1 Moral Development and Moral UniversalsMario Malički, MD, MA Department of Medical Humanities School of Medicine University of Split

2 MORAL principle of conduct good vs. bad "reaction“

3 Virtue – moral excellenceA virtuous doctor is a good doctor Morality has exceptions – the LAW does not Human behavior – attempt to preserve consistency between image of self and ones actions There is a difference between moral expert and moral superiority

4 Universal Declaration of Human RightsAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood Universal Declaration of Human Rights

5 Trolley problem Phillipa Foot 1967The New York Times; Illustration by Frank O’Connell

6 Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral developmentLevel 1 (Pre-Conventional) 3-7 y Obedience and punishment Self-interest orientation Level 2 (Conventional) highschool 3. Interpersonal conformity 4. Authority and social-order Level 3 (Post-Conventional) college 5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles “I would cheat if I knew I wouldn't get caught” “I’ll let you copy my work, if you give me something in return” “I wont do it, cause I wont her to like me” “You cant do it as teacher said no” “There may be an exception to the rule” “You shouldn't lie as it violates the principle”

7 Hamlin – Social evaluation by preverbal infants 2007 – helpers and hinderes

8 Kanakogi 2013 - Rudimentary Sympathy in Preverbal Infants

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10 Warneken 2006-7 Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees

11 Animal Cruelty and BestialityDr. JohnMacdonald – triad: enuresis >5 years fire setting animal cruelty “an alert to both the parents and the community that the child is seriously troubled” and “may well lead to adult aggressive antisocial behavior” No link to homicide

12 1.8% in U.S. adults (40 000 sample - 2009)2006 – a study showed that those who engaged in bestiality were statistically more likely to have been convicted of a personal crime such as rape, sexual assault, robbery, or assault than those who reported no history of sex with animals (χ2 = 4.71,p= 0.03)

13 Frans De Waal – empathy in animals

14 Empathy

15 Definition of empathy ~ 13 000 PUBMED No single definition51 instrument Ecolution – purpose? Genetics – to take care of children or acquired trait?

16 What emapthy isn’t sympathy pity love alrusim

17 Elements Mirroring of behavior Emotional contagion PerspectiveEmotional control Self vs other scenarij (netko otvori vrata dok ste na wc-u)

18 Development of empathyEmotional contagion Egocentric empathy – na plač drugog djeteta dijete traži utjehu za sebe (odlazi svojoj majci) Quasi - Egocentric empathy– dijete dovodi plačljivo drugo dijete svojoj majci, ili mu daje svoju igračku Empathy / sympathy

19 Cruelty in animals chimpanzee civil war - Kibale national park in Uganda Tanzaina's Gombe Stream national park – split to two tribes

20 http://www.pbs.org - Hominidae Family Tree

22 Immanuel Kant -"Perpetual Peace" 1795democracy, trade and an international community are pacifying forces Bruce Russett and John Oneal Triangulating Peace Steven Pinker The surprising decline of violence

23 Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral developmentLevel 1 (Pre-Conventional) 3-7 y Obedience and punishment Self-interest orientation Level 2 (Conventional) highschool 3. Interpersonal conformity 4. Authority and social-order Level 3 (Post-Conventional) college 5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles “I would cheat if I knew I wouldn't get caught” “I’ll let you copy my work, if you give me something in return” “I wont do it, cause I wont her to like me” “You cant do it as teacher said no” “There may be an exception to the rule” “You shouldn't lie as it violates the principle”

24 Thorndike – 1930s How much would you have to be paid to undergo the following experiences? to have one upper front tooth pulled out? to have one little toe cutoff? to eat a live earthworm six inches long? to live the rest of your life on a farm in Kansas? to choke a stray cat to death with your bare hands?

25 Utilitarianism revisited$ 2. 4,500 $ 3. 100,000 $ $ $

26 Reason is weaker then situationDavid Hume 1738: “Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.” Stanely Milgram experiment

27 The bystander effect blog.lib.umn.edu

28 Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgmentfart spray experisments (2005; 2008): legalization of marriage between first cousins (Marriage), approval of sex between first cousins (Sex), moral judgments of driving rather than walking to work (Driving), and approval of a studio’s decision to release a morally controversial film (Film). abortion, pornography, premarital seks, homosexual relationship or sex

29 Moral Universals/Foundations theory – Johnathan HaidtCare/harm Fairness/cheating – Reciprocity - The Golden Rule, Liberty/oppression Loyalty/betrayal - Ingroup community Authority/subversion - hierarchy Sanctity/degradation - Purity – sex, food,

30 23,684 subjects

31 Trolley problem Phillipa Foot 1967The New York Times; Illustration by Frank O’Connell

32 Universal Declaration of Human RightsAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood Universal Declaration of Human Rights

33 Thank you for your attention!