1 Mortal dangers for Motorcycle Riders the voice of the ridersMidKnight Rider Harold GEAR+ Reunion Prague, May 2017 NL: 1974 BMW 90/6 USA:1980 Yamaha 850 XS

2 # Motorcycles in EuropeApproximately motorcycle in 31 European countries Source European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers ACEM (ACEM)   Country Top-7 # motorcycles Italy Germany Spain France Greece Poland Great Britain # Motorcycles in Europe

3 # Motorcycle fatalities / 1.000 motorcyclesApproximately – fatal motorcycle accidents in Europe Source: European Commission statistics Relatively dangerous 1.000 – Croatia, 24 Ireland, 23 Poland 2.000 – Portugal, 21 France, 20 Latvia, 19 Slovakia, 18 Slovenia 3.000 – Luxembourg, 16 Great Britain, 15 Belgium, 14 Hungary, 13 Estonia Relatively safe 5.000 – Greece, 11 Malta, 10 Czech Republic, 9 Germany, 8 Austria 7.000 – Sweden, 6 Italy, 5 Finland, 4 Spain Switzerland, 2 Netherlands, 1 Denmark # Motorcycle fatalities / motorcycles

4 Motorcycle accident incidenceSource: European Motorcycle riders survey Involved in a motorcycle accident of any nature during the past 12 months? – both one-sided accidents as well as collisions Accident incidence Country Highest incidence: 17 Greece, 16 Austria, 15 Italy, 14 Portugal, 13 Czech Republic Intermediate: 12 Germany, 11 Belgium, 10 Spain, 9 Great Britain, 8 Netherlands, 7 France Lowest incidence: 6 Sweden, 5 Poland, 4 Switzerland, 3 Norway, 2 Finland, 1 Denmark Motorcycle accident incidence

5 Road infrastructure qualitySource: European Motorcycle riders survey Road infrastructure quality Country Lowest quality: Greece, 14 Belgium, 13 Spain,12 Italy, 11 France Intermediate: Finland, 9 Czech Republic, 8 Sweden, 7 Switzerland, 6 Portugal Highest quality: 5 Germany, 4 Norway, 3 Netherlands, 2 Great Britain, 1 Denmark Top-3 problems: Poor maintenance: potholes, fillings etc. Road surface itself: top layer material (slippery, repair patches, bitumen fillings etc.) Markings (painted/patches): signs, lines, warnings, arrows etc. Road infrastructure quality

6 Top-13 motorcycle accident causesSource: Dutch motorcycle riders survey 4 Single accident situations Physical injury risk A Emergency stop to avoid accident (mostly with cars) High B Oil or fuel on road Medium C Steering error especially in curves Medium D Braking error and blocking brakes Medium Top-13 motorcycle accident causes

7 Top-13 motorcycle accident causesAccident condition Physical injury risk Source: Dutch motorcycle riders survey 9 Colision accident situations Physical injury risk Sideways E Car not yielding right of way on intersection High F Car coming onto road from parking area,, gas station etc High Opposite direction G Car turning left in front of motorcycle High H Car driving in wrong lane High Same direction I Car changing lanes (overtaking, turning etc) Medium J Car hitting motorcycle from behind stopped for traffic light, yielding etc. Medium K Car changing lanes in traffic jam Medium L Car hitting riding motorcycle from behind Medium M Motorcycle not keeping enough distance to car in front Low 666 Top-13 motorcycle accident causes

8 Newest danger: Adas/HADAdvanced Driver Assistance Systems / Highly Automated Driving Newest danger: Adas/HAD

9 Top-10 Useful innovationsSource: European Motorcycle riders survey ABS (anti-lock braking system) Visibility improving helmet (prevention of visor fogging-up through heating or de-humidification) Monitoring of tire pressure and temperature Vision enhancement (contrast reinforcement in bad-sight weather conditions) Brake assist (applying maximum braking pressure in emergency situations) Linked braking systems (engaging both front and rear brakes also when only one is activated) Impact-sensing cut-off systems Motorcycle diagnosis (mechanical and technical problems) Adaptive front lighting (headlight beam projecting into curves) Automatic stability control (preventing rear wheel spin and front wheel lift-off) Main focus: motorcycle technology itself Top-10 Useful innovations

10 Top-10 Dangerous innovationsSource: European Motorcycle riders survey Helmet-mounted display of motorcycle information on helmet visor Intelligent speed limitation (alert and/or intervene when posted speed limit is exceeded; prevent acceleration over posted speed limit) Warning and automatic intervention when set cruise control speed is exceeded Continuous on/off flashing strobe lights for visibility Real-time rear-view display on helmet visor or windshield Adaptive cruise control (maintaining a fixed distance to vehicle in front) Lane departure warning (when changing lanes) Heads-up display of vehicle information on windshield Intersection collision avoidance (through vehicles transmitting speed, location and riding direction to roadside beacons) Curve speed warning (GPS-based warning for too much tilt / speed in upcoming curve) Main reasons: - Information overload creates rider distraction Outside interference takes away rider’s motorcycle control Accelerated speed to power out of danger Braking in turn = bike straightens and rides straight on Top-10 Dangerous innovations

11 Self-drive pioneer: Tesla (USA)Tesla promotion: “Hardware much higher safety level than human driver” Owner: Elon Musk (PayPal; SpaceX) 100% electric, dual engine, 4-wheel drive, k in 2.7 sec Are self-drive systems safe for motorcycles? Self-drive pioneer: Tesla (USA)

12 FEMA: Federation of European Motorcyclists’ Association- 17 countries MAG: Motorrijders Actie Groep (NL) RDW: Dutch Vehicle Authority (European type approval) Tesla: “self-drive” pioneer Key change players

13 Future: Connected Automated Driving (CAD)Detection devices Camera Radar Lidar (= laser) Systems currently most in use Blind Spot Monitoring Forward Collision Alert Autonomous Emergency Braking Dynamic Brake Support Internet-based CAD: a) V2I: vehicle-to-infrastructure b) V2V: vehicle-to-vehicle V2V: Vehicles ‘see’ each other Automatic: right-of way / yielding slowing down / stopping overtaking / avoiding V2I: Infrastructure controls vehicle Speed reduction to prevent speeding Close-distance driving in rush hour traffic Power shut-down if in violation FEMA lobby: mandatory car V2I not mandatory for motorcycles Future: Connected Automated Driving (CAD)

14 European approval for car typesEuropean car type approval: centralized, Dutch RDW for Tesla Car producers: traditional car manufacturers (Volvo, Mercedes, BMW, Audi etc) newcomer: Tesla (USA) outsiders: Google, UberTaxi, Samsung Discrepancy: theory = assumption: drivers always on the alert practice = absorped on iPhone or iPad with What’sApp, etc Critical: motorcycle detection and reponse of car’s hardware and software Motorcycle nightmare: no European protocol for testing with motorcycles European approval for car types

15 Tesla Model 2 & 3: equiped with 360 degree surround vision 8 camera’s 12 ultrasone sensors front radar feature: autopilot self-drive passing on highway Tesla Model 1: software upgrade with autopilot self-drive passing feature possible  however: no 360 degree surround vision…….! Tesla danger example

16 Tesla Didn’t ‘see’ the truck…….2017 Dutch highway accident Tesla Didn’t ‘see’ the truck…….

17 Not only tesla……. 2017 Uber Taxi self-drive Volvo XS90in Tempe, Arizona, USA Not only tesla…….

18 Motorcycle - Tesla AccidentsNorway: Motorcycle rear-ending raises questions on Tesla vehicle type approval in Europe USA: Tesla Model S driver flees scene after killing motorcyclist in hit-and-run accident Motorcycle - Tesla Accidents

19 Required motorcycle safety test conditionsTraffic condition  Sideways a) Car not yielding right of way on intersection b) Car coming onto road from parking area, gas station etc. Opposite direction c) Car turning left in front of motorcycle d) Car driving in wrong lane Same Direction e) Car approaching from behind Test conditions City / highway Good / bad weather Low / high speed Ethical test dilemma: What failure % is acceptable? Required motorcycle safety test conditions

20 Software ethics: non-neutralityMercedes-Benz: “Our top priority is the safety of our car drivers” MB software programmers make choices: MB driver wins: MB driver may lose mother with baby motorcycle Harold car in water harold h Software ethics: non-neutrality

21 RDW:  ‘Visibility’ of motorcycles critical in future Advanced Driver Assistance Systems  Own test program with different car brands starting in 2017 Successful Lobby to make european car type aproval safe for motorcycles

22 USA 2017 Great River Road and Natchez TRACE – 3.000 miles, 4.500 kmsBloomington Indiana USA 2017 Great River Road and Natchez TRACE – miles, kms