interaction at 4H/TSC-min: Collision theory cannot be applied due to “long” life time of trapped state p + e- + Eke (600keV)→ n + ν keV Neutrino carries away most of 328 keV. Produced n makes immediately strong interaction with remained 3p of TSC. ~ Ψe(Rp)2ΔVW = (0.6/(3.14x2.43))x4.5x10-2 = 5.9x10-5 4π/h : Weinberg angle, and We set cV=1 and V=1
50 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Nucleon Halo Model of 4Li*(Ex=4.62 MeV: Jπ) Excitation with 2 PEFs spring: No concrete alpha-core may enhance prompt hadronic break-ups Binding PEF = 2 Binding PEF This state breaks up Promptly in 10-22s To p + p + d MeV Due to no hard alpha-core And weak binding PEF. p Rhalo p n Ex < ca.8.4MeV = 2x(1/2)K1Rhalo2 :And prompt break-up, Maybe minor channel p A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 ICCF20 Technova-NT-
51 Why so radiation-less results?12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Why so radiation-less results? Claims by Experiments Predictions by TSC Models MDE (Metal Deuterium Energy) Heat: 24±1MeV/4He (Miles, McKubre, et al) Weak alpha-peaks (Lipson, Roussetskii, etc) Weak neutrons (Takahashi, Boss, etc.) X-rays burst (Karabut, et al.) 23.8MeV/4He by 4D/TSC fusion with low-E alphas (46keV) Minor alpha-peaks by nucleon-halo BOLEP minor decay channels High-E neutron by minor triton emission BOLEP in ca.1.5keV MHE (Metal Hydrogen Heat w/o n and gamma unknown ash (Piantelli, Takahashi-Kitamura, Celani, etc.) 4H/TSC WS fusion 7-2MeV/3He and d Very weak secondary Gamma and n Ca of 3He and d ICCF20 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
52 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Concluding Remarks Theoretical model of CCF(condensed cluster fusion) looks matching observed AHE(anomalous heat effects) by interaction of nano- composite metal and deuterium (or hydrogen) gas at room and elevated temperatures. SNH (sub-nano-holes) on surface of binary nano-composite metal may be major working sites for D- or H-cluster fusion. TSC theory predicts that 4D/TSC and 4H/TSC fusions are nuclear reactions for generating AHE. TSC-based theories are established to predict quantitative AHE levels and hard-radiation-less nuclear products. A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
53 Appendix: Secondary Nuclear Effects12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Appendix: Secondary Nuclear Effects Metal Nucleus + 4H(D)/TSC Interaction Clean Fission Products from Intermediate Excited State of Ni + 4H/TSC Nuclear Interaction AHE of long running time and Material Damage/annealing Damage difference between 4D/TSC induced AHE and 4H/TSC induced AHE A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 Technova-NT-
54 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova 5702 -NT-38 12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Discussions Life Time: At Rpp=2xRp=2.4fm, 4H/TSC condition will be distorted due to limited space for electron rotation. Rpp=2x21/2Rp=3.4fm might be the final point, around which TSC would oscillate to have some enhanced life time (1 fs ; possible by HME Langevin simulation). If so 4H/TSC WS fusion rate drastically increase! 4D/TSC fusion (47.6MeV/f) event makes much stronger damage than 4H/TSC WS fusion (ca. 4MeV av.), so that self-recovery of nano-particle works better for Ni-H system than Ni-D system (ca. 4hrs vs. 1hr of full Ni-lattice atoms displacement by one watt/g level heat-power.) Gamma rays: 5.79MeV proton will make Ni(p, γ) reaction with about 100 times the n emission rate, because it happens mainly for 58Ni and 60Ni of high abundance. A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 AT ICCF17 TSC theory 54 Technova-NT-
55 Case-1)TSC-Induced Ni Fission12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Case-1)TSC-Induced Ni Fission The 4H/TSC + Ni-isotope capture-and-fission process, previously proposed, is another plausible scenario. The 4H/TSC-min state may have much longer life than 4D/TSC-min, and Ni has larger K-shell e-cloud radius than Pd. Ni + 4H capture will be enhanced significantly. Ni + 4p goes to fission to result in generation of clean fission products in A<100 mass region. 55 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 AT ICCF17 TSC theory Technova-NT-
56 TSC-min can penetrate through all shell-e-clouds!12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi After A. Takahashi: JCMNS, vol.1, 2008 Target Atom Outer-Most Electron Cloud (ca. 100 pm radius) TSC < <0.1 pm (4P+4e): neutral K-shell e- has LT. 1pm radius for medium atom TSC-min can penetrate through all shell-e-clouds! Neutral Pseudo-Particle (ca. 10fm for TSC) Ni(28) 1s:2 2s:2 2p:6 3s:2 3p:6 3d:8 4s:2 Pd(46) 3d:10 4p:6 4d:10 Larger Radius For lighter atom Inner Shell Electron Clouds A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 56 AT ICCF17 TSC theory Technova-NT-
57 M + 4p/TSC Nuclear Interaction Mechanism12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi After A. Takahashi: JCMNS, vol.1, 2008 M + 4p/TSC Nuclear Interaction Mechanism Topological condition for Pion-Exchange (PEF): 4p’s are within pion ranges. Selection of simultaneous pick-up of 4p looks dominant. M + 4p capture reaction. PEF 15 fm Electron proton 57 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 AT ICCF17 TSC theory Technova-NT-
58 Major Fission Channels from Ni + 4p (2)12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi Major Fission Channels from Ni + 4p (2) 62Ni(3.6%) + 4p → 66Ge(Ex=24.0MeV) → 11.0MeV + n + 65Ge(EC)65Ga(EC)65Zn → 21.4MeV + 4He +62Zn(EC)62Cu(EC)62Ni → 11.5MeV + 8Be + 58Ni → 18.9MeV + 12C + 54Fe → 10.5MeV + 14N + 52Mn(EC)52Cr → 8.2MeV + 16O + 50Cr → 13.9MeV + 20Ne + 46Ti → 15.2MeV + 24Mg + 42Ca → 13.7MeV + 27Al + 39K → 18.9MeV + 28Si + 38Ar → 18.6MeV + 32S + 34S Neutron emission channel may open! S-values for higher mass Ni may be larger than Ni-58 and Ni-60, due to more p-n PEF interaction. 64Ni(0.93%) + 4P → 68Ge(Ex=29MeV) → 16.7MeV + n + 67Ge(EC)67Ga(EC)67Zn → 25.6Mev + 4He + 64Zn → 10.0MeV + 6Li + 61Cu(EC)61Ni → 13.2MeV +8Be + 57Ni(EC)57Co(EC)57Fe → 10.9MeV + 9Be + 59Ni(EC)59Co → 9.9MeV + 10B + 58Co(EC)58Fe → 22.7MeV + 12C + 56Fe → 14.8MeV + 14N + 54Mn(EC)54Cr → 12.7MeV + 16O + 52Cr → 17.6MeV + 20Ne + 48Ti → 12.7MeV + 23Na + 45Sc → 17.5MeV + 24Mg + 44Ca → 14.8MeV + 27Al + 41K → 18.7MeV + 28Si + 40Ar → 18.7MeV + 32S + 36S [58Ni + 4d → 66Ge(Ex=53.937MeV)] [60Ni + 4d → 68Ge(Ex=55.049MeV)] Near Symmetric Fragmentation Near Symmetric Fragmentation 58 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 AT ICCF17 TSC theory Technova-NT-
59 TSC-Induced Fission Products12th IWSAHLM A. Takahashi TSC-Induced Fission Products FPs can be Mostly Stable Isotopes for A<100 M-targets (Clean Fission) by Near Symmetric Fragmentation (If dominantly selected scission channels). It is likely, but precise FP analysis is needed. Minor FPs are short-lived decay RIs by EC (K-electron capture process and /or positron decay), for A>50 M-target Significant gamma-peaks (prompt and annihilation) should appear for M + 4H/TSC with A<20 M-target 59 A. Takahashi IWAHLM-12; Technova NT-38 AT ICCF17 TSC theory Technova-NT-