1 Monday through Thursday

2 November 14th 2016 RIGHT NOW I will be able to:Please get out a pencil/pen your notebook, folder, and any signed forms. Before class begins write down what the focus of our work time today is as well as your homework. OPENING: GEORGIA VIDEO AND NOTES WT: Louisville, UGA, and Religion in GA Teacher Notes Textbook Investigation * Vocabulary Scavenger Hunt Closing: # Recap what you learned today in 1 sentence no more than 10 words #GIST HOMEWORK: Create flashcards with Key Vocabulary next page Work on Graphic Organizers with teacher notes Annotate and Review the Summary Notes Warm Up: Why do you think that Georgia had so many opportunities during the late 1700’s to the mid- 1800’s to expand and grow? I will be able to: I will be able to explain the significance of the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches. EQ: To what extent did Georgia begin to grow and change after the Revolution? What role did the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches play in Georgia’s growth? Explain the role UGA still has in Georgia today? How did the spread of Baptist and Methodist religions impact the South as a whole?

3 Georgia Though it began as the smallest and poorest colony, after the American Revolution, Georgia quickly expanded. Why do you think that Georgia had so many opportunities during the late 1700’s to the mid 1800’s to expand and grow?

4 Establishment of the University of GeorgiaVideo Questions What did Georgian realize was needed to survive? What was different about who would control the University of Georgia?

5 Concept: Individuals – Groups - InstitutionsSS8H5a Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches. Concept: Individuals – Groups - Institutions

6 ESSENTIAL QUESTION WESTWARD EXPANSIONHow would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches?

7 Baptists and MethodistsHow would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? Louisville, Georgia University of Georgia Baptists and Methodists

8 LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA Savannah : First capital1st permanent settlement in Georgia Augusta – 2nd capital but located too far east. Louisville – 3rd capital of Ga. 1786, Ga. Legislature builds new city, centrally located for citizens to travel to named after King Louis XVI of France for helping in America’s Rev. War. ( )

9 LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA Louisville was not a capital city for very long because of the state’s westward expansion due to Indian lands becoming opened for settlers. Milledgeville became the 4th capital in , followed by Atlanta in 1877, the current capital. One of the most memorable events to occur in the capital city of Louisville was the burning of all of the Yazoo Land Fraud records in front of the capitol building in 1796.

10

11 S A L M A ouisville avannah illageville tlanta ugusta

12 Significance Louisville illustrates Georgia’s population growth and movement from the coast to the Northwestern part of the state.

13 Baptists and MethodistsHow would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? Louisville, Georgia 3rd capital of Georgia Centrally located (at the time) Named after King Louis XVI of France (American Revolution) Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records University of Georgia Baptists and Methodists

14 Lack of College OpportunityThe opportunity to receive a college education was almost impossible for anyone living in Georgia during the colonial period. Colleges in the United States were private, which means that they are NOT operated by the government and were very expensive. The closest college to Georgia was William and Mary College located in Williamsburg, Virginia.

15 UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA 1785: Federal US govt. provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university 1801: Students (only all-white/all-male) attend classes –Franklin College building 1918:Women allowed to attend

16 UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA The future signer of the U.S. Constitution, Abraham Baldwin, was chosen by Governor Lyman Hall (a singer of the Declaration of Independence) to draft the charter for the University. In 1783, Baldwin wrote the charter that established the University of Georgia. In the preamble to the Charter, Baldwin stated that for a democracy to succeed, the people must be educated. He referred to youth as “the rising hope of our land.” Baldwin said Georgia must “place the youth under the forming hand of Society, that by instruction they may be molded in the love of virtue and good Order.”

17 UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA On the 27th of January in 1785 the Georgia state government accepted the charter making the University of Georgia the first to be created by and supported by a state government. Baldwin was president of the University from 1785 until

18 UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Unfortunately, many other events in the state caused UGA to exist on paper only. Georgia’s leaders were occupied with creating a state and skirmishes with Native Americans. The land designated for the college was used for other purposes or sold. Though the University of Georgia was the first public university to be chartered, the University of North Carolina actually held classes first. Today there is a spirited debate between the two institutions about which one is actually the Nation’s first state sponsored University.

19 Baptists and MethodistsHow would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? Louisville, Georgia 3rd capital of Georgia Centrally located (at the time) Named after King Louis XVI of France (American Revolution) Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records University of Georgia 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university 1801:Students (only all- white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building 1918:Women allowed to attend university Baptists and Methodists

20 November 15th 2016 RIGHT NOW I will be able to: OPENING: WT:Please get out a pencil/pen your notebook, folder, and any signed forms. Before class begins write down what the focus of our work time today is as well as your homework. OPENING: WT: Louisville, UGA, and Religion in GA Teacher Notes Textbook Investigation * Vocabulary Scavenger Hunt Closing: How did the Revolution shape Georgia’s growth in the early 1800’s? HOMEWORK: Create flashcards with Key Vocabulary next page Work on Graphic Organizers with teacher notes Annotate and Review the Summary Notes Warm Up: I will be able to: I will be able to explain the significance of the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches. EQ: To what extent did Georgia begin to grow and change after the Revolution? What role did the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches play in Georgia’s growth? Explain the role UGA still has in Georgia today? How did the spread of Baptist and Methodist religions impact the South as a whole?

21 SPREAD OF RELIGION IN GEORGIAThe Great Revivals-renewed focus on religion - personally, socially, and politically. Methodist and Baptist - small denominations (branching off of the Protestant branch) 2nd Great Awakening – 1790 to1850’s - these churches grow & spread across the southeast US. How? allowing people to attend large camp meetings called “revivals” Southeast region came to be known as The Bible Belt.

22 THE BIBLE BELT

23

24 Baptists and MethodistsHow would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? Louisville, Georgia 3rd capital of Georgia Centrally located (at the time) Named after King Louis XVI of France (American Revolution) Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records University of Georgia 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university 1801:Students (only all- white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building 1918:Women allowed to attend university Baptists and Methodists The 2nd Great Awakening helped these churches grow. Spread across the southeast United States. Interest in religion increased - people attended large camp meetings called “revivals” Southeast region came to be known as The Bible Belt. Religion today is still important to the culture of the South

25 Concepts: Movement / Migration Rule of Law Conflict and ChangeSS8H5b Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo land fraud. Concepts: Movement / Migration Rule of Law Conflict and Change

26 ESSENTIAL QUESTION WESTWARD EXPANSIONWhat impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?

27 What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?1777 YAZOO LAND FRAUD 1795 LAND LOTTERY

28 HEADRIGHT SYSTEM Problem: Govt. needed to attract settlers & economic development in Ga. Solution: Govt. provided land to Georgians east of the Oconee River. Each white male = a “head” of family and had the “right” to receive 200 – 1,000 acres of land. Farmers & ranchers - start up business 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans -

29 THE RESULT IS MORE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERSINDIAN LAND CESSIONS MEANT THAT CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA GAVE UP THEIR LAND IN EXCHANGE FOR MONEY OR TRADING RIGHTS / PRIVILEGES THE RESULT IS MORE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS

30 What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?Land east of Oconee River. White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1,000 acres of land. Farmers and ranchers begin businesses 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans YAZOO LAND FRAUD LAND LOTTERY

31 YAZOO LAND FRAUD Four land companies bribed governor of Ga. & the General Assembly (legislature) to pass a bill allowing them to buy large tracts of land near Yazoo River in Mississippi. Companies bought 50 million acres for only 1 ½ cents per acre. Companies then sell land at much higher prices & share profits with legislators. Georgia citizens found out they protested & voted legislators out of office.

32 YAZOO LAND FRAUD US government solved scandal:force Ga to cede (give up) lands west of Chattahoochee R. for $1.25 million dollars & a promise to help remove Creek and Cherokee Indians from Ga. territories. Yazoo Land Fraud is why Georgia’s western border is shaped the way it is today.

33

34 BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE CAPITOL BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796

35 What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?Land east of Oconee River. White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1,000 acres of land. Farmers and ranchers begin businesses 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans YAZOO LAND FRAUD Land companies bribed GA government to buy land near Yazoo River Sold land and shared profits with legislators. Citizens protested and legislators voted out of office. US government forced Georgia to cede (give up) lands west of Chattahoochee River forming Georgia’s western border. LAND LOTTERY

36 LAND LOTTERY WHAT: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE LANDS THAT WERE ONCE OCCUPIED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS. TICKETS PLACED IN TWO DRUMS, ONE WITH NAMES FOR EACH LOT AND OTHER WITH THE PERSON’S NAME. TICKET SELECTED FROM DRUM MATCHED TO NAME OF PERSON FROM OTHER DRUM. WHO: WHITE MALES, ORPHANS, AND WIDOWS ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE. DEPENDING ON AGE, WAR SERVICE, MARITAL STATUS, AND YEARS OF RESIDENCY IN THE STATE YOU COULD RECEIVE MORE TICKETS, OR CHANCES. WHEN: WHERE: LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER THAT WERE VACATED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS FROM LAND TREATIES AND THE OCONEE WAR AND WAR OF /4TH OF STATE LAND WAS GIVEN TO OVER 100,000 FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS WHY: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE IN LANDS VACATED BY CREEKS AND CHEROKEES IN ORDER TO CREATE COTTON AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS

37 LAND LOTTERY

38

39 NOTICE THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS IN GEORGIA FROM 1733-1835NOTICE THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS IN GEORGIA FROM LANDS EAST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED BECAUSE OF THE HEADRIGHT SYSTEM LAND POLICY. LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED FROM THE LAND LOTTERY. OCONEE RIVER HEADRIGHT SYSTEM LAND LOTTERY

40 What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?Land east of Oconee River. White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1,000 acres of land. Farmers and ranchers begin businesses 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans YAZOO LAND FRAUD Land companies bribed GA government to buy land near Yazoo River Sold land and shared profits with legislators. Citizens protested and legislators voted out of office. US government forced Georgia to cede (give up) lands west of Chattahoochee River forming Georgia’s western border. LAND LOTTERY land west of Oconee River Given to citizens after removal of Creeks and Cherokees. White males, orphans, and widows received land. Power and wealth for more people Agricultural economy tobacco and cotton plantations

41 NOVEMBER 28-Dec 2

42 Concepts: Technological Innovation LocationSS8H5c Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. Concepts: Technological Innovation Location

43 How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?WESTWARD EXPANSION ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?

44 How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?- Railroad –

45 How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?

46 Technological InnovationThe student will understand that technological innovations have consequences, both intended and unintended. What are some inventions that have helped society, but also hurt society? What was the intended consequence of Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin? What was the unintended consequence of the cotton gin? In other words, what problems in society were created because of the invention of the cotton gin?

47 COTTON GIN Simple machine- separates cotton fibers from seeds.Cotton Gin: patented by Mass. native Eli Whitney while in Georgia in 1793 Simple machine- separates cotton fibers from seeds. Gin (short for engine) consists of wire teeth mounted on a boxed rotating cylinder that, when cranked, pulls cotton fiber through small grates to separate the seeds, while a rotating brush removes lint from the spikes to avoid jams. Cotton gin quickly transformed agriculture in Deep South. AND increased the reliance of southern society on slavery and plantation system. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

48 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION THE COTTON GIN

49

50 COTTON GIN - Economic impactThe yield of raw cotton nearly doubled each decade after 1800. The gin coincided with Deep South's opening to white settlement Encouraged westward expansion into potential cotton-producing areas. By mid-nineteenth century America was supplying three-quarters of the world's cotton. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

51

52

53 Direct results of cotton gin:expansion of slavery. reduced the amount of labor required to remove the seeds from the plant, did not reduce number of slaves needed to grow & pick the cotton. Demand for Georgia's cotton grew as new inventions such as spinning jennies and steamboats were able to weave and transport more of the crop. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

54 Direct results of cotton gin:Although the percentage of slave population to total population remained virtually unchanged from 1790 until 1860, the number of slaves in the South increased dramatically. By the end of the antebellum era Georgia had more slaves and slaveholders than any state in the Lower South.

55 Explain the irony in the following situation:Although the percentage of slave population to total population remained virtually unchanged from 1790 until 1860, the number of slaves in the South increased dramatically. By the end of the antebellum era Georgia had more slaves and slaveholders than any state in the Lower South. Examine the following map to see the proportion of slavery in the United States.

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64 How did the invention of the cotton gin affect Southern life?

65 Answer: FOCUS ON AGRICULTURE, PLANTERS DEMANDED MORE LAND TO GROW COTTON, and AN INCREASE IN SLAVERY, and RACISM.

66 ELI WHITNEY Invented the cotton gin in Unintentionally, his invention would create more of a dependency on slavery in the South.

67 How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?Machine that separated the cotton fibers from the seeds. Increased cotton production Made economy of the south more agricultural Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton Led to more westward expansion Led to an increase in slavery RAILROAD

68 Concepts: Technological Innovation LocationSS8H5c Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. Concepts: Technological Innovation Location

69 How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 35 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5c ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?

70 How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?Machine that separated the cotton fibers from the seeds. Increased cotton production Made economy of the south more agricultural Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton Led to more westward expansion Led to an increase in slavery RAILROAD

71 Technological InnovationThe student will understand that technological innovations have consequences, both intended and unintended. What are some inventions that have helped society, but also hurt society? What was the intended consequence of Georgia building the railroad? What was the unintended consequence of the Georgia railroad in the town of Terminus?

72 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION THE RAILROAD

73 GEORGIA RAILROAD The land constituting the city of Atlanta was once a Native American village called Standing Peachtree. The land that became the Atlanta area was taken from the Cherokee and Creeks by white settlers in 1822, with the first area settlement being Decatur. On December 21, 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to provide a trade route to the Midwestern United States. Following the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation between 1838 and the newly depopulated area was opened for the construction of a railroad Wikipedia.com

74

75 GEORGIA RAILROAD - New Georgia EncyclodpediaIndian removal and the discovery of gold encouraged new settlement in the region, but it was the railroad that actually brought Atlanta into being and eventually connected it with the rest of the state and region. In engineers for the Western and Atlantic Railroad (a state-sponsored project) staked out a point on a ridge about seven miles east of the Chattahoochee River as the southern end of a rail line they planned to build south from Chattanooga, Tennessee. The town that emerged around this zero milepost was called Terminus, which literally means "end of the line." - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

76

77 GEORGIA RAILROAD - New Georgia EncyclodpediaAtlanta owes its origins to two important developments in the 1830s: the forcible removal of Native Americans (Creeks and Cherokees) from northwest Georgia and the extension of railroad lines into the state's interior. Both of these actions sparked increased settlement and development in the upper Piedmont section of the state and led to Atlanta's founding. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

78

79 GEORGIA RAILROAD The area around the eastern terminus to the line began to develop first, and so the settlement was named "Terminus" in It was nicknamed Thrasherville after John Thrasher, who built homes and a general store there. The Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, J. Edgar Thomson, suggested that the area be renamed "Atlantica-Pacifica", which was quickly shortened to "Atlanta". The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29, Wikipedia.com

80 UNITED STATES RAILWAY SYSTEM IN 1870

81 WHAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU DRAW?COMPARE THE GEORGIA RAILROAD MAP ON THE LEFT TO THE GEORGIA COTTON PRODUCTION MAP ON THE RIGHT. WHAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU DRAW?

82 How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?Machine that separated the cotton fibers from the seeds. Increased cotton production Made economy of the south more agricultural Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton Led to more westward expansion Led to an increase in slavery RAILROAD 1837 the city of Terminus is built (later named Atlanta) Atlanta becomes a transportation hub in the southeast Railroad transports Georgia agricultural products to the Midwest and Atlantic coast

83 Technological InnovationThe student will understand that technological innovations have consequences, both intended and unintended. What are some inventions that have helped society, but also hurt society? What was the intended consequence of Georgia investing a lot of money into building the town of Terminus (Atlanta) and the railroad?

84 Individuals – Groups – InstitutionsSS8H5d Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Rule of Law Movement / Migration

85 INDIAN REMOVAL ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did Alexander McGillivray and William McIntosh play in the removal of Creek Indians in Georgia?

86 Alexander McGillivrayWhat role did Alexander McGillivray and William McIntosh play in the removal of Creek Indians in Georgia? Alexander McGillivray William McIntosh Protected Creek lands from white settlers Attacked white settlers during Oconee War. Signed 1790 Treaty of New York. US gov’t promised to protect Creek lands west of Oconee River. Creeks leave lands east of Oconee River, leads to Headright land distribution Supported Georgia and US gov’t to gain land from Creeks Profited from treaties by gaining land for himself Signed the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs – gave up all of Creek lands without permission of other Creek Chiefs. Was killed by Creek Indians for betraying the Creek Nation Both were bi-racial Creek Indian Chiefs with a European descent father and Creek mother

87 CONFLICT & CHANGE The student will understand that when there is conflict between or within societies, change is the result. What are some examples of conflict and change that involved people and land? How were Alexander McGillivray and William McIntosh similar and different, and what were they fighting for?

88 ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAYA controversial Creek Indian leader in the 1780s and 1790s, Alexander McGillivray was one of many Southeastern Indians with a Native American mother and European father. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

89 ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAYAfter the Revolution, McGillivray used his growing influence within Creek society to resist Georgia's attempt to confiscate three million acres of land and to otherwise protect what he viewed as the sovereign rights of the Creek people. Oconee war led to removal of Creeks west of Oconee River. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

90 ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAYThe Yazoo land grants by Georgia and the federal government's desire to take control of Indian affairs led to U.S. president George Washington's signing of the 1790 Treaty of New York, in which the United States promised to defend Creek territorial rights. This treaty created a formal relationship between the United States and the Creek Nation and affirmed McGillivray's position as a legitimate national leader. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

91 WILLIAM McINTOSH William McIntosh Jr., also known as Tustunnuggee Hutkee ("White Warrior"), was born around 1778 in the Lower Creek town of Coweta to Captain William McIntosh, a Scotsman of Savannah, and Senoya, a Creek woman of the Wind Clan. He was raised among the Creeks, but he spent enough time in Savannah to become fluent in English and to be able to move comfortably within both Indian and white societies. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

92 WILLIAM McINTOSH William McIntosh was a controversial chief of the Lower Creeks in early-nineteenth-century Georgia. His general support of the United States and its efforts to obtain cessions of Creek territory alienated him from many Creeks who opposed white encroachment on Indian land. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

93 WILLIAM McINTOSH McIntosh's participation in the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs (signed away all Creek lands) cost him his life. According to a Creek law that McIntosh himself had supported, a sentence of execution awaited any Creek leader who ceded land to the United States without the full assent of the entire Creek Nation. Just before dawn on April 30, 1825, Upper Creek chief Menawa, accompanied by 200 Creek warriors, attacked McIntosh to carry out the sentence. They set fire to his home, and shot and stabbed to death McIntosh. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

94 Alexander McGillivrayWhat role did Alexander McGillivray and William McIntosh play in the removal of Creek Indians in Georgia? William McIntosh Alexander McGillivray Protected Creek lands from white settlers Attacked white settlers during Oconee War. Signed 1790 Treaty of New York. US gov’t promised to protect Creek lands west of Oconee River. Creeks leave lands east of Oconee River, leads to Headright land distribution Supported Georgia and US gov’t to gain land from Creeks Profited from treaties by gaining land for himself Signed the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs – gave up all of Creek lands without permission of other Creek Chiefs. Was killed by Creek Indians for betraying the Creek Nation Both were bi-racial Creek Indian Chiefs with a European descent father and Creek mother

95 In 1825 cousins William McIntosh, a Creek leader, and George Troup, the governor of Georgia, signed the Treaty of Indian Springs, which authorized the sale of Creek lands in the state to the federal government. McIntosh was murdered shortly thereafter by angry members of the Creek Nation.

96 Individuals – Groups – InstitutionsSS8H5d Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Rule of Law Movement / Migration

97 ESSENTIAL QUESTION INDIAN REMOVALWhat role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in the history of Cherokees in Georgia?

98 What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in the history of Cherokees in Georgia?

99 SEQUOYAH Sequoyah was the legendary creator of the Cherokee syllabary. Impressed by the whites' ability to communicate over distances by writing, Sequoyah invented a system of eighty-four to eighty-six characters that represented syllables in spoken Cherokee (hence it is a syllabary, not an alphabet). - New Georgia Encyclopedia

100 SEQUOYAH Completed in 1821, the syllabary was rapidly adopted by a large number of Cherokees, making Sequoyah the only member of an illiterate group in human history to have single-handedly devised a successful system of writing. There are monuments, parks, and schools named for Sequoyah in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Oklahoma, and other states. The giant sequoia tree, found in California, is named for him. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

101 SEQUOYAH It is fact that the syllabary was used to print some articles in the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper, published in New Echota, Georgia (then the capital of the eastern Cherokees), from 1828 to The appearance of the newspaper, as well as the organized government of the Cherokee Nation, including tribal council and supreme court, infuriated the state of Georgia, which had an agreement with the U.S. government (the Compact of 1802) to remove the Native Americans New Georgia Encyclopedia

102 SEQUOYAH When the Cherokees were removed, the buildings and printing press were destroyed, and the type for the syllabary was dumped in a well that was then sealed. Excavations in the 1950s led to partial restoration, and the New Echota State Historic Site opened near Calhoun in 1962. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

103 Created the Cherokee syllabary (1st Native American written language)What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in the history of Cherokees in Georgia? SEQUOYAH Created the Cherokee syllabary (1st Native American written language) Cherokees tried to live more like whites to be accepted His syllabary helped create the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper JOHN ROSS

104 JOHN ROSS John Ross became chief of the Cherokee Nation in 1827, following the establishment of a government modeled on that of the United States. He presided over the nation during the apex of its development in the Southeast, the tragic Trail of Tears, and the subsequent rebuilding of the nation in Indian Territory, in present-day Oklahoma. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

105 JOHN ROSS His family moved to the base of Lookout Mountain, an area that became Rossville, Georgia. At his father's store Ross learned the customs of traditional Cherokees, although at home his mixed-blood family practiced European traditions and spoke English. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

106 JOHN ROSS As Ross took the reins of the Cherokee government in 1827, white Georgians increased their lobbying efforts to remove the Cherokees from the Southeast. The discovery of gold on Cherokee land fueled their desire to possess the area, which was dotted with lucrative businesses and prosperous plantations like Ross's. The Indian Removal Bill passed by Congress in 1830 provided legal authority to begin the removal process. Ross's fight against the 1832 Georgia lottery, designed to give away Cherokee lands, was the first of many political battles. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

107 JOHN ROSS Accompanying his people on the "trail where they cried," commonly known as the Trail of Tears, Ross experienced personal tragedy. His wife died of exposure after giving her only blanket to a sick child. Once in Indian Territory, Ross led the effort to establish farms, businesses, schools, and even colleges New Georgia Encyclopedia

108 Created the Cherokee syllabary (1st Native American written language)What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in the history of Cherokees in Georgia? SEQUOYAH Created the Cherokee syllabary (1st Native American written language) Cherokees tried to live more like whites to be accepted His syllabary helped create the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper JOHN ROSS Chief of Cherokees Modeled the Cherokee Nation government after the US government Tried to protect Cherokee lands Protested Georgia’s land lottery and Indian Removal Act Survived the Trail of Tears

109 Individuals – Groups – InstitutionsSS8H5d Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Rule of Law Movement / Migration

110 ESSENTIAL QUESTION INDIAN REMOVALWhat role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in the removal of Cherokees in Georgia?

111 What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in the removal of Cherokees in Georgia?

112

113

114 DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH There are several popular stories of the beginning of Georgia's gold rush; but in fact, no one is really certain who made the first discovery or when. According to one anecdote, John Witheroods found a three-ounce nugget along Duke's Creek in White County. Another says that Jesse Hogan, a prospector from North Carolina, found gold on Ward's Creek near Dahlonega. Yet another finds a young Benjamin Parks kicking up an unusual-looking stone while on the lookout for deer west of the Chestatee River in 1828. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

115

116 DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH The Great IntrusionBy late 1829 north Georgia, known at the time as the Cherokee Nation, was flooded by thousands of prospectors lusting for gold. Niles' Register reported in the spring of 1830 that there were four thousand miners working along Yahoola Creek alone. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

117

118 DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH While in his nineties, Benjamin Parks recalled the scene in the Atlanta Constitution (July 15, 1894): “The news got abroad, and such excitement you never saw. It seemed within a few days as if the whole world must have heard of it, for men came from every state I had ever heard of. They came afoot, on horseback and in wagons, acting more like crazy men than anything else. All the way from where Dahlonega now stands to Nuckollsville [Auraria] there were men panning out of the branches and making holes in the hillsides.”

119

120 DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH The sudden influx of miners into the Cherokee Nation was known even at the time as the Great Intrusion. One writer said in the Cherokee Phoenix, "Our neighbors who regard no law and pay no respects to the laws of humanity are now reaping a plentiful harvest We are an abused people." But there was little the Cherokees could do; it seemed the louder they protested, the more eagerly the miners came. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

121

122 DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH Gold rush towns sprang up quickly in north Georgia, particularly near the center of the gold region in present-day Lumpkin County. Auraria became an instant boomtown, growing to a population of 1,000 by The county seat, called Licklog at the time, in 1833 became known as Dahlonega, for the Cherokee word tahlonega, meaning golden. Within a few months after its establishment nearly 1,000 people were crowded into the settlement, with about 5,000 people in the surrounding county. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

123

124 Branch Mint at DahlonegaCongress soon authorized the establishment of a federal Branch Mint at Dahlonega, and in 1838 the new mint went into operation. It coined more than $100,000 worth of gold in its first year, and by the time it closed in 1861, it had produced almost 1.5 million gold coins with a face value of more than $6 million. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

125

126 EFFECTS OF THE DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSHBetween 1805 and 1832 the state of Georgia held lotteries to distribute land seized from the Cherokees and Creeks. Nearly three quarters of the land in Georgia was allocated by the lottery system. Finally, the U.S. Army drove the Cherokees northwestward to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma during the bitterly cold winter of Deprived of proper food and clothing, at least 4,000—one-fifth of the entire Cherokee population—died on the journey. The forced migration became known as the Trail of Tears. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

127 1828 Gold attracted white settlers to north Georgia What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in the removal of Cherokees in Georgia? DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH 1828 Gold attracted white settlers to north Georgia Land belonged to Cherokee Nation US Mint built in Dahlonega 1830 Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act 1838 Trail of Tears

128 ANDREW JACKSON RECOGNIZE THIS GUY?

129 Individuals – Groups – InstitutionsSS8H5d Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Rule of Law Movement / Migration

130 ESSENTIAL QUESTION INDIAN REMOVALWhat role did Andrew Jackson, John Marshall and the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia play in the removal of Cherokees from Georgia?

131 What role did Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia play in the removal of Cherokees from Georgia? ANDREW JACKSON WORCESTER V. GEORGIA JOHN MARSHALL

132 JOHN MARSHALL Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He ruled in favor of Sam Worcester in the court case titled Worcester v. Georgia. “The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a "distinct community" with self-government "in which the laws of Georgia can have no force," establishing the doctrine that the national government of the United States, and not individual states, had authority in Indian affairs.” –wikipedia

133 WORCESTER V. GEORGIA U.S. Supreme Court Decision: - www.law.jrank.orgSamuel Worcester, tried, convicted, and sentenced by the state of Georgia for illegally living in the lands of the Cherokee Nation encompassed by the state of Georgia, was found by the Supreme Court to have legally lived in Cherokee Nation, by virtue of the facts that the Cherokee Nation is a nation within itself, and that the state of Georgia had no authority to mandate laws within the territory confined by the Cherokee Nation. The acts established by the state of Georgia that affected the lands of the Cherokee Nation were deemed unconstitutional and void.

134 United States Supreme Court Decision:WORCESTER V. GEORGIA United States Supreme Court Decision: Student Translation: Samuel Worcester (a white missionary) was given permission by Cherokees to live in the Cherokee Nation. However, he and others were arrested by the state of Georgia for not having a state license to live on Cherokee land. There were jailed and sentenced to serve four years of hard labor. Their appeal made it to the US Supreme Court, and Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the state of Georgia did not have the right to arrest these people because they were living in a sovereign (free) Cherokee nation. In other words, the laws of Georgia did not apply to the lands of the Cherokee Nation in north Georgia.

135 ANDREW JACKSON The removal of the Native Americans to the west of the Mississippi River had been a major part of Andrew Jackson’s political agenda. After his election he signed the Indian Removal Act into law in The Act authorized the President to negotiate treaties to buy tribal lands in the east in exchange for lands further west, outside of existing U.S. state borders. He signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 that would remove all Cherokees from Georgia in exchange for lands in Oklahoma wikipedia

136 ANDREW JACKSON While frequently frowned upon in the North, the Removal Act was popular in the South, where population growth, slavery, and the discovery of gold on Cherokee land had increased pressure on tribal lands. The state of Georgia became involved in a dispute with the Cherokees, culminating in the 1832 U.S. Supreme Court decision (Worcester v. Georgia) which ruled that Georgia could not impose its laws upon Cherokee tribal lands wikipedia

137 ANDREW JACKSON Jackson is often quoted as having possibly said,"John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!" WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

138 Chief Justice John MarshallHERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES WERE NOT USED PROPERLY IN AMERICAN HISTORY EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT Andrew Jackson JUDICIAL SUPREME COURT Chief Justice John Marshall WORCESTER V. GEORGIA Ruled that it is unconstitutional for states to create laws inside Indian territories. Did not enforce the Supreme court decision LEGISLATIVE GEORGIA ASSEMBLY Legislators Created a state law making people have to carry a state license to live on Cherokee territory

139 ESSENTIAL QUESTION INDIAN REMOVALWhat role did the Trail of Tears play in the removal of Cherokees from Georgia?

140 CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARSAfter the signing of the Treaty of New Echota, the Trail of Tears was the relocation and movement of Native Americans, including many members of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations among others in the United States, from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their destinations, and many died, including 4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee wikipedia

141

142

143

144 WHAT DO YOU THINK THE COLOR PURPLE REPRESENTS ON THE MAP?IF YOU SAID THE LOCATION OF INDIAN RESERVATIONS THEN YOU ARE CORRECT.

145

146

147 unitedcats.files.wordpress.com Adherents.com Wikipedia.com Summertownstock.com googleimages Georgia in the American Experience textbook