1 Nationality and ethnicityIdeas and Identities Nationality and ethnicity

2 Herodotus (again!) Ἡροδότου Ἁλικαρνησσέος ἱστορίης ἀπόδεξις ἥδε, ὡς μήτε τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων τῷ χρόνῳ ἐξίτηλα γένηται, μήτε ἔργα μεγάλα τε καὶ θωμαστά, τὰ μὲν Ἕλλησι (Hellesi) τὰ δὲ βαρβάροισι (barbaroisi) ἀποδεχθέντα, ἀκλεᾶ γένηται, τά τε ἄλλα καὶ δι᾽ ἣν αἰτίην ἐπολέμησαν ἀλλήλοισι. Herodotus of Halicarnassus, his Researches are here set down to preserve the memory of the past by putting on record the astonishing achievements both of our own and of other peoples (lit. of the Hellenes and of the barbarians); and more particularly, to show how they came into conflict.

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4 Ancient Olympics—an example of shared Hellenistic culture

5 Genesis , 9-10 And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the Lord appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect. And I will make my covenant between me and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly. And Abram fell on his face: and God talked with him, saying, As for me, behold, my covenant is with thee, and thou shalt be a father of many nations. Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee… And God said unto Abraham, Thou shalt keep my covenant therefore, thou, and thy seed after thee; Every man child among you shall be circumcised.

6 The circumcision of Ishmael; from Figures de la Bible (1728)

7 An interpretation of the plan of the Temple of Jerusalem

9 Tree of Jesse, from a French Bible, c. 1180.It depicts the lineage of Christ from Jesse, the father of King David.

10 The Hereford Mappa Mundi, c. 1300

11 From (a Victorian copy of) the Hereford Mappa Mundi, c. 1300

12 Cannibals in ancient literatureFurther north [from Scythia] is a great tract of uninhabited desert, beyond which live the Androphagi—the Maneaters—who have no connexion with the Scythians but are a quite distinct race. (Herodotus, Histories, 4 [p. 277 of the Penguin translation]) The Anthropophagi, whom we have previously mentioned as dwelling ten days' journey beyond the Borysthenes, according to the account of Isigonus of Nicæa, were in the habit of drinking out of human skulls, and placing the scalps, with the hair attached, upon their breasts, like so many napkins. (Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 7.2)

13 The New World, from Sebastian Münster, Cosmographia (1544)

14 Europa Regina (Queen Europe), from Sebastian Münster, Cosmographia (1570 edn)

15 Map of Africa, from Sebastian Münster, Cosmographia (1544)

16 The inhabitants of Africa, from Sebastian Münster, Cosmographia (1544)

17 A Blemmyae, from Schedel’s Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493

18 Shakespeare, Othello, 1.3 Her father loved me; oft invited me; Still question'd me the story of my life, From year to year, the battles, sieges, fortunes, That I have passed. I ran it through, even from my boyish days, To the very moment that he bade me tell it; Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances, Of moving accidents by flood and field Of hair-breadth scapes i' the imminent deadly breach, Of being taken by the insolent foe And sold to slavery, of my redemption thence And portance in my travels' history: Wherein of antres vast and deserts idle, Rough quarries, rocks and hills whose heads touch heaven It was my hint to speak,--such was the process; And of the Cannibals that each other eat, The Anthropophagi and men whose heads Do grow beneath their shoulders. This to hear Would Desdemona seriously incline: But still the house-affairs would draw her thence: Which ever as she could with haste dispatch, She'ld come again, and with a greedy ear Devour up my discourse

19 American cannibals, from the travel account of Hans Staden, 1557

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23 Valladolid Debate (1550-1) A debate held in Valladolid on the treatment of natives of the New World. On one side Bartolomé de las Casas (c ), a Dominican friar, who argued for the natural liberty of the Amerindians and against the cruelty inflicted upon them by the Spanish. On the other side another Dominican, Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (1489–1573), maintained that the Amerindians are by nature uncivilized and therefore their enslavement is justified. The debate led to no conclusive outcome; but Spanish policy was continued in the New World. Bartolomé de las Casas Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

24 Theodor de Bry ( )

27 The Spanish Empire under Philip IIPhilip II ( ); king of Spain ( ), as well as ruling in Naples, Portugal, the Netherlands, and the Spanish Empire; portrait by Antonio Moro Europe and the Mediterranean in 1580

28 Sixteenth-century map of the Netherlands

29 1583 version of the map, with anti-Spanish text

30 Seventeenth-century version

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32 The Double Deliverance, an engraving from 1621

33 Contemporary depictions of the defeat of the Spanish Armada

34 The Armada portrait of Elizabeth I, c. 1588

35 Ditchley portrait, c. 1592

36 Illustration to John Foxe, Acts and Monuments (Book of Martyrs), first published 1563

37 John Rogers, the first victim of the Marian persecutions, 1555

38 The martyrdom of Thomas Cranmer

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40 The martyrdom of William Tyndale; from The Book of Martyrs

43 The Catholic Bishop of London punishing a Protestant (and enjoying it…), from Foxe, Book of Martyrs

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48 Satirical broadside on the Popish Plot, 1681

49 First, imagine you see the whole town in a flame, occasioned this second time by the same Popish malice which set it on fire before. At the same instant, fancy that amongst the distracted crowd you behold troops of Papists ravishing your wives and daughters, dashing your little children’s brains out against the walls, plundering your houses and cutting your own throats by the name of heretic dogs. Then represent to yourself the Tower playing off its cannon and battering down your houses about your ears. Also, casting your eye towards Smithfield, imagine you see your father, or your mother, or some of your nearest and dearest relations, tied to a stake in the midst of flames, when with hands and eyes lifted up to heaven they scream and cry out to that God for whose cause they die, which was a frequent spectacle the last time Popery reigned amongst us… Your trading’s bad, and in a manner lost already, but then the only commodity will be fire and sword, the only object women running with their hair about their ears, men covered with blood, children sprawling under horses’ feet and only the walls of houses left standing… Charles Blount, ‘An Appeal from the Country to the City’, 1679

50 Anti-Irish propraganda from the seventeenth century (above and left)Massacre of Irish by Cromwell and his army at Drogheda

51 The first printed map of the world, based on Isidorean ideas of ethnic descent; 1472.

52 Genesis Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood. The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah. And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.

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